In this study, electrically conductive coating materials composed of epoxy resin and carbon black (CB) were prepared by applying two different mixing techniques (Grinding and Mechanical Mixing). The effect of carbon black addition, ultrasonication, mixing type and surface modification of carbon black on the morphologies, electrical and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. According to test results, Grinding Method is much more efficient and for this method, percolation concentration was found as 2 vol %. The electrical resistivity value obtained at this composition is around 107 ohm.cm. Also, for the samples prepared by Grinding Method, the hardness increased by adding conductive filler, but the impact energy and adhesive strength decreased with increasing carbon black content. Ultrasonication was applied to the samples containing 2 vol % CB obtained by Grinding Method to reduce the electrical resistivity further. Three different ultrasonic mixing times were tried, however, no positive effect was observed on electrical and mechanical properties. Since the addition of carbon black has a negative effect on the processability of the mixture, it was aimed to obtain desired conductivity value at lower percolation concentration by modifying carbon black surface with different silane coupling agents and formamide. The best result in terms of electrical conductivity was obtained for the materials produced with formamide treated carbon black by Grinding Method. At 1 vol % concentration, the electrical resistivity was found as approximately 106 ohm.cm which is three orders smaller than the resistivity of materials prepared with untreated carbon black.

Pyrolysis has been a useful procedure to treat waste-tire, which decomposes waste-tire at high temperature in the absence of oxygen. This thermal decomposition process generates pyrolysis oil, combustible gas, and char, which distribute in liquid phase, gas phase, and solid phase, respectively. Pyrolysis oil and combustible gas are fuels, while char is composed of carbon black and ash. Thus, char would be economically worth while to be treated before reuse. In this study, based on the resistivity difference between carbon black and ash, ash can be removed from char in the principle of electrostatic separation and thus increase the value of char. In this study, the objective was to separate ash from char by electrostatic separation process, different char including waste-tire pyrolytic char (raw char), low pressure re-pyrolytic char, ZnO-added char (12% ZnO mixed with 600 oC re-pyrolytic cahr) and man-made char (N600 carbon black mixed with 14.5% metallic oxide) were tested. The Electro-Static Separator (ESS) was designed and constructed with two types of discharge electrodes including a needle-plate electrode (NPE) and a needle-bar electrode (NBE) and two kinds of dust feeders to generate either fine or coarse particles. The results indicated that raw char had higher collection efficiency using the NBE system than the NPE system in the operating voltages of -7 kV to -15 kV because the surface area of the NBE system was less than the NPE system, thus led higher surface charge density for the NBE system than the NPE system, resulting in higher discharge current of the NBE system. In order to lower resistivity and reduce deposited pyrolysis oil on char, low pressure repyrolysis process was used. Because the removal efficiency of pyrolysis oil is proportional to repyrolysis temperature, more pyrolysis oil can be removed from the surface of char, resulting in more carbon blacks exposed on the char surface as conductive material. Thus, the collection efficiency of 600 oC repyrolytic char was less than that of 400 oC repyrolytic char. Furthermore, because particle charging quantity was proportional to particle size, fine char particles had less collection efficiency than coarse char particles. However, both raw char and repyrolytic char, the collection efficiency of carbon and ash had similar trends, suggesting that similar percentage of carbon and ash were collected on the plate and penetrated the ESS system. Therefore, the separation efficiency of carbon and ash were similar, same situation was observed for the ZnO-added char. In order to verify the feasibility of carbon and ash separation by electrostatic separation process, N660 carbon black mixing with 14.5% man-made ash (Al2O3, ZnO and CaO composed) to simulate man-made char, which was further used to proceed the electrostatic separation experiments in this study. The results indicated that the collection efficiency of man-made char increased with operating voltage, and the ash content seems to increase with voltage. Carbon black is a low resistivity material, which causing sparkover during the experiments, thus operating voltage cannot be regulated more than -8.25 kV. In order to verify the feasibility of carbon black and ash separation by the principle of electrostatic separation, this study applied non-linear regression to model the collection efficiency of man-made char, carbon black and ash, and further simulate the collection efficiency at higher electrical field strength. The simulated results indicated that the maximum collection efficiency of carbon and ash was approached around -10 kV/cm of carbon black and ash and their collection efficiencies were similar. The collection efficiency of ash was close to the ash content of man-made char (the collection efficiency of ash equal to the collected ash per mass of injected char), suggesting that most injected ash was collected by the ESS system. In addition, the ash content of penetration char was also simulated, the modeling results showed that the ash content of penetrated char were lower than 2%, while was relatively lower than the raw man-made char, and more than 75% injected char could penetrate the ESS system during the operation procedure. According to the modeling results, solid-solid separation technology could be more efficient if carbon and ash are independently separate particles, and lower resistivity materials would penetrate the ESS system and higher resistivity materials would be collected by the electrostatic separation process.

