The Fe3+/2+ redox couple, in the form of Fe (II) and Fe (III) trifluoromethane sulphonate, has been investigated in several non-aqueous solvents; propylene carbonate (PC), acetonitrile (ACN), tetrahydrofuran (THF), dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl formamide (DMF), as well as in tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether, a low molecular weight liquid polyether, and poly(ethylene oxide), a high molecular weight solid polyether. It has been shown that the Fe3+/2+ couple exhibits a simple one electron transfer reaction in all cases. The influence of the solvent on the electrode kinetics of the Fe3+/2+ redox couple has been investigated with a view to identifying the factors controlling the rate of the simple electron transfer process for this redox couple. The standard apparent rate constant (ksh) in each system was determined via ac impedance spectroscopy. For studies in the solid polyether solvent a new technique has been developed involving ac impedance spectroscopy at an ultramicroelectrode. This new technique proved to be a very powerful tool in the identification of interfacial processes occurring in highly resistive media. Using the Marcus and the Levich, Dogonadze & Kuznetsov theories for activation of electron transfer, kinetic data were interpreted in terms of inner and outer sphere contributions from the solvent. For the liquid solvents a correlation between ksh and the donor number of the solvent was found, indicating inner sphere activation of electron transfer via vibration of the coordinate bond. However, for the solid solvent activation of electron transfer was found to be influenced by outer sphere solvent dynamics as solvent reorganisation in the polymer is slower than in the liquid solvents.

Although, microalgal wastewater treatment systems represent an efficient and economical alternative to conventional processes, the use of marine microalgae to remove nutrients from wastewaters has not been extensively researched and few studies have been made in temperate and high latitude areas, where climate may limit treatment. In this study, 102 marine microalgal species, including 66 local endemic isolates from St Andrews Bay, Fife, Scotland, were screened under batch and continuous culture. Species were selected for their ability to remove high concentrations of ammonium and ortho-phosphate from primary treated sewage (diluted 1:1 with sterile seawater) while remaining dominant in culture. Abiotic removal of ammonium and ortho-phosphate at high pH was found to be low from saline media, indicating that much of the nutrient removal from the seawater:wastewater mixture was by algal uptake. Many of the best-treating species grew over a wide range of temperature (10-25 °C), and their growth was not inhibited by the low salinity of the 1:1 diluted wastewater. Seven best-treating species continuously removed >80 % ammonium and >70% ortho-phosphate when cultured in 20 litre mini-ponds (modelled on high-rate ponds) under ambient summer conditions over two weeks. These were all endemic isolates including six bacillariophyceaen isolates (of which three were strains of Phaeodactylum tricornutum), and a species of the cyanophyceaen Oscillatoria. Two isolates (Oscillatoria and an unidentified bacillariophyceaen SA91B33) with adherent properties, continuously removed 100 % of both ammonium and ortho-phosphate when tested in a corrugated raceway designed to provide a large surface area for attachment. Preliminary experiments further showed the best-treating species to be capable of removing nutrients from eel aquaculture effluent. The abilities of marine microalgal species to remove high concentrations of nutrients, remain in unialgal culture and grow over a range of environmental conditions are indicative of their potential for use in wastewater treatment systems in temperate areas.

The approach in this study to discover more about the relation between growth rate and adaptation to particular sites was an examination of the quantitative differences in growth, soluble carbohydrate and amino acid content in the four experimental species: Lolium perenne (S24 strain), Dactylis glomerata (S143 strain), Festuca rubra, and Agrostis tenuis. On the basis of the growth studies, the species cloud be seen to differ and form two groups: I. perenne and D. glomerata in one group, and A. tenuis and F. rubra in the other. When complete nutrient solutions were supplied to these species in treatments of increasing concentration the two groups were seen to differ in the pattern of response of their soluble carbohydrates. When the treatments used in further experiments differed only in nitrate, ammonium, nitrate/ammonium proportions and phosphate at different nitrate concentration, definite treatment effects were found in each species, and in many cases, the response of the species could be seen to be significantly different. Further, in many cases, the differences divided the species into the same two groups observed in the growth experiments. However, when the effects of the separate ions were examined, these species differences appeared to be due mainly to quantitative differences rather than to differences in pattern of response. The examination of amino acid content of the species did not appear to clarify the differences observed between the species, though this examination did explain some of the fluctuations of soluble sugar content which could in some cases be related to the yields and rates of growth in the species.

