published_or_final_version / Social Service Management / Master / Master of Social Sciences

在香港國際學校，相較于本地學校，更加激烈的崗位競爭、英語為工作語言的整體環境以及背景多樣化的學生等因素是否會導致教師們對職業的認同感和成就感有所不同呢？瞭解國際學校中文教師職業倦怠的情況對教師的個人職業發展、教學工作的有效開展和學校的教師管理都具有重要意義。 本研究旨在對香港國際學校中文教師職業倦怠的情況進行調查，通過Maslash（MBI-ES）問卷，分三個維度（情緒衰竭、非個性化、低成就感）對中文教師職業倦怠的程度進行描述；其次，利用訪談對倦怠的原因和影響因素進行探討和分析。 本次調查採取方便取樣的原則，隨機抽取國際學校中文教師30 人進行調查，利用SPSS17.0 對數據進行整理和分析，組間的差異性采用方差分析（單因素ANOVA）和t 檢驗，人口學特征和職業倦怠各維度的關系采用線性回歸進行分析。 研究發現，香港國際學校的中文教師在情緒衰竭和去個性化兩個維度上表現出中度倦怠，而在低成就感上得分較高，即有較高的成就感體驗。不同性別的教師在倦怠程度上無差異； 不同年齡的教師在低成就感維度上差異顯著（ P=0.000），本次調查中，20-30 歲的教師成就感最低，50 歲或以上的教師最有成就感；從入職時間上看，有1-2 年工作經驗的教師有相對高的情感衰竭情況（22.00±6.06）；不同入職時間的教師在成就感上差異顯著（P= 0.018），從事對外漢語教學工作3 年或以下的教師成就感低於有3 年以上工作經驗的教師。此外，學歷與成就感表現出顯著相關（B=3.195，P=0.034），學歷越高在教學上的成就感體驗也就越高；同時，香港以外的教學經驗與成就感呈現顯著相關（ B=2.253，P=0.05），即教學經驗豐富的教師擁有相對高的成就感。 This study assessed teachers' burnout from different genders, ages, working years, educational levels, working hours and working experience in a sample of 30 Chinese in-service teachers in Hong Kong International Schools by MBI-ES questionnaire and interviews and draw conclusions as follows: The general findings suggested that on the burnout components, indicating moderate levels of emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, but high or nearly high levels of reduced personal accomplishment. Teachers' reduced personal accomplishment is significant in age（ P= 0.000 ） and working years（ P= 0.018): teachers of 20-30 years old have the highest scores in reduced personal accomplishment and teachers of 50 years old or above have the lowest scores; teachers with less 3 years working experience have the highest scores in reduced personal accomplishment. What's more, overseas teaching experience and educational levels are highly relevant with reduced personal accomplishment. / published_or_final_version / Education / Master / Master of Education

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The present study examines the use of formal and informal supervision as it relates to determining burnout in child welfare social workers. This was measured by using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Respondents were social workers in a small child protection agency. Using descriptive data and frequencies, results were used to focus directions for further research. The results indicate that only the length of formal supervision is significant in reducing emotional exhaustion in social workers (p < .05). Higher education levels were also seen as a protective factor against depersonalization (n = 16).

The Clubhouse model of psycho-social rehabilitation is a growing movement providing non-traditional mental health services worldwide. Little research has been done on how working in such an un-structured environment affects burnout levels among staff. The study sample was chosen by categorizing the Clubhouses by city size, and selecting 14 American and six Canadian Clubs at random with a total of 149 staff, of whom 97 responded, including both frontline staff and executive directors. Respondents completed the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and a questionnaire which was designed for this study, to measure work-related, worker-related, and client-related predictors of burnout. Burnout scores for this sample matched the scores for Maslach's postsecondary education subgroup most closely and were lower than the scores for her mental health subgroup. No significant differences were found between the Canadian and American samples, and supervisory role appeared to be a significant predictor of burnout levels among staff. These findings suggest that the International Centre for Clubhouse Development should examine how effectively supervisors support their staff, how the model itself may be inhibiting supervisors from doing so, and that staff needs should be incorporated into Clubhouse standards.

Stress and burnout have received a great deal of attention in the child welfare field. This has been due to such issues as the high workload, the complexity of the cases, working with resistant and at times violent clients and the negative work environment of the youth protection agency. These factors have a detrimental effect on the worker's personal and professional resources and undermine the healthy functioning of the agency, all of which ultimately affects best practice with clients. One way in which child welfare organizations could make an effort towards reclaiming clinical practice is to engage in training for its workforce. Training can benefit practitioners by improving their skills and knowledge and this can lead to greater job satisfaction. Agency functioning is improved by having a trained workforce as well as social workers who are knowledgeable regarding agency policies, values and models of intervention. Children and families ultimately benefit by working with practitioners who are equipped with the appropriate skills. These benefits for workers, clients and the agency cannot materialize unless barriers are removed and changes within the agency take place in order to support the effective transfer of knowledge and training.

