Little of the vast literature on Albert Camus has been devoted to his ideas of Europe. Existing material is either biographical criticism or portrays Camus as pioneer and visionary of modem-day European integration. Though useful, these interpretations do not do justice to the complex plurality of Europe in Camus's ceuvre, which appears in several of his works. It is depicted in differing and intriguing ways, for example as a sombre, divided continent of despair (in the fictional works) or as an aspiration towards European unity as a means of preventing future war (in the political journalism). This thesis examines these manifestations with three aims. The first is to situate Camus's political discourse of Europe (his calls for European integration and related matters) within the history of ideas of Europe, highlighting his negotiation with and adoption of Europeanist discourses. Secondly, the thesis analyses Camus's fictional inscription of an imaginary Europe of fault lines and division using a space in literature approach and a Barthesian understanding of the antithesis. Thirdly, instances of dialogue within the ceuvre between his fictional and political discourses of Europe will be examined. The epistemological grounding for this is provided by Bakhtin's theories of the novel: Europe is conceived of as a multiplicity of overlapping discourses with which Camus relates dialogically, and between whose works there exists a similar dialogue of Europe. Such an approach offers both a new way of reading Camus's treatment of Europe and, potentially, of reading the history of the idea of Europe itself.

Thèse (M.A.)--Université de Sherbrooke (Canada), 2006. / Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 4 mai 2008). In ProQuest dissertations and theses. Publié aussi en version papier.

Originally presented as the author's thesis, Sarajevo, 1969. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Freie Universität Berlin. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 181-188).

Inaug. Diss.: Evangelisch-Theologische Fakultät: Saarbrücken: 1974. _ Bibliogr. p. 371-416.

A study of the considerable literature written around L'Etranger makes clear that its wide range of approaches and methodologies raises interesting and important questions of a theoretical nature. In the particular area of language-oriented studies, the disparity of the models proposed or presupposed and, in the case of very similar models, the notable disparity of the conclusions drawn call for further examination of the theory behind them. Most such models are seen to revolve around the role of the narrator and his relation to events recounted in the text. Unlike most linguistic models, these are performance-oriented - a fact that is seen as crucial, raising the question of the nature of a putative performance theory and its relation to models based on competence/lanpnqe. Consideration of these questions establishes the need for elaboration of the study of enonciation (or "allocution") and more particularly of the "aspect indiciel du langage" in order to elucidate time and tense in relation to performance. The method adopted, involving a detailed analysis of the prevailing models in this area (Benveniste and Weinrich), shows the binary elegance of their schemes to be misleading and at variance with numerous examples of literary usage. The proposal is made that the dlsoours/recit contrast "be regarded as belonging to the area of illocutionary forces in general and as such capable of being marked by various devices in addition to tense-forms and "shifters". A particular set of devices, the presententials, is proposed: founded on the syntactic notion of the higher S, they mark both the force and the time of utterances. A related class, the interruption sentences, is examined and expanded and, along with a third class, the commentary forms constitutes an important addition to the markers of sui-reference. Finally, a detailed inspection of L'Etranger reveals the importance of these devices in the text and, in connection with the oft-discussed "moments de narration", gives rise to a different perspective based on a clearer understanding of the relation of "le temps linguistique" and "le temps chronologique" in the novel and a more precise explanation of the role of the reader. In the light of this, various subsidiary aspects are then explained in relation to Camus's intentions and his artistic achievement in L'Etranger. / Arts, Faculty of / French, Hispanic, and Italian Studies, Department of / Graduate

À sa mort, accidentelle et tragique, Albert Camus, qui n'a alors que 47 ans, laisse derrière lui une oeuvre inachevée. Trois ans après la réception du prix Nobel de littérature de 1957, l'écrivain croyait que son oeuvre était encore à faire.À preuve, quelques mois avant sa mort, Camus avait amorcé ce qu'il entrevoyait comme le troisième cycle de son oeuvre. Après l'avoir fait pour l'absurde et la révolte, Camus comptait consacrer un essai, une pièce de théâtre et un roman à la thématique de l'amour (les cycles étant ainsi constitués). Le premier homme, manuscrit publié par sa fille Catherine en 1994, soit 34 ans après sa mort, est malheureusement la seule trace concrète de ce qu'aurait pu devenir ce troisième cycle. Ce silence, trop précoce, laisse de nombreuses questions sur le cours nouveau qu'auraient pris les écrits d'Albert Camus.À défaut d'en connaître un jour la substance, il est possible d'en deviner les préoccupations et les intuitions contenues entres autres dans les notes laissées par l'écrivain et dans le développement même de l'oeuvre camusienne. Au moment de bâtir son troisième cycle, Camus s'était déjà attaché à l'amour. Dès sa jeunesse, l'écrivain, fidèle à quelques intuitions fondatrices de sa pensée, avait déjà reconnu en l'amour une racine essentielle. Nous avons tenté, à travers ce mémoire portant sur l'amour dans l'oeuvre d'Albert Camus, de réfléchir à la place qu'a occupée cette thématique dans ses écrits. Reprenant trois définitions tirées du lexique grec, Éros, Philia et Agapè, nous avons cherché dans l'oeuvre de Camus les multiples manifestations de l'amour. La lecture qui a découlé de cette"grille" d'analyse, souple, mais selon nous pertinente, donne un aperçu éclairant des questionnements qu'a eus l'écrivain en regard de l'amour tout au long de sa vie et plus particulièrement dans les dernières années de celle-ci (le récit du roman Le premier homme, bien qu'il soit inachevé, le confirme). L'amour maternel, l'amour du monde, l'amour des femmes, la solidarité et l'amitié sont autant de visages que Camus a donnés à l'amour dans ses écrits. Nous nous sommes employés dans ce mémoire à distinguer ces différentes formes d'amour et à les replacer dans leur contexte particulier.

The onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage in the Camas Prairie Region of Northern Idaho were estimated. The evaluation of these costs and benefits included a measurement of the long-term effects of soil erosion on cropland productivity. A model developed by Daniel Taylor (1982) was used as a base for estimating the onsite costs and benefits of conservation tillage. Although the agronomic relationships of this model were theoretically and empirically consistent, the variable and depreciation cost trends were not. Therefore, this model was revised. A technique for generating site-specific variable and depreciation costs was developed and incorporated into the original Taylor model. The depreciation cost calculation was modified to include Salvage value and modified to correspond with the crop yields used in this analysis. An algorithm to model changes in output prices was added to the model. Heavy tillage, reduced tillage, and no-till were simulated. Reduced tillage was projected to be the most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons of 75 years or longer and personal discount rates of under 7%. Heavy tillage was projected to be the -most profitable tillage system for farmers with planning horizons shorter than 75 years. No-till was always the least profitable tillage system, although the highest yield projections were produced under no-till. A summer fallow crop rotation was simulated and the results were compared with the results of an annual cropping rotation. The summer fallow rotation was projected to be less profitable than the annual cropping rotation. No-till and reduced tillage subsidization and cross compliance pricing were examined as two potential policies which could be used to induce farmers to adopt conservation tillage. Subsidies ranged from zero to $22.97 per acre annually, depending on the planning horizon and personal discount rate of the farmer. Cross compliance prices 11% higher than the normalized prices used in this analysis were needed to induce farmers to adopt no-till practices. / Graduation date: 1984

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1971. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 58-59). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

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