Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T22:53:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_4955_.pdf: 2595696 bytes, checksum: 9e5cf0372c78efe4f4b26fe602407955 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / A presença de casas e prédios e outras construções próximas de fontes emissoras afeta o padrão de escoamento de ar e a dispersão dos contaminantes na camada limite superficial. Além disto, o tempo de média para o qual as concentrações médias do contaminante são determinadas depende da composição química do contaminante e do tempo de impacto causado. Por exemplo, para compostos odorantes, o tempo de média deve ser relacionado ao intervalo de tempo de uma inspiração (1 à 5s) ou ao intervalo de tempo para o qual os compostos odorantes causam efetivamente o incômodo. Uma das ferramentas empregadas nos estudos desses impactos são os modelos matemáticos que tem a capacidade de incluir o efeito da presença de obstáculos e de representar concentrações de curto período no escoamento. Devido à facilidade e rapidez em sua aplicação, os modelos gaussianos são muito empregados com adaptações incorporando o efeito de obstáculos e a representação de concentrações de curto período. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os modelos CALPUFF e AERMOD, utilizando o modelo PRIME para considerar os efeitos da presença do obstáculo, e duas metodologias para a obtenção de concentrações de pico, uma que aplica um fator de ajuste no coeficiente de dispersão e outra que aplica um fator de ajuste diretamente nas concentrações para pequenos intervalos de tempo. Os resultados das modelagens foram comparados com dados obtidos em experimentos de túnel de vento, e mostraram os que os modelos tenderam a subestimar os valores de concentração próximos aos obstáculos, com o modelo AERMOD superestimando seus resultados em relação ao CALPUFF. Além disso, foi possível inferir que o modelo CALPUFF melhora o seu desempenho à medida que a distância em relação ao obstáculo aumenta. Já com relação ao modelo AERMOD, constatou-se que seus resultados melhores ocorrem parte nas regiões próximas do obstáculo, sendo superior ao CALPUFF na maioria dos casos. Entretanto, para maiores distâncias, os dois modelos estimaram resultados semelhantes. A análise das concentrações máximas médias para intervalos de tempo de curto período sugeriu que o ajuste aplicado diretamente nas concentrações nas previsões dos modelos AERMOD e CALPUFF não diferem substancialmente. Porém quando as duas metodologias são analisadas no CALPUFF, as maiores concentrações de pico são encontradas com o fator de ajuste aplicado diretamente nas concentrações, com uma diminuição da diferença entre as metodologias à medida que se tem intervalos de tempos maiores.

Impact of odour emissions from livestock operation sites on the air quality of neighboring areas has raised public concerns. A practical means to solve this problem is to set adequate setback distance. Air dispersion modeling was proved to be a promising method in predicting proper odour setback distance. Although a lot of air dispersion models have been used to predict odour concentrations downwind agricultural odour sources, not so much information regarding the capability of these models in odour dispersion modeling simulation could be found because very limited field odour data are available to be applied to evaluate the modeling result. A main purpose of this project was evaluating AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models for odour dispersion simulation using field odour data.<p> Before evaluating and calibrating AERMOD and CALPUFF, sensitivity analysis of these two models to five major climatic parameters, i.e., mixing height, ambient temperature, stability class, wind speed, and wind direction, was conducted under both steady-state and variable meteorological conditions. It was found under steady-state weather condition, stability class and wind speed had great impact on the odour dispersion; while, ambient temperature and wind direction had limited impact on it; and mixing height had no impact on the odour dispersion at all. Under variable weather condition, maximum odour travel distance with odour concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 OU/m3 were examined using annual hourly meteorological data of year 2003 of the simulated area and the simulation result showed odour traveled longer distance under the prevailing wind direction.<p> Evaluation outcomes of these two models using field odour data from University of Minnesota and University of Alberta showed capability of these two models in odour dispersion simulation was close in terms of agreement of modeled and field measured odour occurrences. Using Minnesota odour plume data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 3.6% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota and 3.1% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta between two models. However, if field odour intensity 0 was not considered in Minnesota measured odour data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 3.1% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota and 1.6% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta between two models. Using Alberta odour plume data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 0.7% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta and 1.2% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota between two models. However, if field odour intensity 0 was not considered in Alberta measured odour data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 0.4% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta and 0.7% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota between two models. Application of scaling factors can improve agreement of modeled and measured odour intensities (including all field odour measurements and field odour measurements without intensity 0) when conversion equation from University of Minnesota was used.<p> Both models were used in determining odour setback distance based on their close performance in odour dispersion simulation. Application of two models in predicting odour setback distance using warm season (from May to October) historical annul hourly meteorological data (from 1999 to 2002) for a swine farm in Saskatchewan showed some differences existed between models predicted and Prairie Provinces odour control guidelines recommended setbacks. Accurately measured field odour data and development of an air dispersion model for agricultural odour dispersion simulation purpose as well as acceptable odour criteria could be considered in the future studies.