The primary purpose of this study is to determine if three coping strategies (exercise, hobbies, and social support) were related to some or all of the three dimensions of burnout (Emotional Exhaustion, Depersonalization, and Personal Accomplishment). One hundred and forty-three secondary school teachers from schools in urban and suburban areas of Eastern Canada participated in this study. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to assess burnout scores and a coping strategies questionnaire was used to assess participation in activities. Exercise and social support were positively related to the Personal Accomplishment dimension of burnout.

Stress is inherent in our daily lives and it is debilitating to our mental health. My assumption is that racism and stress are intertwined. The purpose of this research is to explore the narratives of Black social service workers who are working in mainstream social service agencies. I will explore whether, and how, they experience racism and how their experiences might result in a range of stressors in the workplace. This paper is based on the premise that the amount of stress Black social workers are subjected to is directly related to the social and structural forces within the agencies, in terms of racism, sexism and domination. / In particular, I am arguing that it is stressful for Black social workers to work in an agency that perpetuates and condones racism and this may bring about added tension to the working environment. By focusing on everyday forms of racism and its' impact on the mental health of Black social workers, the analysis will also reflect my experiences of personal and institutional racism, the effects of internalized racism and coping strategies aimed at retaining a mental stability and competency on the job. Exploratory interviews were conducted with six social workers, five of whom were front-line workers and one manager, in three social services agencies in Canada, to examine their experiences of racism, their responses and coping strategies which they have adopted to deal with the day-to-day stressors in their jobs. In addition, an examination of current policies, practices and procedures will be interpreted within the organizational structure of the agencies.

The purpose of this study was to examine burnout in the critical care nurse. One hundred-eighty eight nurses employed at Community Hospitals of Indiana were surveyed to determine the relationship between burnout, level of expertise and social support systems. Frequency and intensity of burnout was measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Social support systems were measured by the Norbeck Social Support Questionnaire. Level of expertise was determined by question 1 of the demographic questionnaire length of time employed as a critical care nurse.Findings of this study revealed no significant differences in level of expertise related to intensity and frequency of burnout (F= .232). Results of ANOVA indicated the sampled nurses experienced a low to average degree of burnout for both frequency and intensity of burnout. Similarly using Pearson correlate there was no relationship between level of support systems and frequency also concluded that level of support systems did not and intensity of burnout (novice, p= -.23; competent, p= .11; expert, p= .07). Conclusions of this study indicated level of expertise was not a factor in determining intensity and frequency of burnout.It was burnout need to be readily available for all nurses in influence intensity and frequency of burnout in the novice, competent or expert critical care nurse.Implications indicate that preventative measures for critical care settings. Other implications were that nursing support systems may not be an effective strategy for burnout prevention and resources may need to focus on other strategies. / School of Nursing

For the past twenty years, burnout has been extensively a topic of researched (Coakley, 1992; Creswell & Eklund, 2006; Lemyre, Treasure, & Roberts, 2006; Maslach & Jackson, 1984; Raedeke, 1997, Silva, 1990; Smith, 1986). Burnout can negatively affect athletes and student-athletes for various reasons including intense training loads, decreased performance, psychological distress, and emotional exhaustion (Raedeke, 1997; Smith, 1986). It is imperative to determine causes of burnout across multiple populations. Numerous research on burnout have suggested several contributing factors including: increased stress, exhaustion, intense workload, injury, pressure, entrapment, and staleness (Cresswell & Eklund, 2006; Lai & Wiggins, 2003; Lemyre et al., 2006; Price & Weiss, 2000; Raedeke, Lunney, & Venables, 2006). However, research has been limited to professional and NCAA Division I student-athletes. Thus, further research is warranted because most Division II & Division III institutions have fundamental philosophical differences such as stressing academics (NCAA, 2005). Because of potential differences among competition levels, it is possible that the causes of burnoutamong Division I and Division II student-athletes may vary. The purpose of this study was to assess the causes of burnout among student-athletes in Division II institutions. The Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ) was the primary instrument for the present study. The ABQ consists of three subscales: Reduced sense of accomplishment, emotional/physical exhaustion, and sport devaluation. Participants were members of 38 Division II institutions. Participants consisted of both male and female student-athletes within the sports of basketball and track and field teams.A 2 x 2 x 2 (Gender x Type of Scholarship x School Status) was employed to determine if there were significant causes of burnout among Division II athletes. Males that did not have any type of scholarship reported the lowest levels of burnout among the three types (None/Academic/Athletic), whereas females that did not have any type of scholarship reported the highest levels of burnout.On the subscale of Emotional/Physical Exhaustion, junior males had the highest levels emotional and physical exhaustion, while junior females had significantly lower levels of emotional and physical exhaustion. In addition to the Gender x Year interaction, a Gender x Type of Scholarship interaction was also reported in Emotional/Physical Exhaustion. Males that did not have any type of scholarship reported the lowest levels of emotional and physical exhaustion, while females that did not have any scholarship reported the highest levels of physical and emotional exhaustion.Student-athletes with no scholarship reported higher levels of reduced athletic accomplishment, compared to student-athletes that with full scholarships. Also, athletes with no scholarships had higher levels of reduced athletic accomplishment than athletes on athletic scholarships. / School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science