En partant de l’évidence de l’apparition d’un groupe de nouveaux riches promus par le socialisme bolivarien de Hugo Chávez, cette thèse met en évidence les effets contradictoires de l’État pétrolier au Venezuela en montrant qu’ils sont le résultat de la non-coordination de cette doube structure étatique. Les États pétroliers sont significatifs pour la théorie de l’État en ce que leurs actions publiques sont particulièrement soumises à des contraintes économiques. D’une part, s’ils bénéficient d’une autonomie relativement large par rapport au monde économique national, une partie des recettes publiques dépend en revanche, des ventes dans des marchés internationaux sur lesquels l’État n’a aucun pouvoir. La condition pour maintenir ces recettes en dollars est d’entretenir une politique industrielle qui lui assure des rentrées. D’autre part, puisque le monde économique national existe dans les États pétroliers et qu’il génère une fraction non négligeable de ses revenus - notamment au travers de l’impôt à la consommation et à l’importation - il doit contribuer à générer des conditions économiques qui garantissent un niveau de consommation relativement stable. Ainsi de par cette dualité de contraintes, l’État pétrolier au Venezuela a une double structure d’action qui génère des stimuli, en apparence contradictoire envers le monde économique. La structure propre de ces types d’États segmente l’espace social et contraint les stratégies des élites économiques y agissant. / The evidence of the bolibourgeois (the new rich of the bolivarian revolution headed by Hugo Chávez) reveals an uncoordinated dual institutional structure generating mixed-incentives. This type of institutional structure is prevalent in oil countries and states suck in the middle-income trap. In these countries, where industrial policy is a political necessity, an uncoordinated state is usually the norm. In these states, the strategies of the business elites follow the incentives generated by this theorized institutional structure. The strategies of the business elites match the state’s – at first glance, schizophrenic, – mixed-incentives strategy. A first group of agents sells technological goods to the state through direct contracts signed in hard currency (major infrastructure deals, equipment for the energy sector, joint ventures, etc.). A second group sells a basket of regulated products and unregulated products: covering the loss of the former with the revenues of the latter. These business elites’ strategy consisted in surviving and expanding their markets shares as the tight controls swept the less performant – usually smaller – companies in their sectors. Finally, in between these two ways of using the state, a third group of economic corsairs, had a niche strategy, building their companies on the “cracks” of the Venezuelan economy. In our set, the agents from the correct social milieu filled the niches in the private sector. Those with less prestigious upbringing sold to the state. The latter fit the social description of a bolibourgeois. Finally, we show that, these institutional incentives, do not affect the economic structure homogeneously.

The focus of this study is the role and function of country of origin (COO) in the creation and communication of the brand identities of Scottish premium/luxury brands. It applies the identity concept which is well developed in the branding literature to the COO literature where the focus on the consumer perspective of country image has resulted in the area of origin management being underdeveloped. Recognising the paucity of COO literature which examines the mechanisms and processes used by luxury brands to communicate COO, these are also analysed. The study uses an innovative two stage sequential mixed methods research design. In the first stage, the macro perspective is gained from the analysis of a database of companies compiled specifically for the study covering six categories of Scottish premium/luxury brands. Additionally a postal survey and analysis of company web pages gather a mix of qualitative and quantitative data to examine the role of COO. The second stage gains strategic insights from semi structured interviews with business elites achieving in depth understanding of the decision making process regarding the strategic advantages of COO in brand identities. The value of the study lies in the contribution to knowledge from frameworks which identify: the characteristics which differentiate companies within and across luxury sectors and organisational structure models which reflect the dominant ownership structures in the Scottish food and beverage, textiles/cashmere and whisky sectors; the dimensions of Scottish premium/luxury brands across a range of product categories; the motivations and drivers for adopting a COO identity; the criteria which distinguish COO brands; the COO communication process. The importance of COO as a key differentiating device which conveys competitive advantage is developed using the metaphor of COO as the anchor which locates the brand in a place which evokes symbolic, emotional and psychological associations and provides the brand with protection and security.

No / This study explores how colonial laws and administrative practices shaped the evolution of employment management in Pakistan. It identifies important mechanisms used by the British Raj (the period of British rule of the subcontinent) to institutionalise legal and administrative frameworks: the legacies of these structures continue to influence contemporary management practices in government sector organisations. This article investigates the legacy of the Raj's ¿quota system¿ in the civil services and the doctrine of the ¿martial race¿ in military services, both of which offered enduring structural advantages in the labour market to designated groups. It further considers the implications of the study's findings for international HRM in particular, but also management theory, comparative HRM and comparative management in post-colonial societies.

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The presented thesis deals with the publisher Jan Otto (1841-1916), who was one of the most important personalities of the Czech national society at the end of 19th and at the beginning of 20th century. Based on proper study of archival material his business activity in publishing and typographical field and his manager function in the biggest national Czech bank, Trade Bank, which Otto devoted over 40 years of his life is analysed. These are two basic thematic spheres of the thesis. The analysis of one of Czech economic nationalism manifests towards the end of 19th century which was a foundation of the company National business and industrial enterprise is a complementary supplement of this thesis. Otto was actually closely connected with the whole project. The thesis conclusion concentrates on Otto's identity question. The thesis is a case study for issues of national Czech business and banking elites.