Impact of odour emissions from livestock operation sites on the air quality of neighboring areas has raised public concerns. A practical means to solve this problem is to set adequate setback distance. Air dispersion modeling was proved to be a promising method in predicting proper odour setback distance. Although a lot of air dispersion models have been used to predict odour concentrations downwind agricultural odour sources, not so much information regarding the capability of these models in odour dispersion modeling simulation could be found because very limited field odour data are available to be applied to evaluate the modeling result. A main purpose of this project was evaluating AERMOD and CALPUFF air dispersion models for odour dispersion simulation using field odour data.<p> Before evaluating and calibrating AERMOD and CALPUFF, sensitivity analysis of these two models to five major climatic parameters, i.e., mixing height, ambient temperature, stability class, wind speed, and wind direction, was conducted under both steady-state and variable meteorological conditions. It was found under steady-state weather condition, stability class and wind speed had great impact on the odour dispersion; while, ambient temperature and wind direction had limited impact on it; and mixing height had no impact on the odour dispersion at all. Under variable weather condition, maximum odour travel distance with odour concentrations of 1, 2, 5 and 10 OU/m3 were examined using annual hourly meteorological data of year 2003 of the simulated area and the simulation result showed odour traveled longer distance under the prevailing wind direction.<p> Evaluation outcomes of these two models using field odour data from University of Minnesota and University of Alberta showed capability of these two models in odour dispersion simulation was close in terms of agreement of modeled and field measured odour occurrences. Using Minnesota odour plume data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 3.6% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota and 3.1% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta between two models. However, if field odour intensity 0 was not considered in Minnesota measured odour data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 3.1% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota and 1.6% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta between two models. Using Alberta odour plume data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 0.7% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta and 1.2% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota between two models. However, if field odour intensity 0 was not considered in Alberta measured odour data, the difference of overall agreement of all field odour measurements and model predictions was 0.4% applying conversion equation from University of Alberta and 0.7% applying conversion equation from University of Minnesota between two models. Application of scaling factors can improve agreement of modeled and measured odour intensities (including all field odour measurements and field odour measurements without intensity 0) when conversion equation from University of Minnesota was used.<p> Both models were used in determining odour setback distance based on their close performance in odour dispersion simulation. Application of two models in predicting odour setback distance using warm season (from May to October) historical annul hourly meteorological data (from 1999 to 2002) for a swine farm in Saskatchewan showed some differences existed between models predicted and Prairie Provinces odour control guidelines recommended setbacks. Accurately measured field odour data and development of an air dispersion model for agricultural odour dispersion simulation purpose as well as acceptable odour criteria could be considered in the future studies.

