Analizuojamas nekilnojamojo turto rinkos formavimasis, gyvenamojo fondo formos (privati ar valstybinė)kitimo tendencijos nuo nepriklausomybės paskelbimo 1990, pateikiami duomenys apie socialinį būstą, teikiamus lengvatinius kreditus, Šiaulių miesto nekilnojamojo turto situacija, demografinė padėtis. / In the final work I analyse the formation of the real estate market, list the records of the housing stock forms in Lithuania (private or owned by government), it‘s changing from 1990‘s when Lithuania became independent, give the reasons of it, the real market dynamics and what made the prices rise up so high. Also analyse how the average useful floor space for one person (m2 ) from 1995 to 2005 changes, the dwelling types, housing provision and the development of financing facilities. Give the facts about the social accommodation, the terms of getting it and the Government lending. Also the information is collected about the demographic situation in Siauliai city, housing fund and the development of new buildings.

By its nature, building maintenance requires an ability to respond to a demand that is random in time, random in nature and random in location. This in turn creates complex operational and logistical problems for management, specially if the property complex is large. The objective of this research is to assess the scope for and effectiveness of quantitative modelling, and the prediction of the outcome of alternative management action (policy), to assist in the management of building maintenance complexes of the size of a hospital. Both building and engineering equipments are encompassed within the study as appropriate. The research issues are split into three related phases; a demand study; a defect reduction study; and a maintenance management model. 1- The maintenance demand study: Based upon general statistics obtained, attempts have been made to identify and quantify both the major problems areas (in terms of cost and frequency of maintenance activities), and the nature and cause of the demand for maintenance. They have revealed no coherent picture in that the demand from wards and buildings seems independent of the patient throughput and the age of buildings. The demand for maintenance, for the main trades involved, has been estimated and used in the simulation models mentioned in below. 2- Demand reduction model: Accepting the current demand situation for maintenance, it was proposed to identify what is the cause of the demand and what possible actions could reduce the demand: Possibly through design modification, changes in materials used, change in practice of service/building user, development of Preventive Maintenance 'PM' or inspection system for component. Despite considerable effort, it proved not possible to progress this aspect of the study and the reasons are discussed. 3- Maintenance management models: Simulation models to the maintenance activities within the hospital has been developed using, Extended Control and Simulation Language, ECSLPLUS, to model the maintenance policies, and assessing any changes in operating procedures. The advantage of modelling is that the magnitude and nature of changes can be assessed and contemplated prior to any actual change in operating procedures. This is generally recognised as being most valuable. For specific problems and areas of operation identified, development of specific methods of deployments have been attempted. For instance, 'recieving one job at a time'; 'recieving a batch of jobs at a time'; and 'delaying non-urgent jobs and grouping them in time'. A number of maintenance management policies have been assessed using the above models, these are: 'Previewing' and 'not previewing' most of the defects before repair to identify the required resources; 'employing extra part-time tradesmen during the busy days'; 'working 7 days instead of 5 days a week'; 'no sickness policy'; and 'employing multi-skilled tradesmen option'. These models should be capable of indicating to management the gains and consequances, in terms of measures of interest to them such as the workforce and manhours required to meet the demand for maintenance per trade, changing operating practice, customs and timescales. That is, their decision variables.