No description available.

Data collected on the Broad Run Area, 1964 through 1970, concerning the influence of weather variables on number of deer seen per day, number of deer seen per hunter per day, and number of hunters per day were analyzed. Linear correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used to determine significant relationships. In the multiple regression analysis of deer seen per hunter per day, two weather variables, average daily temperature, and total daily precipitation were found to be significant. The resulting R2 was only .2726. A single variable, number of hunters per day, was found to account for 54.1 6 percent of the variation in number of deer seen per day. The addition of average daily temperature, the only significant weather variable, increased the amount of variations explained by 2.90 percent. Number of hunters was found to be a function primarily of year and day of the season. Except for extreme or severe conditions, it was felt that weather did not significantly influence number of deer or number of hunters per day. In addition to statistical analysis, the influence of weather factors on the deer hunter was examined by mailed questionnaire. Most hunters felt their chances of seeing or killing a deer were affected by prevailing weather and that the season's total kill is definitely influenced. Fifty percent of the respondents indicated that deep snow or heavy rain would prevent them from going hunting on either a planned weekend hunt or the first or last day of the season. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

No description available.

(1) The previous work of Lapage on the decomposition of methyl iodide has been extended and confirmed in all essential detail. In particular attention has been paid to the transition from first order to second order kineties as the total pressure of the reacting system is lowered and the activating efficiencies of different inert gases have been evaluated. (2) It is concluded that the reaction mechanism shows the following features:- (a) the primary step under all conditions is the dissociation into methyl radicals and iodine atoms. High Pressure Experiments. (b) It has been shown that increasing additions of toluene can result in the complete capture of the methyl radicals provided that its pressure is about 8 mm. and the inert gas pressure is about 600 mm. thereby impeding diffusion to the walls where destruction can otherwise occur by 4CH3 3CH4 + C. (The toluene pressures used by Lapage tended to be rather low for the purpose). (c) The reaction conducted in the above conditions with added toluene is faster than in its absence. This shows no chain reaction is involved but a recombination process of methyl radicals and iodine is occurring. (d) The recombination reaction has been proved by the effect of increasing additions of iodine to the system, causing a decrease in rate. This point was not proved in previous work. (e) During the investigations with added toluene it has been noted and proved by separate experiments that iodine and toluene react with the production of hydrogen iodide. It is suggested that this is due to C6H5CH3 + I. Experiments on this aspect of the work involved mass spectrometric analysis of products. (f) In the presence of sufficient toluene and with about 600 mm. of nitrogen the first order constant has a temperature dependence given by log k1 = 13.7 - 54,700/2.303RT in agreement with Lapege. (g) A study has been made of the effect of nitrogen pressure on the rate of reaction in the range 100 - 600 mm. nitrogen. No effect was observed. Taken in conjunction with the conclusions detailed below, it is considered that this shows that the high pressure limiting rate of decomposition was stained in this region. Low Pressure Experiments. (a) The products of the reaction were shown to be carbon, methane and iodine, in agreement with the equation 4CH3I  3CH4 + C2I2. Analyses were made by the mass spectrometer for ethane and it was shown to account for only 1% approximately of the products. (b) Reproducibility of the experiments was enhanced by using a carbon coated vessel. (c) At the low pressures used (4 mm. nitrogen and 0.1 mm. methyl iodide) with decompositions usually no greater than 3 % iodine did not spear to inhibit the reaction. This was proved by direct additions. (d) Extensive verification has been made of the fact that a decline in rate of reaction occurs as the pressures of nitrogen and methyl iodide are lowered below 10 mm. and 0.5 mm. respectively. This has been shown to occur over a wide range of temperatures and the first order behaviour changes to second order at lower pressures. (e) The effect of the following gases has been investigated in order to confirm the theory of second order to first order transition for this reaction. All the data are in agreement with this view. (f) Using a treatment analogous that given by johnston102 the following efficiencies as activators have been deduced. CH3I 1, N2 0.13, CH4 0.083, CO 0.038, NO 0.80, He 0.043, Ne 0.049, A 0.053, Kr 0.041. (g) The bimolecular constant for the reaction has been found at various temperatures and shown to be described by log k2 = 14.5 - E/RT. 2.303 (1.mol.−1 sec.−1). E = 54.4 k.cal./mole. This value of E is in agreement with that derived from the high pressure first order constants. (h) A discussion of the efficiencies of the inert gases has been given.

