Este trabalho pretende contribuir com a caracterização e análise crítica da gestão dos processos nas empresas construtoras de edifícios, analisando especificamente a gestão e integração do processo de planejamento da produção em obras de edifícios residenciais de médio e alto padrão. O presente trabalho é baseado em entrevistas com os principais agentes dos processos de empresas construtoras estudadas e revisão bibliográfica no tema. É realizada análise dos resultados destas entrevistas à luz dos conceitos referentes à gestão de produção, gestão de pessoas e gestão da informação, com foco na integração entre os processos, utilizando a análise do fluxo de atividades como ferramenta de estudo. Esta análise objetiva identificar os gargalos e desafios existentes, e os resultados já alcançados pelas empresas. Como conclusão, foram identificados alguns pontos críticos na gestão do processo de planejamento da produção que interferem direta e indiretamente no desempenho dos empreendimentos, sob a ótica dos diversos autores estudados e dos gerentes entrevistados. Estes pontos críticos foram classificados e priorizados, e a partir deles são propostas ações de melhoria na gestão e integração do processo de planejamento da produção. / This dissertation is a contribution to the characterization & review of process management in general contractors, by undertaking in-depth analysis of the production planning process management and its integration into medium- and high-income residential buildings. The research herein is based on several interviews with general contractors\' major players of this process. The results from these interviews are analyzed up against the principles of production, people and information management. Focus is on integration amongst processes. Current study tool is the activity flow analysis. The analyses intent to point out existing gaps and challenges, and also to present preliminary results from those companies. In conclusion there are some critical issues related to the production planning process management that do interfere directly and indirectly with the project performance, according to many referred authors and interviewed officers. These critical issues were arranged and set in order of priority, from there are proposed actions to improve the management and integration of the production planning process.

The central idea behind the newly developed toxicity model is the use of the Local Equivalence Ratio (LER). The species yields as functions of the Global Equivalence Ratio (GER) and temperature are input parameters of this model. Correlations for most building materials are available from small-scale fire experiments. Similar approaches to this method are also developed using the CO/CO2 and H2/H2O mole ratios. The LER methodology is further refined by an approach which divides the computational domain for the calculation of toxic gases into two parts, a control region in which the toxic gases are dependent on the LER and temperature, and a transport region in which the toxic gas concentrations are dependent on the mixing of hot gases with fresh air. The toxicity model is then extended to two-fuel cases. In the two-fuel model, the LER is a function of the two mixture fractions, which are used to represent the mixture of the two different fuels, oxygen and combustion products. This model is useful in simulating residential fires, in which wood lining of sidewalls or ceilings is the second fuel. Finally, the transportation of HCI within fire compartments is considered. A mathematical model is developed to simulate the exchange of HCI between gas boundary and wall surfaces and the reaction of HCI with walls. All the toxicity models developed in this study can be integrated into the practical volumetric heat source approach and the Eddy Break-up (EBU) combustion model typically used in practical engineering analysis.

This is a detailed study of learning in the context of dry stone walling. It examines what happens in the learning situation. The aim of this work was: 'To understand the nature of expertise in dry stone walling, how it is understood by those practising the craft, and how it is transmitted to others'. The main research questions were, therefore: What happens when dry stone wallers are learning their craft? How do they acquire expertise in dry stone walling? How is this learning communicated? This process necessitated developing a way of engaging with the practitioners, eliciting descriptive data about what they were doing, and why they were doing it, through interviews (or conversations) with both individuals and groups, whilst they practiced their skill. Twenty three wailers were interviewed as they worked, building walls. The material obtained was analysed under seven different themes: 'Knowing how' The use of tacit knowledge or intuition 'Flow' Constant decision making, reflection and learning from mistakes Individual and subjective variations and experiences The relevance of emotion The use of 'rules of thumb' or maxims. Learning walling does not fit simply into any of the seven themes. It is contextualised, complex and individual. It demonstrates tacit knowledge and intuition. It involves emotion, sometimes consciously, sometimes not. It involves memory, problem solving, and learning from mistakes, and reflection. Maxims or 'rules of thumb' were a key element in the learning process at all stages. Linear stages of learning were not evidenced. Deep understanding of the practice is evidenced, and the wider learning and teaching implications are explored.

