"January 2003" / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 172-204) / xx, 204 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Animal Science, 2003

Synthetic auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), effectively promoted the rooting in Cinnamomum kanehirae cuttings. The easy-to-root genotype, H107, responded to IBA much earlier than the difficult-to-root genotype, L41. On day 5, the POD activity significantly decreased in the IBA-treated tissues as compared with the control. Similar phenomenon was observed in extract of L41 genotype showing that IBA inhibited POD activity. In addition, the variation in POD activity corresponds to an inverse variation in the concentration of free IAA. The levels of IAA in H107 genotype increased dramatically in IBA-treated tissues on day 5; while, in L41 genotype, the raise of IAA in IBA-treated tissues was observed on day 20. Moreover, the lignin content in IBA-treated H107 cuttings decreased is quite correlated with the decline of the POD activity; yet the lignin content in L41 genotype cuttings was almost unchanged. Hence, we suggest that the inhibition on POD may lead to the redifferentiation processes induced by IBA, then produce the new root primordia during the formation of adventitious roots.

Auxin can induce adventitious rooting. Synthetic auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), effectively promoted the rooting in Cinnamomum kanehirae. The peroxidase (POX) activity significantly decreased in the IBA-treated tissues as compared with the control. Hence, I suggest that the inhibition on POX activity may lead to the redifferentiation processes induced by IBA, which produces the new root primordia during the formation of adventitious roots. On this investigation, I cloned POX cDNA from the young roots. Degenerate primers were designed from the conservative regions of other published POX to amplify the expectant DNA fragment. Full-length cDNA of the POX gene designated CKPX1 and CKPX3 were cloned by the method of 5'and 3' RACE. The deduced amino acid of CKPX1 and CKPX3 were compared with the previously reported POX and showed between 40% and 60% identity with those plant species. Further studies on the promoter elements of CKPX3 were found out that elements related to auxin response, lignification, pathogen invasion and stress response. The results suggest that CKPX3 may be involved in the regulate process of adventitious rooting and defense against pathogens and environment stress.

In this study, production of organic acids from cheese-whey was studied. Optimization of organic acids production was performed in semi-batch and batch reactors. Two sets of experiments were performed. First set of experiments were performed in semi-batch reactors for the optimization of organic loading rate (OLR) and hydraulic retention time (HRT). As a result of Set 1 experiments optimum OLR was found to be 15 g COD l-1. Second set of experiments were performed in batch reactors by using the optimum OLR found in Set 1 experiments. Set 2 experiments were conducted to study the effect of using different seed cultures and Basal Media (BM) on Volatile fatty avid (VFA) production. Main acidogenesis products were acetic acid (Hac), butyric acid (Buty) and propionic acid (HPr) with smaller quantities of i-butyric acid (i-Buty), valeric acid (Val) and caproic acid (Cap). It was seen that BM had a suppressive effect on ethanol (EtOH) production while it stimulated the VFA production. Higher VFA productions and variety of VFA types were observed in Test Reactors seeded with acidogenic culture (R3 and R6).

Auxin can induce adventitious rooting. Synthetic auxin, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), effectively promoted the rooting in Cinnamomum kanehirae. In Cinnamomum kanehirae, there are high (H) and low (L) rooting cultivar. The peroxidase (POX) activity significantly decreased in the IBA-treated tissues as compared with the control. The inhibition on POX activity may lead to the redifferentiation processes induced by IBA. In this investigation, we cloned POX cDNA from the young roots. Degenerate primers were designed from the conservative regions of other published POXs to amplify the expectant DNA fragment. We found that the H and L line have similar genes (>99%). The Full-length cDNA of the POX genes were cloned by the method of 5'and 3' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). The deduced amino acid were compared with the previously reported POX and showed between 40% and 70% identity with other plant POXs. Further studies on the promoter elements of POX in High-rooting cultivar and Low-rooting line show that some elements are related to auxin response, lignification, pathogen invasion and stress response. The regulatory elements of the POX gene in High-rooting line contain sugar repression responsiveness (SRS) elements that might repress the expression of POX gene, causing the lower POX activity.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:02:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A influência do butirato de sódio (NaBu), do cloreto de manganês (MnCl2), combinados ou isolados, e da cicloheximida (CHX) na síntese de tireotrofina humana recombinante (r-hTSH) derivada de células CHO foi investigada pela primeira vez. Com exceção da CHX, que gerou uma redução de 1,5 vezes na produtividade volumétrica, todos os reagentes geraram um aumento (1,4 vezes para o MnCl2 e 3 vezes para o NaBu e NaBu+MnCl2) na produtividade volumétrica. Também foi observada uma diminuição no número de células viáveis com a utilização de todos os reagentes. A adição destes reagentes ao meio de cultura de células CHO produtoras de hTSH gerou também alterações na glicosilação do r-hTSH. As alterações geradas pela presença de CHX foram todas negativas, resultando em uma diminuição de 5,5% no conteúdo de ácido siálico, 10% na ocupação dos sítios de glicosilação, além de uma diminuição no conteúdo de todos os monossacarídeos neutros. Os demais reagentes, por outro lado, resultaram em alterações positivas. A presença de NaBu no meio de cultura acarretou um aumento de 12% no conteúdo de ácido siálico e de 3% na ocupação dos sítios de glicosilação. Com relação às estruturas de carboidratos presentes no hTSH, foi observado um aumento de 14% nas estruturas bi-antenárias, aumento no conteúdo de manose e fucose e uma diminuição no conteúdo de galactose e N-acetilglucosamina. A presença de MnCl2 no meio de cultura resultou em um aumento de 1,7% no conteúdo de ácido siálico e de 1,3% na ocupação dos sítios de glicosilação. Houve ainda um aumento no conteúdo de manose e N-acetilglucosamina e uma diminuição no conteúdo de fucose e galactose. Um aumento de 7% na freqüência de estruturas bi-antenárias foi também observado quando MnCl2 foi utilizado. O uso simultâneo de NaBu e MnCl2 proporcionou um aumento de 14% no conteúdo de ácido siálico e de 3% na ocupação dos sítios de glicosilação, bem como um aumento no conteúdo de todos os monossacarídeos neutros. Não houve, entretanto, alterações na freqüência das estruturas de carboidratos. Apesar de todas as alterações causadas pelos diferentes reagentes, não foram observadas diferenças na atividade biológica ou no comportamento farmacocinético das diferentes preparações de hTSH estudadas. Este estudo é extremamente relevante, tanto do ponto de vista do desenvolvimento de novos biofármacos, quanto do ponto de vista do controle de qualidade das glicoproteínas hormonais já utilizadas na clínica médica. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