The reaction which takes place between acetone and sugars or polyhydric alcohols, first described by Fischer, produced several beautiful crystalline compounds of greater interest. Their value, however, to the study of carbohydrate chemistry, was only appreciated when Irvine, in 1908, applied to their investigation the process of methylation. It is through this reaction that most light has been thrown on the structure of carbohydrate derivatives and once again, in the present work, the methylation method has been applied to the study of the glucose acetones. A detailed account of the general type of reaction involved is unnecessary, since, owing to the success which has attended this method of investigation in many other important problems in sugar chemistry, it is now well known.

The Pharmaceutical Industry is important both socially and economically; however, the market structure and conduct which distinguishes it have brought it under the critical eye of both the regulatory authorities and the public. This thesis describes the market structure and conduct of the industry beginning with an historical description of its development and the market theories behind it. It is from these theories that a number of characteristics and behavioural traits have been identified as contrary to the interests of society. As an oligopolistic multinational the pharmaceutical industry has been identified with high prices and profits, a lack of price competition and heavy product differentiation leading to high concentration ratios. Consumer exploitation is possible via these continuously high prices and the possibilities of ineffective, unsafe and poor quality pharmaceuticals. These outcomes emerge from the distinct organisation of various aspects of the industry, viz. research and development, promotional activities, pricing and profits, which are examined. Concerns over possible consumer exploitation have led governments throughout the world to impose increasingly stringent regulations on all of these aspects. Such regulations have significantly changed the market structure and conduct of the industry world-wide. Having established the market structure of the industry the thesis continues with an in-depth look at brand loyalty. Analysis was conducted on the strength of brand loyalty in the face of generic competition and the attitude of doctors to company promotional material. While brand loyalty continues to have an impact on prescribing its strength appears to be diminishing. The market structure and conduct of the pharmaceutical industry is dynamic, with the present industrial climate increasingly competitive for all those concerned. Nevertheless, while the future of the industry will be difficult, evidence of its previous flexibility and strength suggests it will adapt and will continue to be successful.

The period of the Crusades was one of the most important periods in the history of both Western Europe and the Middle East, for it was during this period that the peoples of Western Europe made their first major incursion on eastern soil. The result of this was that an unprecedented amount of contact was established between East and West, forcing each side to become more closely acquainted with the culture of the other. As far as this cultural exchange is concerned, one of the most significant parts of the crusading period was that encompassing the first two crusades and their aftermath (490/1096-564/1169), as it was during this period that crusaders and easterners first clashed with each other, and were forced to learn much about each other. This sudden clash and forced acquaintance resulted in the development of certain attitudes on each side towards the other. This thesis concerns itself with the development of the attitudes of the Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities towards the Franks (western crusaders) in the major theatre of conflict of the area, the Levant. In the thesis as many texts as possible from the literature of the period are examined, in order to extract information from them concerning the developments in Levantine knowledge of and attitudes towards the Franks. The texts examined include both contemporary and later historical, geographical and judicial texts from the area, and also local works of literature. In addition to the Muslim, Christian and Jewish texts, and for the sake of comparison and completeness, brief consideration is also given to a number of works of Byzantine and Frankish writers. Naturally, use is also made of secondary works by modern scholars. In this way this thesis provides a detailed examination of cross-cultural inter-faith relations during this formative period.