Waste production and management problems have increased in this century. Population growth and consumption patterns in developing societies are associated with this growth. During the last decades, some world organisations have contributed to a global discussion and common resolutions. Concerns about the environment and sustainable development have been soundly highlighted. The European Union through its five Environment and Development Programmes as well the Directives and other special Regulations have responded that Agenda 21. The complexity and historical context of integrated and sustainable waste management is studied within the context of the construction industry in Portugal. International experience and knowledge were also drawn upon to add to the local knowledge. The study classifies the debris trail. The deconstruction process is studied in order to illuminate the relationship with the nature of the debris trail. This is the core of the research which seeks to make a contribution to the understanding of this relationship and forms the basis for the development of a dynamic construction and demolition estimating and assessment model. The work is based on case studies derived by observation from five complex and holistic case studies in Lisbon, cases studies reported from other countries and from work by others undertaken in France. Soft Systems Methodologies are used to illuminate the qualitative concerns. The quantitative information from practice is placed along side the qualitative data to give further insight into the issues being studied. The difficulties of insufficient actor involvement and participation in the process are also discussed. Systems Dynamics methodologies are used to define a dynamic model using data from the sources referred. The model is intended to assist the assessment and estimation of the characteristics of the debris trail. The output of the dynamic model will contribute to a national strategy and plan for the construction and demolition waste stream in Portugal within the context of European Union strategies and guidelines.

At the design stage, column-beam connections of steel structures are assumed as fully rigid or as hinges, and the design is completed with these assumptions. On the other hand, in practice, steel column-beam connections show neither fully rigid nor fully hinge behaviour, and the characteristic behaviour of the connections lies between these two special cases. Performing realistic calculation of these forces and knowing the behaviour of structures close to reality will decrease life and goods losses to the minimum level in a probable of earthquake to be encountered in the future. &nbsp / In this study, seismic performance of 2-D steel frames were evaluated by Capacity Spectrum Method proposed in the ATC 40 document published in 1996. A new computer program was developed in order to define all geometric and loading data and to perform nonlinear analysis of rigid and semi rigid steel frames for which the performances will be evaluated. In case studies, 3-Floor Steel Frames that have different bay numbers were investigated in various forms according to the rigid and different semi rigid connection types. In addition, the performances these frames for various seismic regions and soil conditions were compared. According to the results, it was observed that semi rigidly connected frames are under the effect of smaller ground acceleration have greater displacement values. As a consequence of this ductile and energy dissipative response, it was seen that the stresses in the members of frame become considerably small, relative to the stresses in the rigid frames&rsquo / . Furthermore, the performances of semi-rigid frames can be affected negatively beyond such a low rigidity. Consequently, the most convenient design should be made according to the seismic and soil region where the structure to be constructed by performing the necessary studies on the connection details in order to achieve desired performance, serviceability and optimum member criteria.

Project risk assessment is an effective tool for planning and controlling cost, time and achieving the technical performance of a building construction project. Construction projects often face a lot of uncertainties, which places building construction projects at the risk of cost, time overruns as well as poor quality delivery. Considering the limited resources of developing countries, there is need to complete building projects on-time, on-budget, and to meet optimal quality hence, risk management is an important part of the decision making process in construction industry as it determines the success or failure of construction projects. In line with this need, this research aims to establish a system to improve the time, cost and quality performance of building construction projects in developing countries, through a comprehensive risk management model that ensures the expectations of clients are met. To achieve the aim of this research, a mixed methodological approach was adopted. Through the review of literature, a conceptual risk management framework suitable to elaborate risk assessment of building construction projects especially for developing countries was developed. A questionnaire survey using a nonprobability sampling technique was conducted to elicit information from construction professionals in Nigeria to assess their perception of 79 risk factors identified from literature review based on the likelihood of occurrence and impact on projects using a five point scale. Responses from 343 construction professionals were drawn from 305 contractors and subcontractors and 38 clients (private and public) within the Nigerian construction sector. Response data was subjected to descriptive statistics to depict the frequency distribution and central tendency of responses. Subsequently, the risk acceptability matrix (RAM) was adopted to categorise and prioritise risk factors. 27 critical risks that affect building construction projects were identified. A Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model was developed by structural learning and used to examine the cause and effect relationship amongst the 27 critical risk factors. The developed BBN model was subjected to validation using a multiple case study of two building construction projects in Nigeria. The result showed the interrelation between the 27 risk factors and how they contributed to cost and time overruns as well as quality problems. The critical risks directly affecting the cost of building construction project were: fluctuation of material prices; health and safety issues; bribery and corruption; material wastage; poor site management and supervision; and time overruns. The critical factors identified to directly affect quality were: supply of defective materials; working under harsh conditions; improper construction methods; lack of protective equipment; ineffective time allocation; poor communication between involved stakeholders; and unsuitable leadership style. Time overruns on building construction projects was directly caused by: quality problems; low productivity; improper construction methods; poor communication between involved parties; delayed payments in contracts; and poor site management and supervision. As a consolidation of the findings of this research, a BBN model for identifying risk factors that directly affect time, cost and quality on building construction projects has been developed which has the potential for assisting construction stake holders to manage risks on their projects. In view of the findings, a best practice system for risk management in building construction projects in Nigeria has been developed with an implementation guide to help building construction practitioners to successfully implement risk management on their building construction projects. Suitable risk responses, also in the form of recommendations have been identified. The strategies include actions to be taken to respond to risks based on their perceived significance or acceptability as well as some positive risk responses, such as exploiting, sharing, enhancing and accepting, and other negative risk responses, such as avoidance, mitigation transfer and acceptance.