Introdução: O macrossetor da construção de edificações causa um significativo impacto sobre o ambiente natural. Tal impacto é gerado em três momentos: produção, uso e descarte das edificações. Embora exista uma crescente consciência na indústria de edificações sobre a necessidade de redução desse impacto, os esforços atuais nesse sentido são limitados devido à incompatibilidade entre o paradigma atual, no qual estão baseadas as práticas da indústria, e os princípios de sustentabilidade a serem incorporados àquela prática. Para que a indústria possa avançar, tornando suas práticas ambientalmente mais sustentáveis, um novo paradigma deve ser formulado para servir de referencia à indústria de edificações. Objetivos: O objetivo principal desta tese é demonstrar as incompatibilidades entre o paradigma atual que inspira as práticas da indústria de edificações e os princípios de sustentabilidade. Os objetivos secundários são: definir com clareza os conceitos básicos da construção de edificações; formular uma estrutura conceitual que possa incorporar os conceitos básicos de maneira consistente e integrada; compreender o paradigma atual da construção, bem como os princípios que o regem; formular e propor princípios de sustentabilidade que possam ser utilizados no desenvolvimento de soluções tecnológicas para as edificações; elaborar as características essenciais de um novo paradigma, compatível com os princípios de sustentabilidade propostos; definir quais as condições necessárias para que ocorra a transição entre o paradigma atual e o novo paradigma. Método: A estratégia de pesquisa adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica, combinada com a utilização do método socrático. Essa estratégia foi desdobrada em seis etapas para a condução da pesquisa: 1) Formulação de uma estrutura geral da construção, onde foram explicitados conceitos básicos relacionados ao produto e processo; 2) Descrição do macrossetor da construção segundo o paradigma atual, apresentado como um caso particular do caso geral descrito na primeira etapa; 3) Definição dos princípios de sustentabilidade, estruturados segundo três grandes eixos: integração, perpetuação e otimização; 4) Análise de compatibilidade entre os princípios de sustentabilidade e o paradigma atual; 5) Formulação de novo paradigma compatível com os princípios de sustentabilidade formulados na terceira etapa; 6) Identificação das condições necessárias para que ocorra a transição entre o paradigma atual e o novo paradigma. Resultados: O trabalho demonstrou que existem diversas incompatibilidades entre o paradigma atual da construção de edificações e os princípios de sustentabilidade. O estudo também permitiu a formulação de uma estrutura geral da construção de edificações, tanto para o produto, quanto para o processo. Permitiu ainda a caracterização do paradigma atual, bem como a formulação de princípios de sustentabilidade, que poderão orientar as práticas da indústria de edificações, adotadas a partir da formulação do novo paradigma para essa indústria. Finalmente, o trabalho identificou quais as condições necessárias para que ocorra uma transição entre o paradigma atual e o novo paradigma. / Introduction: The construction macro sector, and, more specifically, building construction, causes a relevant impact on the natural environment. Such impact is generated in three different moments: during production, use and discharge of buildings. Although there is a growing consciousness in the building industry about the need to reduce this impact, present day efforts are limited due to the incompatibility between the present paradigm, on which is based the industry activity, and the sustainability principles to be incorporated in that activity. A new paradigm has to be formulated, to serve as reference to the building industry. Objectives: The main objective of the thesis is to demonstrate the incompatibilities between the present paradigm, that structures the activities of the building industry and the sustainability principles. The secondary principles were formulated in order to make viable the main objective. They are: to clearly define the basic concepts of building construction; to formulate a conceptual structure that can incorporate the basic concepts of building construction, in an consistent and integrated way; to understand the present construction paradigm, as well as the principles that underpin it; to formulate and put forward principles of sustainability that can be used in the development of technological solutions, in the construction of buildings; to define the essential characteristics of a new paradigm, compatible with the sustainability principles proposed; to define which are the necessary conditions for the transition from the present paradigm to the new one; to suggest and evaluate methodologies and technologies, new and existing in other areas of engineering, as to their capacity to incorporate the sustainability principles proposed. Method: The research strategy adopted was the bibliographic research, combined with the use of the Socratic Method. This strategy unfolded into six steps for the development of the research: 1) Formulation of a general construction structure, where basic concepts were expressed, related to the product and the process of construction; 2) Description of the macro sector of construction according to the present paradigm, presented as a particular case of the more general case described in the first step; 3) Definition of the sustainability principles, structured according to three main lines: integration, perpetuation, and optimization; 4) Analysis of compatibility between the principles of sustainability and the present paradigm; 5) Formulation of the new paradigm, compatible with the principles of sustainability, formulated in the third step; 6) Identification of the necessary conditions for the transition between the present paradigm and the new one. Results: This work has demonstrated that there are several incompatibilities between the present paradigm and the principles of sustainability. Such incompatibilities emerge along the three main lines of organization of those principles. Furthermore, this study also produced the formulation of a general theoretical structure for the construction of buildings, for the product as well as for the process. It also presented the characterization of the present paradigm, as well as a formulation of sustainability principles, which can be used to modify the building industry practices, adopted having the underpinning of a new paradigm for this industry. Finally, the work identified which are the necessary conditions for the transition between the present paradigm and the new one.