Ambient monitoring and air quality modeling of air toxics concentrations at the neighborhood-scale level is a key element for human exposure and health risk assessments. Since 2005, The University of Texas at Austin (UT) has operated a dense ambient monitoring network that includes both hourly automated gas chromatographs as well as threshold triggered canister samples and meteorological data in the Corpus Christi area. Although Corpus Christi is in attainment with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for both ozone and fine particulate matter, its significant petroleum refining complex has resulted in concerns about exposure to air toxics. The seven site network, incorporating both the industrial and residential areas in Corpus Christi, provided a unique opportunity to further the development and understanding of air quality modeling for toxic air pollutants at the neighborhood-scale level. Two air dispersion models, AERMOD and CALPUFF, were used to predict air concentrations of benzene for one of the UT operated monitoring sites (Oak Park monitoring site: C634) and the predictions were compared to the observed benzene concentration data at the Oak Park monitoring site to evaluate model performance. AERMOD and CALPUFF were also used to predict benzene concentrations in populated areas and at sensitive receptor locations such as schools and hospitals. Both AERMOD and CALPUFF were able to reproduce the early morning high benzene concentration and the northern wind effect except under strong NNE wind conditions, where the observed data indicated elevated high benzene concentration which AERMOD and CALPUFF failed to predict. These under-predictions could be due to the NNE strong wind condition at that time of these occurrences or could be attributed to different types of emissions other than the point sources emissions from the 2005 TCEQ Photochemical Modeling inventory, such as mobile sources or accidental emission events. These preliminary analyses could be expanded by modeling longer periods, by including other emission sources and by inter-comparisons with observed data from other CCNAT monitoring sites. In addition, fundamentally different modeling approaches (eulerian, rather than lagrangian) could be considered. / text

O presente estudo visa à obtenção de um modelo utilizando o acoplamento dos códigos WRF e CALPUFF com o objetivo de obter as características do campo meteorológico e da dispersão dos poluentes NO2 e SO2 de uma Usina Termelétrica localizada em Linhares. Foi utilizada uma grade de 100×100 células, com resolução de 1 km durante 90 h. Para vias de comparação, outra simulação foi feita sem a entrada do modelo WRF no CALMET, utilizando uma grade 15×15 sem modificar nenhum outro parâmetro. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados do aeroporto de Vitória e com a legislação ambiental vigente. Para a camada limite planetária, o resultado obtido da simulação WRF/CALMET se encontra dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura. Os demais resultados, média de velocidade e direção do vento, para as duas simulações diferem entre si e dos dados do aeroporto, fato que já era esperado devido à distância e orografia entre a Usina e os dados da estação utilizados como entrada nos modelos. A concentração máxima obtida para os poluentes estudados se encontram dentro dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Devido à falta de dados observacionais, não foi possível uma genuína validação dos resultados, mas, sabendo a localização dos picos, foi possível sugerir locais de amostragem para futura comprovação dos resultados. / This study aims to create a model using the coupling of the WRF and CALPUFF codes in order to obtain characteristics of the meteorological field and the dispersion of pollutants NO2 and SO2 of a power plant located at the city of Linhares. The field consists of a grid of 100×100 cells resolution of 1 km for 90 h. Another simulation was made without using WRF as an input into CALMET, in the purpose of comparison, using a 15×15 grid and no change of other parameters. The results were compared to data from the airport of Vitória and against environmental legislation. For the planetary boundary layer the results of WRF/CALMET simulation are within the range found in the literature. The results of average wind speed and direction obtained by both simulations are different from each other and from the data of the airport,such as expected due to the distance and orography of the power plant and station data used as input into the models. The maximum concentrations of the pollutants are within air quality standards. Due to lack of observational data, genuine validation of the results is not feasible, but knowing the location of the concentration peak, it was possible to propose suitable sampling sites for future verification.