This study investigates the concept and assessment of housing affordability. Housing affordability is a multi-dimensional issue, yet it is typically assessed quite simply in terms of the financial burden of housing costs. The study frames the housing affordability problem as encompassing more than financial costs of housing and household ability to meet these costs, and extends to larger issues of social wellbeing and community sustainability. This thesis provides an original contribution to new knowledge by developing and applying a complex model for the assessment of sustainable housing affordability. The model is holistic and is capable of considering a broad spectrum of criteria determining housing affordability and the wellbeing of households, including economic, environmental and social aspects. Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are innovatively applied for the analysis of sustainable housing affordability. The chosen methodology of MCDM allows a multidimensional analysis of both quantitative and qualitative criteria Influencing the affordability of housing and household wellbeing. The thesis presents the results of a case study assessment of 10 areas in Liverpool, UK as a practical example of the sustainable housing affordability assessment model. This allows the given areas to be ranked in respect of their sustainable housing affordability. The model can assist stakeholders, such as central governments, local authorities, developers and consumers, on both a national and international scale, in making comprehensive and informed decisions concerning affordability. The model provides a complex analysis of the criteria that influence the affordability of housing, beyond the financial implications experienced by households and better reflecting household wellbeing and sustain ability concerns. The tool could be utilised as a potential planning indicator for shaping local housing markets. The rankings derived from the model may be used as a locational decision aid and to support new housing development that will meet the needs of low and moderate income residents in ways that go beyond traditional notions of financial burden.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 1904932 bytes, checksum: 8e16082ab6523c5b74044a779b2f1ba6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Mass customization is a relatively new business strategy and is used by organizations as a competitive differential in the conquest of new markets. This paper discusses the use of this strategy in constructions industry, especially in the subsection of buildings, in which elements of the conventional production coexist on the same work sites with elements of the customized production, performed according to the wishes and needs of each client, through individualized specifications (personalization). This study aims to verify how this process of mass customization and its reflection in the supply chain happen. It also verifies the application of the techniques of postponement as a prerequisite or facilitator agent in order to provide a product with the best possible expectations of each customer. The reason is in the importance of buildings subsection represents, both for the national economy as a whole and for the local economy in particular. As it is known, the importance and impact of this activity on the economic environment permeates the entire production chain and settles down starting from a complex relationship between the organizations. The methodology included bibliographical search and field research (exploratory and explanatory), held in three residential buildings, in the city of Campina Grande. It was found that using the techniques of postponement in the supply chain for mass customization is made up of a non-conscious, and despite the lack of terms and elements found in the literature. Its benefits, however, are seen clearly. The process of customization, on all three cases, was conducted in a similar way, but the final result was strongly linked to the purchasing power of their customers from each of the enterprises. / A customização em massa é uma estratégia de negócio relativamente recente e é utilizada pelas organizações como diferencial competitivo na conquista de novos mercados. Este trabalho aborda a utilização desta estratégia na construção civil, mais especificamente no subsetor de edificações, no qual elementos da produção convencional convivem, no mesmo canteiro de obras, com elementos da produção customizada, efetuada de acordo com os desejos e necessidades de cada cliente, através de especificações individualizadas (personalização). Este estudo objetiva verificar como se dá este processo de customização e qual o seu reflexo na cadeia de suprimentos. Verifica também a aplicação das técnicas de postponement como condição necessária ou agente facilitador no sentido de prover um produto o mais adequado possível às expectativas de cada comprador. A justificativa está na importância que o subsetor de edificações representa, tanto para a economia