<p> Autonomous Vehicle are coming. But mass adoption is at least ten years away according to consensus compiled from interviews conducted with industry thought lenders. Questions remain as to what technology those vehicles will contain as there is no universal platform for autonomous vehicle technology, since manufacturers, hardware and software companies are developing their own proprietary products. A/V technology is expected to improve productivity, and provide a plethora of societal benefits, but while we await the closure of the time gap the US will lose almost 40,000 citizens each year with traffic fatalities. </p><p> Connected vehicle technology, which is currently completing pilot studies, has been shown to reduce automobile accidents. This technology is not as complex as autonomous vehicle technology and is available now. Semi-autonomous vehicles which is Level 1 through Level 3 on the Society of Automobile Executives (SAE) scale is available on American automobiles today and has proven to be very popular amongst consumers. Technology convergence of semi-autonomous vehicle and connected vehicles can bridge the time gap until mass adoption of autonomous vehicle and contribute to reducing annual traffic fatalities. Combining these technologies will give drivers additional safety features thus providing them with the opportunity of making better decisions.</p><p>

No description available.

<p> This study examines the environmental and economic effects of green information technology (IT). Green IT describes two sets of IT innovations: one set includes innovations that are implemented to reduce the environmental impact of IT services in organizations; and the other IT to reduce the environmental impact of other organizational processes. The two sets respond to the call for more environmentally friendly or &ldquo;greener&rdquo; organizational processes. </p><p> I developed and tested a preliminary model. The model applied the resource based view (RBV) of the firm (Wernerfelt 1984) the stakeholder theory (Freeman 1984) and included four constructs: (1) <i>BAS implementation; environmental value</i> conceived in a novel way as the conservation of electric energy in buildings; <i>economic value</i> -- from energy cost savings; and <i>BAS complements.</i> These four constructs formed three propositions: (1) <i>BAS implementation</i> is positively associated with <i> environmental value;</i> (2) <i>environmental value</i> is positively associated with <i>economic value;</i> and <i>BAS complements</i> moderate the relationship <i>BAS implementation </i> and <i>environmental value.</i></p><p> The model was used to guide the investigation of three research questions: 1. What are the environmental and economic values of green IT? 2. How do green IT create the above values? 3. Are other dimensions of value created? If so, what are they?</p><p> The focal IT investigated was the building automation system &ndash; a system designed to conserve electric energy and decrease operational costs. The unit of analysis of the study was the facilities management team &ndash; the implementers of the system.</p><p> I collected data on a sample of six diverse cases of BAS implementations. The cases were diverse in terms of the BAS types, the building purposes, the building locations and the building occupancy and management. Two types of BAS were involved in the study, each with a different level of artificial intelligence: the more intelligent BAS self-reconfigured when changes in setpoints, for example, were necessary; the less intelligent BAS must be reconfigured by an engineer in similar circumstances.</p><p> There was also diversity in terms of the buildings in which the systems were implemented and the occupancy and management of the buildings. The buildings include: the corporate headquarters of a global telecommunications firm; university classrooms; a residence hall in a university; and three multi-tenanted office complexes. The building occupancy and management differ in that some buildings are owner-occupied and are managed in-house, while the others are leased and their management outsourced.</p><p> Data collection involved recorded semi-structured interviews of three sets of users in the organizations: building engineers; chief engineers; and property/facilities managers. The interviews were prearranged and were conducted onsite using an interview protocol. Each interview lasted approximately one hour and was conducted in one session. The data were transcribed and analyzed in Nvivo 10.</p><p> The findings showed support for the presence of the four constructs within the preliminary model as well as for the three propositions in the preliminary model. The data also revealed contextual details of the <i>BAS implementation </i> and <i>BAS complements</i> constructs. There were also new dimensions value including: unanticipated types of economic value (including savings from reduced labor demand; social value (comfort and safety for building occupants); and <i>strategic value</i> (knowledge used to position the organizations for greater efficiency and effectiveness). Overall, the value outcomes of the implementations can be summarized as short term social, environmental and economic value as well as strategic value &ndash; consistent with the concept of <i>sustainable value</i> defined by Hart et al. (1995).</p><p> Also, consistent with Zuboff&rsquo;s (1985) description of the duality of intelligent IT systems -- the ability to <i>informate</i> and <i> automate,</i> the BAS implementation construct was found to include two distinct sources of value: <i>equipment automation;</i> and <i> equipment</i> information. The unanticipated value dimensions and types, as well as the sources of value were used to refine the research model.</p><p> The study therefore a preliminary theoretical model &ndash; the <i> resource based view of the sustainable organization</i> (RBV-SO) -- as well as contextual implementation details that can be used to guide future investigations of the value created by intelligent green IT systems such as the BAS, as well as measurement items that can be used to inform quantitative studies of these systems. The study also adds to the practical body of knowledge concerning green IT implementations in general and implementations of the BAS in particular, concerning: details of the information value &ndash; for example, for measuring the environmental impact of the system and for substantiating claims in the application for green funds available to organizations; and details of some key complementary resources that enhance value creation within the context.</p><p> Two major limitations of this study are: (1) a single coder was used in the analysis process and therefore no inter-coder reliability was established for the results; and (2) user perceptions rather than actual quantities were used to validate the findings.</p><p> Some future research prospects include: use of these findings to conduct a quantitative study of an intelligent system extended with, for example, investigation of the impact of external forces such as government regulations, environmental issue salience, and market forces on the value created by green IT (such as the BAS); and investigation of the impact over time of the development of the strategic capabilities enabled by the BAS on creation of value.</p>