This thesis presents a new concept in steel-concrete-steel sandwich construction in which a bi-directional corrugated-strip core is proposed as an alternative inclined shear connector. The focus is on the feasibility study of fabrication techniques and the theoretical study of the structural responses of both unfilled and concrete-filled steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams under static flexural loading using numerical and analytical methods. Two possible fabrication techniques to create the proposed bi-directional corrugatedstrip core are presented. The unfilled sandwich beam is studied using a finite element method and three analytical methods referred to as the modified stiffness matrix, the braced frame analogy, and the discrete beam methods The finite element method is used to investigate the stiffness and strength behaviour of the unfilled sandwich beam. The modified stiffness matrix method provides good correlation with the finite element method. The other two analytical methods are less accurate. The assessment of the effect of geometrical parameters defining the bi-directional corrugated-strip core is carried out. The responses of the strength and stiffness, especially the transverse shear stiffness, are examined and discussed. The optimum configuration of the core is found at the angle of the inclined part of the corrugation is about 45o. The concrete-filled sandwich beam is studied using the fnite element method. The finite element method is used to investigate the transverse shear strength and the crack development of a four-point loaded concrete-filled sandwich beam. The assessment of the effect of geometrical parameters defining the inclined shear connectors is carried out. The responses of the concrete-filled sandwich beam are examined and discussed. The optimum advantage of the transverse shear strength of the concrete-filled sandwich beam is also found when the inclined shear connectors align at an angle 45o. It is found that creating the proposed core with a 45o pattern provides a great advantage in transverse shear stiffness and strength in both the unfilled and concrete-filled sandwich beams.

<p>The United States presents the appropriate conditions for a wider adoption of offsite construction (OSC): steady growth in the construction industry, high construction wages, shortage of labors, and demand for housing – especially multifamily housing. The multifamily housing market is overheated, but many design and construction companies are still struggling to stay strong in this market, marked by tight profit margins, high competitiveness and inefficiencies. OSC presents itself as a solution to help design and construction companies to become more efficient and resilient to potential market crises. However, the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is hesitant to move to higher levels of OSC adoption, mainly because stakeholders, including owners, developers, designers, and construction companies, are not aware of the potential benefits resulting from OSC and are not prepared to promote the changes necessary for the successful adoption of OSC or for the engagement in modular construction, which would represent an important move towards industrialized construction. This study focused on how to implement strategic changes in design and construction companies, particularly small and medium-size enterprises, interested in successfully using OSC in multifamily housing projects, considering the need for more affordable and sustainable multifamily housing in the United States. Using mixed methods, the study involved five phases of data collection and data analysis and had the contribution of professionals from the AEC industry. Focusing only on the AEC industry of the United States, the researcher first identified the main factors affecting the use of OSC in multifamily projects, as well as the most important changes that design and construction companies need to adopt for the successful use of OSC in multifamily projects. The factors and the changes helped to structure and shape the scope of the principles, which were later consolidated and validated through research with professionals from design and construction companies. The final set of eight principles was divided into four topics: (1) strategy and business model, (2) people, organization, and culture, (3) technology, materials, and tools, and (4) processes and operations. In addition to helping to shape more efficient and resilient construction companies, the application of the proposed principles contributes to building more affordable and sustainable housing in the United States.</p>

La presente investigación propone un procedimiento general de análisis para edificios altos sobre la base de los requerimientos de la Norma Peruana E.030. Primero, se realiza la configuración estructural de los edificios, se define el número de edificios y la cantidad de niveles, así como el sistema estructural predominante. Luego, se definen las características de los materiales, las cargas y las combinaciones. Los casos de estudio que se desarrollan se basan en edificaciones altas peruanas existentes como el Hotel Westin Libertador y el Banco de la Nación. Para la configuración estructural se utilizó el sistema estructural de núcleo rígido debido a su gran versatilidad y funcionalidad. Después, se describen los métodos de análisis de estructuras altas y se procede con el análisis de la verificación de derivas y realizar una comparación de la cortante en la base mediante el análisis estático, análisis dinámico modal espectral y análisis lineal tiempo historia. Para el análisis tiempo historia se empleó 5 registros peruanos espectro compatible, mientras