O presente estudo visa à obtenção de um modelo utilizando o acoplamento dos códigos WRF e CALPUFF com o objetivo de obter as características do campo meteorológico e da dispersão dos poluentes NO2 e SO2 de uma Usina Termelétrica localizada em Linhares. Foi utilizada uma grade de 100×100 células, com resolução de 1 km durante 90 h. Para vias de comparação, outra simulação foi feita sem a entrada do modelo WRF no CALMET, utilizando uma grade 15×15 sem modificar nenhum outro parâmetro. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados do aeroporto de Vitória e com a legislação ambiental vigente. Para a camada limite planetária, o resultado obtido da simulação WRF/CALMET se encontra dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura. Os demais resultados, média de velocidade e direção do vento, para as duas simulações diferem entre si e dos dados do aeroporto, fato que já era esperado devido à distância e orografia entre a Usina e os dados da estação utilizados como entrada nos modelos. A concentração máxima obtida para os poluentes estudados se encontram dentro dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Devido à falta de dados observacionais, não foi possível uma genuína validação dos resultados, mas, sabendo a localização dos picos, foi possível sugerir locais de amostragem para futura comprovação dos resultados. / This study aims to create a model using the coupling of the WRF and CALPUFF codes in order to obtain characteristics of the meteorological field and the dispersion of pollutants NO2 and SO2 of a power plant located at the city of Linhares. The field consists of a grid of 100×100 cells resolution of 1 km for 90 h. Another simulation was made without using WRF as an input into CALMET, in the purpose of comparison, using a 15×15 grid and no change of other parameters. The results were compared to data from the airport of Vitória and against environmental legislation. For the planetary boundary layer the results of WRF/CALMET simulation are within the range found in the literature. The results of average wind speed and direction obtained by both simulations are different from each other and from the data of the airport,such as expected due to the distance and orography of the power plant and station data used as input into the models. The maximum concentrations of the pollutants are within air quality standards. Due to lack of observational data, genuine validation of the results is not feasible, but knowing the location of the concentration peak, it was possible to propose suitable sampling sites for future verification.

O presente estudo visa à obtenção de um modelo utilizando o acoplamento dos códigos WRF e CALPUFF com o objetivo de obter as características do campo meteorológico e da dispersão dos poluentes NO2 e SO2 de uma Usina Termelétrica localizada em Linhares. Foi utilizada uma grade de 100×100 células, com resolução de 1 km durante 90 h. Para vias de comparação, outra simulação foi feita sem a entrada do modelo WRF no CALMET, utilizando uma grade 15×15 sem modificar nenhum outro parâmetro. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com dados do aeroporto de Vitória e com a legislação ambiental vigente. Para a camada limite planetária, o resultado obtido da simulação WRF/CALMET se encontra dentro da faixa encontrada na literatura. Os demais resultados, média de velocidade e direção do vento, para as duas simulações diferem entre si e dos dados do aeroporto, fato que já era esperado devido à distância e orografia entre a Usina e os dados da estação utilizados como entrada nos modelos. A concentração máxima obtida para os poluentes estudados se encontram dentro dos padrões de qualidade do ar. Devido à falta de dados observacionais, não foi possível uma genuína validação dos resultados, mas, sabendo a localização dos picos, foi possível sugerir locais de amostragem para futura comprovação dos resultados. / This study aims to create a model using the coupling of the WRF and CALPUFF codes in order to obtain characteristics of the meteorological field and the dispersion of pollutants NO2 and SO2 of a power plant located at the city of Linhares. The field consists of a grid of 100×100 cells resolution of 1 km for 90 h. Another simulation was made without using WRF as an input into CALMET, in the purpose of comparison, using a 15×15 grid and no change of other parameters. The results were compared to data from the airport of Vitória and against environmental legislation. For the planetary boundary layer the results of WRF/CALMET simulation are within the range found in the literature. The results of average wind speed and direction obtained by both simulations are different from each other and from the data of the airport,such as expected due to the distance and orography of the power plant and station data used as input into the models. The maximum concentrations of the pollutants are within air quality standards. Due to lack of observational data, genuine validation of the results is not feasible, but knowing the location of the concentration peak, it was possible to propose suitable sampling sites for future verification.

No description available.