The objects of this research are large, medium and small export/ import firms. This investigation represents an attempt to understand information-seeking behaviour in the IT export/import business in Britain and Saudi Arabia. Quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used in analysing the structure of the various IT export/import information provisions. The strengths and weaknesses of various forms of information provision are examined in terms of their effectiveness and efficiency. A structured analysis of various information sources (such as magazines and IT trade fairs) has also been made.

<p> Information Governance (IG) professionals are overwhelmed by the complexities and ever changing regulations regarding data and information. To compound the issues are the increased volume, velocity, and variations of data from social media to corporate applications. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to determine critical success factors in implementing information governance within an enterprise information management program. The logic for using the qualitative method of research was to capture the lived experiences of the participants regarding the implementation of an information governance program. Phenomenology accentuates the subjective experiences and interpretations of the participants. Interviews were conducted with 20 IG professionals. The participants were interviewed using a semistructured interview providing open ended responses. The interviews were transcribed and six major themes emerged from the study that may provide insight into understanding the critical success factors in implementing information governance: (a) executive support, (b) risk management, (c) change management, (d) communication, (e) technology, and (f) strategy and planning. The study recommends further research from the findings of the study. Executive support must be engaged for the long-term IG program and support the IG professional by providing the necessary resources to manage risk, promote change management, and encourage open communication. Recommendations for IG professionals to consider based on this study include nurturing of executive sponsorship, the need to balance risk management with business value, the necessity of speaking the language of internal customers, building collaborative relationships, and leveraging the learning.</p>

<p> In an environment where individuals use applications to drive activities from what book to purchase, what film to view, to what temperature to heat a home, data is the critical element. To make things work data must be correct, complete, and accurate. Many firms view data governance as a panacea to the ills of systems and organizational challenge while other firms struggle to generate the value of these programs. This paper documents a study that was executed to understand what is being done by firms in the data governance space and why? The conceptual framework that was established from the literature on the subject was a set of six areas that should be addressed for a data governance program including: data governance councils; data quality; master data management; data security; policies and procedures; and data architecture. There is a wide range of experiences and ways to address data quality and the focus needs to be on execution. This explanatory case study examined the experiences of 100 professionals at 41 firms to understand what is being done and why professionals are undertaking such an endeavor. The outcome is that firms need to address data quality, data security, and operational standards in a manner that is organized around business value including strong business leader sponsorship and a documented dynamic business case. The outcome of this study provides a foundation for data governance program success and a guide to getting started.</p>

<p> Cyberattacks have occurred for many decades, but some organizations are not implementing measures to reduce the risk of these threats. The healthcare industry has had more than 30 years' worth of cyberattacks, yet many healthcare organizations do not have adequate measures against these risks. The problem addressed by this study was that healthcare organizations are vulnerable to cyberattacks, yet leadership at few healthcare organizations actively implement adequate cybersecurity practices. The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study with in-person interviews was to identify how employee motivation affects cybersecurity implementation in healthcare facilities in Southeast Michigan and Mid-Michigan areas. The researcher used protection motivation theory to explore how employee motivation affects cybersecurity implementation in healthcare facilities. A qualitative multiple case study with in-person interviews was used to collect the data. The study population was employees at healthcare facilities. The study sample was five employees from each of two healthcare facilities in Southeast Michigan and Mid-Michigan areas. Participants expressed knowledge regarding the seriousness of the threats and implemented some safeguards, but they do not believe the threat likelihood is severe enough to motivate any additional action or interest. Most participants believed current preventative measures were effective, however since the threats were unlikely there was no motivation for additional preventative measures. The literature review indicated that most companies had experienced cyberthreats, creating a potential disconnect with these participants' perceptions.</p><p>