We demonstrate intracellular delivery of various molecules by inducing controlled and reversible cell damage through pulsed laser irradiation of carbon black (CB) nanoparticles. We then characterized and optimized the system for maximal uptake and minimal loss of viability. At our optimal condition 88% of cells exhibited uptake with almost no loss of viability. In other more intense cases it was shown that cell death could be prevented through addition of poloxamer. The underlying mechanism of action is also studied and our hypothesis is that the laser heats the CB leading to thermal expansion, vapor formation and/or chemical reaction leading to generation of acoustic waves and then there is energy transduction to the cell causing poration of the cell membrane. We also delivered anti-EGFR siRNA to ovarian cancer cells. Cells exposed to a laser at 18.75 mJ/cm2 for 7 minutes resulted in a 49% knockdown of EGFR compared to negative control. We established an alternative way to deliver siRNA to knockdown proteins, for the first time using laser CB interaction.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 278 p. : ill. (some col.). Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-13T13:34:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGIR.pdf: 2422738 bytes, checksum: f8e990325874e84e9c54a573f901f2c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-14T18:38:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGIR.pdf: 2422738 bytes, checksum: f8e990325874e84e9c54a573f901f2c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-14T18:38:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGIR.pdf: 2422738 bytes, checksum: f8e990325874e84e9c54a573f901f2c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-14T18:46:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissGGIR.pdf: 2422738 bytes, checksum: f8e990325874e84e9c54a573f901f2c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In this work, carbon black Vulcan XC-72R was functionalized using five different treatments, the oxidizing agents employed were: nitric acid, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide. The physical characterization of functionalized samples was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy. The results suggested that the treatments did not significantly alter the morphology of the material in most cases and showed an increase in the number of defects attributed to the introduction of oxygenated functional groups. Glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) were modified with aqueous dispersions of materials in dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (DHP). For the electrochemical characterization of the electrodes were performed studies of cyclic voltammetry employing the probe potassium hexacyanoferrate (III). For all cases there was an increase in the electroactive area as a result of the functionalization. Subsequently, the response of the electrodes to different analytes (dopamine, catechol, paracetamol and hydroquinone) was evaluated, the electrode modified in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acid 1:1 (CB–HNO3/H2SO41:1–DHP/GCE) showed the highest analytical signal for the different compounds tested. Calibration curves were constructed for the determination of dopamine using the GCE electrode, the electrode prepared with unmodified CB (CB–DHP/GCE) and the CB–HNO3/H2SO41:1–DHP/GCE electrode, the sensitivities of the analytical curves (angular coefficients of the analytical curves) were: 0.334, 3.65 and 6.54 A cm−2 L mol−1, respectively. These results show a significant increase in sensitivity as a result of the functionalization xvii of CB suggesting an advantage over the use of unmodified material for electroanalytical applications. Then, an analytical procedure for the determination of sodium benzoate (sodium salt of benzoic acid) based on enzyme inhibition was developed, where the tyrosinase enzyme was immobilized at the surface of the CB– HNO3/H2SO41:1–DHP/GCE electrode (biosensor). Studies of the inhibition mechanism and optimization of operating conditions were performed. The corresponding analytical curves had linear concentration ranges between 4.90 × 10−7 and 1.92 × 10−5 mol L−1 and a detection limit of 2.1 × 10−7 mol L−1. / Neste trabalho funcionalizou-se o carbon black Vulcan XC-72R utilizando-se cinco tratamentos diferentes, empregando como agentes oxidantes: ácido nítrico, ácido sulfúrico e peróxido