A Grande Jazida Candiota, localizada no Município homônimo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, possui o maior depósito de carvão mineral do país. Desde 1970 em operação, a Usina Termoelétrica (UTE) Presidente Médici opera atualmente com potência nominal de 796 MW, distribuídas em cinco unidades. Na mesma região encontra-se em instalação a UTE Pampa Sul, com potência nominal de 340 MW, enquanto outras usinas, totalizando 2.527 MW, estão em distintas fases de licenciamento ambiental federal (LAF). Na presente pesquisa aplicou-se o modelo regulatório CALPUFF para avaliar o comportamento da dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos das fontes fixas prognosticando a vulnerabilidade ambiental em termos de saturação da bacia atmosférica pela estimativa do Índice de Pressão Ambiental (IPA). Pela análise de agrupamento das respostas das simulações incidentes em receptores dos núcleos urbanos, estimou-se o risco populacional em termos de Fração de Ingestão (FI) de poluentes. Ao compararmos o cenário futuro com o atual, apesar de maior distribuição espacial das fontes de emissão e significativo acréscimo de potência, as taxas de emissão total de SO2 e MP para a área em estudo serão reduzidas entre os atuais 3.266,1 g SO2/s e 696,3 g MP/s para futuros 1.899,9 g SO2/s e 261,7 g MP/s. Contudo, para o poluente NOx esta tendência é inversa, passando da atual taxa de emissão de 375,8 g NOx/s para 1.423,9 g Nox/s. Para o período de 2011 a 2013, ao compararmos as médias anuais de poluentes entre o cenário atual e o futuro, contabilizou-se para a FI redução média de cerca de 15% de SO2 e 42% de MP, ao passo que houve elevação de cerca de 524% para NOx. Avaliando-se a distribuição espacial da poluição provocada pelos três compostos, aplicou-se o IPA para raios concêntricos de influência considerando as médias anuais, concluindo-se que o cenário futuro exerce menor saturação na bacia aérea e portanto menores índices de vulnerabilidade ambiental e risco populacional. A sensibilidade e performance do modelo foram avaliadas por métodos estatísticos, concluindo-se que o mesmo é aplicável pois atendem os critérios de fração de predição, tendência média e de espalhamento aleatório. / The Great Coal-Bed of Candiota, located in the homonymous municipality of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, has the largest coal deposit in the country. Since 1970 in operation, Presidente Médici Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) currently operates with nominal power of 796 MW, distributed in five units. In the same region, the Pampa Sul TPP is under construction, with a nominal power of 340 MW; while other plants, totaling 2,527 MW, are in different phases of federal environmental licensing (FEL). In the present research the CALPUFF regulatory model was applied to evaluate the behavior of the dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants emitted from fixed sources, predicting the environmental vulnerability in terms of saturation of the atmospheric basin by the estimation of the Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The population risk in terms of Intake Fraction (IF) of pollutants was estimated by grouping the responses of the simulations incident on receptors of the urban nuclei. When comparing the future scenario with the current one, in spite of a greater spatial distribution of emission sources and a significant increase in power, the total emission rates of SO2 and MP for the study area will be reduced from the current 3,266.1 g SO2 / s 696.3 g MP / s for futures 1,899.9 g SO2 / s and 261.7 g MP / s. However, for the NOx pollutant this trend is reversed, from the current emission rate of 375.8 g NOx / s to 1423.9 g Nox / s. For the period from 2011 to 2013, when comparing the annual averages of pollutants between the current and future scenarios, an average reduction of about 15% of SO2 and 42% of MP was recorded for FI, while there was an increase of 524% for NOx. The EPI was applied to concentric rays of influence considering the annual averages, concluding that the future scenario exerts a lower saturation in the aerial basin and therefore, lower levels of environmental vulnerability and population risk. The sensitivity and performance of the model were evaluated by statistical methods, concluding that it is applicable because they meet the criteria of prediction fraction, average tendency and random spread.