<p> The purpose of this research was to examine how the transformational healthcare information technology (IT) leader perceives the influence of informal social networks and team commitment on business-IT alignment. Business-IT alignment has become crucial to organizations in today&rsquo;s fast-paced environment where technology has become an integral component of any product offerings. Although many types of alignment exist, this study specifically focused on social alignment between business-IT for two reasons: it is the basis for other types of alignment, and there is little research in this area. Eighteen leaders in healthcare, who scored 3 or more on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ), participated in the study. The informants had titles ranging from manager to chief information officer (CIO). The research used a generic qualitative inquiry method to describe and interpret the subjective opinions, attitudes, and reflections of the study&rsquo;s informants. Data used in the study were primarily interviews, with visual and aural observation where available. The study identified three major findings. First, transformational healthcare IT (HIT) leaders identified and encouraged individuals who proactively developed social capital between the business and IT, and who positioned themselves centrally between the business and IT bridging the divide between the two functions. These boundary-spanning individuals exhibited a lack of homophily and a high degree of trust with their customers. Second, transformational HIT leaders focused on socializing individuals to the organization, while building a culture of transparency with a high degree of information flow. Finally, transformational HIT leaders codevelop the IT strategy with their staff and business, which allows for distributed decision making and a shared ontology, supporting a lean and Agile IT function.</p><p>

<p> A major initiative in the U.S. healthcare care industry is to establish a nationwide health information network securing the sharing of information between all involved U.S. healthcare stakeholders. However, implementing an interoperability solution is a massive, complex, and enduring effort with significant challenges such as inconsistent technology and data standards, as well as complex privacy and security issues. The purpose of this qualitative, case study is to examine the impacts of interoperability initiatives involving the U.S. government and to provide an understanding of the information governance and security risk as standards that are vendor-neutral and trustworthy. This qualitative case study was conducted using federal participants who are health information management (HIM) and health information technology (HIT) professionals working in the Washington DC metropolitan area. The participants' interview data revealed nine major themes; patient identification matching, payment claims and auditing, information sharing, data stewardship, regulatory compliance, technology enhancements, training and certification, standards optimization, and value-based care. The implication of the study's themes showed interoperability is beneficial to the healthcare industry, but there is a greater need for technology and data standardization, information governance, data stewardship, and a greater understanding of federal and state data privacy and security laws. Future recommendation for practices discussed; policy and regulatory adjustments to enhance auditing and compliance, establish a healthcare data ecosystem to improve data and information governance, and technology alternatives such as master data management and white space data. Recommendation for further research included expanding the sample population to compare other federal organizations or the United Kingdom's HIT interoperability project initiative. </p><p>

<p> The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental study was to extend and enhance the growing body of research related to electronic commerce by examining the relative importance of content, ease-of-use, promotion, made-for-the-medium, and emotion elements of manufacturer&rsquo;s representatives&rsquo; websites from the perspectives of site users, and to determine if the relative importance of these website elements varies as a function of occupational category. As these things are currently unknown, manufacturer&rsquo;s representatives do not currently understand how to apply these critical elements to create a successful web presence. In this study, participants consisted of 90 graduates from four year accredited programs having earned a degree related to the art or science of illumination with a minimum of 5 years involvement in the lighting industry. The mean for content (M = 38.34, SD = 13.45) and ease-of-use (M = 34.17, SD = 12.96) indicated they were the most important website elements. Substantially lower means were found for emotion (M = 7.23, SD = 6.30) and promotion (M = 7.40, SD = 6.55) as well as made for the medium (M = 12.86, SD = 8.48) indicating these website elements to be less important. The mean ratings for the five website elements as a function of occupational group indicate little variation between the occupational groups in terms of the relative importance of the five website elements. Content and Ease-of-use were rated as more important than Promotion, Made for the Medium, and Emotion for all five occupational groups. The findings of this research suggest future research is needed taking industry specific contexts into account. In order to accomplish this, future research could be performed on a larger scale, with multiple industries. As the Internet continues to evolve, more research will be needed to evaluate how new technologies will affect the design of websites, and the effect on website element importance. Future research could also examine the relationship of industry, income, age, gender, or other demographics to website element preference. Research relating to the application of existing theory in an electronic commerce context is also an area for future research. </p>