nacional como um todo, como para a economia local em particular. Como se sabe, a importância e o impacto desta atividade sobre o ambiente econômico, permeia toda a cadeia produtiva e se estabelece a partir de uma complexa articulação entre as organizações. A metodologia utilizada incluiu a pesquisa bibliográfica, bem como a pesquisa de campo (exploratória e explicativa), realizada em três edifícios residenciais, na cidade de Campina Grande. Constatou-se que a utilização das técnicas de postponement na cadeia de suprimentos para a customização em massa é feita até de forma não consciente, ou a despeito do desconhecimento dos termos e dos elementos encontrados na literatura. Seus benefícios, no entanto, são percebidos de forma clara. O processo de customização, nos três casos, foi conduzido de forma semelhante, mas o resultado final esteve fortemente ligado ao poder aquisitivo dos respectivos clientes de cada um dos empreendimentos.

The target of my diploma thesis is the proposal of project documentation of Land Register Office for a middle-big town. The administration building of the Land Register Office is designed for 20 people. The theoretical location of the construction is placed in the land register of a town called Litvinovice, in the location specified for building civic amenities. Literary overview limits the fundamental notions regarding the design of building construction, furthermore in this chapter are written out the paragraphs of the valid building act a its execute public notices associated with the projection of building civic amenities. The results of this diploma thesis contain the description of the location, where the building will be located, the project documentation for building permission that is made out according to a public notice No. 499/2006 about building documentation. The particular technical drawings are elaborated in the application AutoCAD 2006. The visualizations present the colour scheme of the front facade or architectural solutions of exterior are processed in the application ArchiCAD 8.1.

Recentemente o setor da construção civil no Brasil vem apresentando um ritmo intenso de crescimento, cujo dinamismo se deve às mudanças institucionais e a evolução do cenário macroeconômico. O volume crescente das obras tem pressionado os setores de insumos e alguns reflexos disto já foram sentidos, como problemas localizados de abastecimento e de variação dos preços de alguns materiais. Neste cenário insere-se a presente pesquisa, de caráter exploratória, que se propõe a realizar o diagnóstico do setor de produção e comercialização de insumos (materiais) da Cadeia Produtiva da Construção Habitacional, segundo os princípios do conceito de prospecção tecnológica. O método básico de pesquisa correspondeu às pesquisas bibliográfica e descritiva, utilizando-se da pesquisa de campo para a obtenção de dados atualizados. Para realizar o diagnóstico foi adotado um modelo conceitual de prospecção tecnológica de análise de cadeias produtivas, proposto por Castro & Lima (2001). Os principais resultados obtidos foram modelagem, análise de desempenho, identificação dos fatores críticos, respectivas forças impulsoras e restritivas e, por fim, a determinação de gargalos do setor. O estudo mostra que todos os segmentos deste setor estão direcionando seus esforços na busca da eficiência produtiva, como meio de garantir o fornecimento de seus produtos ao setor da construção. Quanto ao método adotado, pode-se concluir que apresenta forte potencial de ser utilizado para análise dos setores e cadeias produtivas que compõe o complexo industrial de materiais de construção. / The Brazilian construction sector has recently been showing intense growth, and its dynamism is due to institutional changes and evolution in the macroeconomic scenario. The increasing volume of new constructions has put pressure on the construction materials sectors and some consequences of this situation have already been noticed, such as local supply problems and variation in the price of some materials. This explorative research is inserted in this scenario and aims to make a diagnosis of the production and sales sectors of materials in the house construction production chain, using the concept of technological foresight. The method is based on bibliographical and descriptive researches, also using field data collection to gather up-to-date information. The conceptual model proposed by Castro & Lima (2001) of technological foresight for production chain analysis was adopted. The main results were the modeling, performance analysis, identification of critical factors, their respective driving and restrictive forces and, finally, the determination of bottlenecks in the sector. The study shows that all segments of the construction sector are focusing their efforts to obtain production capacity efficiency, so as to guarantee the supply of their products. It can be concluded that the adopted method shows strong potential to be used to analyze production chains in the construction materials industry.