que para el diseño de las placas de concreto armado se usó el análisis modal espectral. / Abstract. Currently, there is an increase in the demand for tall buildings in the city of Lima. This research proposes to reduce the dynamic amplification factor through the seismic design of tall buildings based on the requirements of Peruvian code considering that they are regular in plan and height. Mini-mum base shear values according to the comparison of static seismic shear and dynamic shear from spectral modal analysis were reviewed for cases of buildings larger than 120 meters. The study of 28 reinforced concrete build-ings was proposed, with different heights - varying from 24 to 36 floors, with different floor configurations, as well as the arrangement of the walls considering as a rigid core structural system. Additionally, the characteristics of the materials, the loads and combinations were defined. The responses of these buildings were determined by the response spectrum analysis (RSA) and then compared with those obtained by the lineal response history analy-sis (LRHA), for the last analysis, five Peruvian seismic records were used and scaled to 0.45g. The seismic responses of the LRHA procedure were taken as benchmark. The result of this study is the analysis and proposal of the C / R factor for high-rise buildings, as well as obtaining the base shear and drift verification. Minimum base shear values can be reduced for high or long-term buildings, being regular in plan and height. / Trabajo de investigación

Orientador: Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle / Resumo: O aumento da geração dos resíduos sólidos é um dos grandes desafios em toda parte do planeta. Em 2018 o índice global de geração de resíduos foi de 0,74 kg por habitante por dia e, em termos absolutos, a perspectiva até 2050 é de uma geração anual de 3,40 bilhões de toneladas. O impacto ambiental negativo deste fenômeno em cidades de países em desenvolvimento fica evidente com a escassez dos aterros sanitários e o descarte irregular de resíduos, causando problemas de saúde pública e desastres de todas as ordens. Neste contexto, o setor da construção civil responde pelo total de até 30% dos depósitos em aterros no mundo e desta forma, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar um diagnóstico do gerenciamento dos resíduos sólidos da construção civil no município de Bauru/SP, baseando-se em informações fornecidas pelos atores envolvidos e em visitas a locais de armazenamento, triagem, reciclagem e disposição final. A pesquisa se justifica pela necessidade de avaliar as estratégias de mitigação de impactos ambientais negativos derivados destes resíduos, a partir da reconstrução da realidade no município. Como resultados gerais, foi evidenciado que o município de Bauru/SP, desde 2011, conta com uma legislação específica para o tratamento ambientalmente adequado do RCD, e que construiu em parceria com o setor privado, uma estrutura logística ampla, para atender a coleta e o recebimento destes resíduos abrangendo todo o município. Para os pequenos geradores, 8 locais chamados E... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The increasingly large generation of solid waste is one of the greatest challenges worldwide. In 2018, global waste generation rate was 0.74 kg daily per inhabitant and, in absolute terms, there’s a prospect of 3.40 billion tons being produced annualy by the year 2050. The negative environmental impact of this phenomenon in cities from developing countries is evident considering the scarcity of landfills and the irregular waste disposal, which cause public health issues and hazards of all kinds. In this context, civil construction sector accounts for a total of up to 30% of landfill deposits in the world, hence the present work had the goal of carrying out a diagnosis of construction industry solid waste management in the city of Bauru/SP, based on information provided by the agentes involved and visits to storage, sorting, recycling and final disposal sites. This research is justified by the need to evaluate strategies that mitigate negative environmental impact originated from this sort of waste, following the reconstruction of reality in the city. The results found from this research have shown that the city of Bauru/SP, since 2011, has had a specific legislation regarding environmentally adequate treatment of construction and domolition waste (CDW) and that it has built, in partnership with the private sector, a broad logistics to meet the demand of transportation for this waste citywide. For the smaller waste generators, 8 disposal locations called “Ecopoints” have colle... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Recentemente o setor da construção civil no Brasil vem apresentando um ritmo intenso de crescimento, cujo dinamismo se deve às mudanças institucionais e a evolução do cenário macroeconômico. O volume crescente das obras tem pressionado os setores de insumos e alguns reflexos disto já foram sentidos, como problemas localizados de abastecimento e de variação dos preços de alguns materiais. Neste cenário insere-se a presente pesquisa, de caráter exploratória, que se propõe a realizar o diagnóstico do setor de produção e comercialização de insumos (materiais) da Cadeia Produtiva da Construção Habitacional, segundo os princípios do conceito de prospecção tecnológica. O método básico de pesquisa correspondeu às pesquisas bibliográfica e descritiva, utilizando-se da pesquisa de campo para a obtenção de dados atualizados. Para realizar o diagnóstico foi adotado um modelo conceitual de prospecção tecnológica de análise de cadeias produtivas, proposto por Castro & Lima (2001). Os principais resultados