The nursery/greenhouse industry is innovative. There have been several reports in the popular literature of non-traditional adjuvants used in plant propagation; however, these claims have never been evaluated in a scientific setting. Five studies, conducted at the South Mississippi Branch Experiment Station in Poplarville in 2019 and 2021 determined the impact that adding honey to water-soluble auxin solutions and surfactants to foliar applied auxin solutions on physiological responses associated with adventitious root formation. Treatments in studies presented in chapters two and three included three honey sources (multiflora, local, and Manuka). Honey-infused water-soluble auxin solutions affected plant species but not in the measured physiological responses. Studies presented in chapters four and five examined the impact of water-soluble auxin solutions containing non-ionic surfactants on physiological responses compared to the industry standard basal quick-dip. Like our results for honey, adding surfactants to foliar-applied auxin solutions was species-specific. However, for difficult-to-root species, a foliar auxin application led to similar rooting compared to the current industry standard. For this reason, we recommend a foliar application for rooting Magnolia grandiflora ‘Southern Charm’. Finally, the study presented in chapter six examined the auxin application method, surfactant concentration, and seasonal impacts in rooting challenging to propagate species. The season that cuttings were taken had a significant impact on several of our tested responses. In addition, the auxin application method was also significant. To this end, we can recommend treating fall cuttings with a foliar auxin application for the best results.

No description available.

A waste acid stream is being produced by a local petrochemical company (SASOL) at a rate of 10 000 -12 000 tons per annum and contains approximately 44-mole % butyric acid, 20 % isobutyric acid and 10 % valeric acid. Whilst this stream is currently being incinerated, SASOL has requested an investigation into the possibility of separating and purifying butyric acid and isobutyric acid from this waste acid stream. The goal of this project was to determine a separation and purification route for butyric acid and isobutyric acid from SASOL'S waste acid stream. In order to achieve this, vacuum distillation and freeze crystallization were chosen for the recovery and purification of the acids respectively. Vapour-liquid equilibrium data for key component pairs present in the waste acid stream (propionic acid + butyric acid, isobutyric acid + butyric acid, butyric acid + isovaleric acid and butyric acid + hexanoic acid) were experimentally determined in a dynamic VLE still. The measured VLE data was successfully correlated us ing the gamma-phi approach. with the NRTL activity coefficient model representing the liquid phase and the virial equation of state describing the vapour phase. Using these equations. the VLE data obtained from the experimental work was then regressed to provide interaction coefficients for the NRTL model. which were then used in the Hysys process simulator to explore a range of design alternatives for distillation. Hysys simulations showed that greater than 80 % butyric acid and isobutyric acid can be recovered from the waste acid stream in a single distillation column containing 18 theoretical stages and an optimum reflux ratio of 3.8. The simulation was performed at a pressure of 58kPa and a maximum operating tempe rature of 150°C. Batch distillation experiments performed in a batch rectification column at 250kPa recovered more than 90% of both the butyric acid and isobutyric acid from a 450ml sample of the waste acid stream. A subsequent batch experiment concentrated the recovered acids into a distillate containing more than 95 % butyric acid and isobutyric acid combined. To investigate freeze crystallization as a suitable operation for purifying butyric acid and isobutyric acid a solid-liquid phase equilibrium curve for the system was generated us ing the Van Hoft equation. The generated curve showed that butyric acid and isobutyric acid could be theoretically purified (>98%) by operating two crystallizers at -20°C and -55°C respectively. A simple freeze crystallization experiment produced butyric acid with greater than 94% purity. An economic feasibility study conducted on the process showed that separation and purification of the acids by this process (distillation and crystallization) could create a business opportunity with revenue of approximately R47 million per annum. Preliminary estimates for capital investment amounted to approximately R5.4 million. for which the payback period was estimated at less than one year. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