Os métodos de avaliação do processo de projeto podem ser considerados fatores importantes para o sucesso do empreendimento e da organização, pois, por meio deles, torna-se possível medir o desempenho do processo e identificar seus pontos críticos, além de garantir subsídios à tomada de decisões fundamentadas. Dessa maneira, a avaliação do processo de projeto pode ser considerada uma das maneiras de conduzir as organizações a níveis mais elevados de competitividade,por meio da melhoria da eficiência do processo de desenvolvimento de projeto,melhor atendimento às necessidades dos clientes e melhoria contínua dos processos, serviços e produtos. As empresas, inclusive as de projeto de arquitetura,devem realizar avaliações e retroalimentações sistemáticas de seus processos. O principal objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar e discutir a eficiência e eficácia dos métodos empregados na avaliação do processo de projeto de arquitetura sob a ótica da gestão da qualidade, observando as interfaces entre todos os agentes participantes desse processo. Para alcançar os objetivos propostos foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica e documental sobre o tema, além de pesquisa de campo, que contemplou a realização de estudos de caso em quatro empresas de projeto de arquitetura e quatro empresas contratantes desse tipo de projeto, todas atuantes na região metropolitana de São Paulo. Como resultado, foi elaborada uma proposta inicial que consiste em uma lista de questões consideradas importantes para o desenvolvimento do processo de projeto de arquitetura com eficiência e qualidade, bem como as possíveis formas de avaliação que poderiam ser realizadas pelas empresas de arquitetura e seus clientes. Foi possível identificar e discutir a eficiência e a eficácia dos métodos e mecanismos de avaliação realmente propostos pelas empresas, a retroalimentação de informações como subsídio para a tomada de ações de melhoria e a contribuição dos resultados das avaliações e retroalimentações para o aumento de desempenho do processo de projeto. / The design process evaluation methods are important factors both to project and organization success. Through the evaluation methods it is possible to measure the performance of processes, to identify their critical points and bottlenecks, and besides to guarantee a better decision-making. Thus, the evaluation methods of design process can be considered a way to lead organizations to a high competitive level through the improvement of design process efficiency by means of a better meeting of clients needs and the continuous improvement of processes, services, and products. The design firms, including architectural design offices, have to evaluate and feedback their processes in a systematic way. The main objective of this work is to identify and discuss the efficiency and effectiveness of methods used in the evaluation of the architectural design process based on quality management concepts, and the relationships between designers and the other stakeholders involved in. Firstly, in order to develop this research, a literature review and documental studies were carried out. Then, a field research at São Paulo city was conducted throughout four case studies in architectural design firms and four case studies involving their clients. As result, it was elaborated an initial proposal including a list of the main points of the architectural design process that should be evaluated, as well as some possible evaluation methods that the design firms and their clients can use. It was possible to identify and discuss the efficiency and effectiveness of evaluation methods actually proposed, the information feedback and their contribution to increase the design process performance.