A Grande Jazida Candiota, localizada no Município homônimo do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, possui o maior depósito de carvão mineral do país. Desde 1970 em operação, a Usina Termoelétrica (UTE) Presidente Médici opera atualmente com potência nominal de 796 MW, distribuídas em cinco unidades. Na mesma região encontra-se em instalação a UTE Pampa Sul, com potência nominal de 340 MW, enquanto outras usinas, totalizando 2.527 MW, estão em distintas fases de licenciamento ambiental federal (LAF). Na presente pesquisa aplicou-se o modelo regulatório CALPUFF para avaliar o comportamento da dispersão dos poluentes atmosféricos das fontes fixas prognosticando a vulnerabilidade ambiental em termos de saturação da bacia atmosférica pela estimativa do Índice de Pressão Ambiental (IPA). Pela análise de agrupamento das respostas das simulações incidentes em receptores dos núcleos urbanos, estimou-se o risco populacional em termos de Fração de Ingestão (FI) de poluentes. Ao compararmos o cenário futuro com o atual, apesar de maior distribuição espacial das fontes de emissão e significativo acréscimo de potência, as taxas de emissão total de SO2 e MP para a área em estudo serão reduzidas entre os atuais 3.266,1 g SO2/s e 696,3 g MP/s para futuros 1.899,9 g SO2/s e 261,7 g MP/s. Contudo, para o poluente NOx esta tendência é inversa, passando da atual taxa de emissão de 375,8 g NOx/s para 1.423,9 g Nox/s. Para o período de 2011 a 2013, ao compararmos as médias anuais de poluentes entre o cenário atual e o futuro, contabilizou-se para a FI redução média de cerca de 15% de SO2 e 42% de MP, ao passo que houve elevação de cerca de 524% para NOx. Avaliando-se a distribuição espacial da poluição provocada pelos três compostos, aplicou-se o IPA para raios concêntricos de influência considerando as médias anuais, concluindo-se que o cenário futuro exerce menor saturação na bacia aérea e portanto menores índices de vulnerabilidade ambiental e risco populacional. A sensibilidade e performance do modelo foram avaliadas por métodos estatísticos, concluindo-se que o mesmo é aplicável pois atendem os critérios de fração de predição, tendência média e de espalhamento aleatório. / The Great Coal-Bed of Candiota, located in the homonymous municipality of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, has the largest coal deposit in the country. Since 1970 in operation, Presidente Médici Thermoelectric Power Plant (TPP) currently operates with nominal power of 796 MW, distributed in five units. In the same region, the Pampa Sul TPP is under construction, with a nominal power of 340 MW; while other plants, totaling 2,527 MW, are in different phases of federal environmental licensing (FEL). In the present research the CALPUFF regulatory model was applied to evaluate the behavior of the dispersion of the atmospheric pollutants emitted from fixed sources, predicting the environmental vulnerability in terms of saturation of the atmospheric basin by the estimation of the Environmental Pressure Index (EPI). The population risk in terms of Intake Fraction (IF) of pollutants was estimated by grouping the responses of the simulations incident on receptors of the urban nuclei. When comparing the future scenario with the current one, in spite of a greater spatial distribution of emission sources and a significant increase in power, the total emission rates of SO2 and MP for the study area will be reduced from the current 3,266.1 g SO2 / s 696.3 g MP / s for futures 1,899.9 g SO2 / s and 261.7 g MP / s. However, for the NOx pollutant this trend is reversed, from the current emission rate of 375.8 g NOx / s to 1423.9 g Nox / s. For the period from 2011 to 2013, when comparing the annual averages of pollutants between the current and future scenarios, an average reduction of about 15% of SO2 and 42% of MP was recorded for FI, while there was an increase of 524% for NOx. The EPI was applied to concentric rays of influence considering the annual averages, concluding that the future scenario exerts a lower saturation in the aerial basin and therefore, lower levels of environmental vulnerability and population risk. The sensitivity and performance of the model were evaluated by statistical methods, concluding that it is applicable because they meet the criteria of prediction fraction, average tendency and random spread.