obtidos foram modelagem, análise de desempenho, identificação dos fatores críticos, respectivas forças impulsoras e restritivas e, por fim, a determinação de gargalos do setor. O estudo mostra que todos os segmentos deste setor estão direcionando seus esforços na busca da eficiência produtiva, como meio de garantir o fornecimento de seus produtos ao setor da construção. Quanto ao método adotado, pode-se concluir que apresenta forte potencial de ser utilizado para análise dos setores e cadeias produtivas que compõe o complexo industrial de materiais de construção. / The Brazilian construction sector has recently been showing intense growth, and its dynamism is due to institutional changes and evolution in the macroeconomic scenario. The increasing volume of new constructions has put pressure on the construction materials sectors and some consequences of this situation have already been noticed, such as local supply problems and variation in the price of some materials. This explorative research is inserted in this scenario and aims to make a diagnosis of the production and sales sectors of materials in the house construction production chain, using the concept of technological foresight. The method is based on bibliographical and descriptive researches, also using field data collection to gather up-to-date information. The conceptual model proposed by Castro & Lima (2001) of technological foresight for production chain analysis was adopted. The main results were the modeling, performance analysis, identification of critical factors, their respective driving and restrictive forces and, finally, the determination of bottlenecks in the sector. The study shows that all segments of the construction sector are focusing their efforts to obtain production capacity efficiency, so as to guarantee the supply of their products. It can be concluded that the adopted method shows strong potential to be used to analyze production chains in the construction materials industry.

Os métodos de avaliação do processo de projeto podem ser considerados fatores importantes para o sucesso do empreendimento e da organização, pois, por meio deles, torna-se possível medir o desempenho do processo e identificar seus pontos críticos, além de garantir subsídios à tomada de decisões fundamentadas. Dessa maneira, a avaliação do processo de projeto pode ser considerada uma das maneiras de conduzir as organizações a níveis mais elevados de competitividade,por meio da melhoria da eficiência do processo de desenvolvimento de projeto,melhor atendimento às necessidades dos clientes e melhoria contínua dos processos, serviços e produtos. As empresas, inclusive as de projeto de arquitetura,devem realizar avaliações e retroalimentações sistemáticas de seus processos. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e discutir a eficiência e eficácia dos métodos empregados na avaliação do processo de projeto de arquitetura sob a ótica da gestão da qualidade, observando as interfaces entre todos os agentes participantes desse processo. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental sobre o tema, além de pesquisa de campo, que contemplou a realização de estudos de caso em quatro empresas de projeto de arquitetura e quatro empresas contratantes desse tipo de projeto, todas atuantes na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Como resultado, foi elaborada uma proposta inicial que consiste em uma lista de questões consideradas importantes para o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto de arquitetura com eficiência e qualidade, bem como as possíveis formas de avaliação que poderiam ser realizadas pelas empresas de arquitetura e seus clientes. Foi possível identificar e discutir a eficiência e a eficácia dos métodos e mecanismos de avaliação realmente propostos pelas empresas, a retroalimentação de informações como subsídio para a tomada de ações de melhoria e a contribuição dos resultados das avaliações e retroalimentações para o aumento de desempenho do processo de projeto. / The design process evaluation methods are important factors both to project and organization success. Through the evaluation methods it is possible to measure the performance of processes, to identify their critical points and bottlenecks, and besides to guarantee a better decision-making. Thus, the evaluation methods of design process can be considered a way to lead organizations to a high competitive level through the improvement of design process efficiency by means of a better meeting of clients needs and the continuous improvement of processes, services, and products. The design firms, including architectural design offices, have to evaluate and feedback their processes in a systematic way. The main objective of this work is to identify and discuss the efficiency and effectiveness of methods used in the evaluation of the architectural design process based on quality management concepts, and the relationships between designers and the other stakeholders involved in. Firstly, in order to develop this research, a literature review and documental studies were carried out. Then, a field research at São Paulo city was conducted throughout four case studies in architectural design firms and four case studies involving their clients. As result, it was elaborated an initial proposal including a list of the main points of the architectural design process that should be evaluated, as well as some possible evaluation methods that the design firms and their clients can use. It was possible to identify and discuss the efficiency and effectiveness of evaluation methods actually proposed, the information feedback and their contribution to increase the design process performance.