O hidrogênio é visto como um importante combustível alternativo aos combustíveis convencionais, como a gasolina e o óleo diesel, devido a sua alta eficiência energética e não geração de poluentes. Porém, a maior parte do hidrogênio produzido é proveniente de fontes não renováveis, como o gás natural e o petróleo. Novas tecnologias para a geração de hidrogênio vem sendo estudadas e dentre elas se destaca a reação de reforma a vapor de compostos oxigenados. Os ácidos graxos voláteis gerados durante o tratamento anaeróbio de águas residuárias constitui uma matéria-prima interessante para a produção de hidrogênio a partir de biomassa. Os principais produtos gerados no tratamento de águas residuárias são o etanol, o ácido acético e o ácido butírico, este, chega a representar 35 % em massa podendo ser utilizado como molécula modelo na reação de reforma a vapor. Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidos catalisadores a base de níquel (Ni) modificados com vanádio (V), zinco (Zn) e nióbio (Nb) suportados em alumina (γ-Al2O3), visando minimizar os depósitos carbonáceos, assim como aumentar a atividade e seletividade para o hidrogênio na reação de reforma a vapor do ácido butírico. Os catalisadores foram modificados com diferentes teores de V, Zn e Nb (2,5, 5 e 10 % em massa). Nas reações feitas a 600 ºC utilizando razão estequiométrica ácido butírico:vapor, dentre os catalisadores modificados com V, o com 5 % (10Ni2,5VAl2O3) apresentou o melhor desempenho, chegando a uma conversão de 86 % para o ácido butírico, além de aumentar a estabilidade do catalisador quando comparado ao catalisador contendo apenas Ni (10NiAl2O3). Para o grupo de catalisadores modificados com Zn, o catalisador com 10 % em massa de Zn (10Ni10ZnAl2O3) apresentou uma conversão de 83 %, sendo este grupo o com menor taxa de formação de carbono. Dentre os catalisadores modificados com Nb, o com menor teor (10Ni2,5NbAl2O3) foi o que apresentou o melhor desempenho, alcançado uma conversão de 82 %. Testes catalíticos utilizando excesso de água mostraram alta conversão, superiores a 90 %, e alta seletividade para H2. Dessa forma, a adição de metais com diferentes propriedades pode contribuir para uma maior seletividade para hidrogênio, seja pela redução dos depósitos de carbono ou pela melhora na estabilidade catalítica.  / Hydrogen is an important alternative fuel to conventional fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, due to its high energy efficiency and non-generation of pollutants. However, most of the hydrogen produced comes from non-renewable sources such as natural gas and diesel oil. New technologies for the generation of hydrogen have been studied, among them the reaction of steam reforming of oxygenated compounds. Volatile fatty acids generated during the anaerobic treatment of wastewater are an interesting raw material for the production of hydrogen from biomass. The main products generated in the treatment of wastewater are ethanol, acetic acid and butyric acid, which represents 35% by mass and can be used as a model molecule in the steam reforming reaction. In this work, nickel-based (Ni) catalysts modified with vanadium (V), zinc (Zn) and niobium (Nb) supported on alumina (γ-Al2O3) were developed, aiming at minimizing carbonaceous deposits, as well as increasing activity and selectivity for the hydrogen in the steam reforming reaction of butyric acid. The catalysts were modified with different levels of V, Zn and Nb (2.5, 5 and 10 % by mass). In the reactions made at 600 ºC using stoichiometric butyric acid: steam ratio, among the catalysts modified with V, the 5 % (10Ni2,5VAl2O3) showed the best performance, reaching a conversion of 86 % to butyric acid, besides increasing The stability of the catalyst when compared to the catalyst containing only Ni (10NiAl2O3). For the group of catalysts modified with Zn, the catalyst with 10 % by mass of Zn (10Ni10ZnAl2O3) showed a conversion of 83 %, this group being the one with the lowest rate of carbon formation. Among the catalysts modified with Nb, the one with the lowest content (10Ni2,5NbAl2O3) was the one that presented the best performance, achieving a conversion of 82 %. Catalytic tests using excess water showed high conversion, higher than 90%, and high selectivity for H2. Thus, the addition of metals with different properties may contribute to a higher selectivity for hydrogen, either by reducing carbon deposits or by improving catalytic stability.