de hidrogênio. A caracterização física das amostras funcionalizadas foi realizada empregando-se microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia Raman. Analisando-se os resultados obtidos tem-se que os tratamentos ácidos não alteraram significativamente a morfologia do material. Por outro lado, este tratamento proporcionou um aumento do número de defeitos atribuídos à introdução de grupos funcionais oxigenados. Foram modificados eletrodos de carbono vítreo (do inglês, glassy carbon electrode, GCE) com dispersões aquosas dos materiais em dihexadecil hidrogenofosfato (DHP). Para a caracterização eletroquímica dos eletrodos foram realizados estudos de voltametria cíclica empregando-se a sonda hexacianoferrato de potássio (III). Em todos os casos houve aumento da área eletroativa do eletrodo como consequência da funcionalização do material de carbono. Posteriormente, avaliou-se a resposta dos eletrodos frente a diferentes analitos (dopamina, catecol, paracetamol e hidroquinona), o eletrodo modificado em mistura de ácido nítrico e sulfúrico 1:1 (CB–HNO3/H2SO41:1–DHP/GCE) apresentou maior sinal analítico para os diferentes compostos investigados. Foram construídas curvas de calibração para a determinação de dopamina utilizando o eletrodo GCE, o eletrodo preparado com CB sem funcionalizar (CB–DHP/GCE) e o eletrodo CB–HNO3/H2SO41:1– DHP/GCE. As sensibilidades (coeficientes angulares das curvas analíticas) foram xv 0,334, 3,65 e 6,54 A cm−2 mol L−1, respectivamente. Estes resultados mostram um aumento significativo da sensibilidade como consequência da funcionalização do CB, sugerindo uma vantagem sobre o uso do material sem modificação para aplicações eletroanalíticas. Em seguida de denvolveu-se um procedimento analítico para a determinação de benzoato de sódio (sal de sódio do ácido benzoico) baseado na inibição enzimática da tirosinase imobilizada na superfície do eletrodo CB– HNO3/H2SO41:1–DHP/GCE (biossensor). Foram realizados estudos de mecanismo de inibição e otimização das condições de operação. A curva analítica correspondente apresentou uma faixa linear de concentração de 4,90 × 10−7 a 1,92 × 10−5 mol L−1 e um limite de detecção de 2,1 × 10−7 mol L−1 .

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:51Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_mj_me_ilha.pdf: 820513 bytes, checksum: fe37c522b532d6450b5dfd94ee08db67 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades elétricas e dielétricas de um compósito à base de poliuretano derivado de óleo de mamona (PU) e negro de fumo (NF). As amostras de PU/NF foram preparadas com quantidades fixas de prépolímero e poliol (seguindo uma fração 10/7 em massa) e com diferentes quantidades de NF. Medidas de espectroscopia de impedância permitiram analisar as propriedades elétricas do compósito em campo elétrico alternado em diferentes temperaturas, enquanto que, o método de quatro pontas foi utilizado para calcular a condutividade dc das diferentes amostras. Neste trabalho, também, foi desenvolvido um modelo estatístico bidimensional de redes de resistores e capacitores que gera a estrutura morfológica e calcula a condutividade alternada do compósito PU/NF a partir de uma técnica de matriz de transferência proposto por Derrida . As curvas da permissividade real e imaginária em função da frequência para amostras de PU/NF com diferentes proporções de NF demonstraram o mesmo comportamento qualitativo, ou seja, possuindo maiores valores para baixas frequências e altas temperaturas e decrescendo com aumento da frequência. As medidas de permissividade dielétrica imaginária apresentaram picos de relaxação devido ao processo de polarização interfacial entre o negro de fumo e a matriz polimérica. No entanto, esses picos são mais pronunciados quando se utiliza o módulo elétrico, que minimiza os efeitos de condução dc. O modelo estatístico reproduziu bem os dados experimentais obtidos das medidas de espectroscopia de impedância. A partir dos ajustes teórico-experimentais pode-se observar que a condutividade elétrica para a amostra 99/01 ocorre predominantemente por condução eletrônica nas regiões isolantes, obedecendo ao modelo modificado de Abrahams e Miller. Entretanto, para as amostras 95/05 e 90/10 o modelo de Abrahams e... / In this work we investigated the electrical properties of the polyurethane derived from castor oil (PUR) and carbon black (CB) composite. Samples of PUR/CB were prepared by fixed quantities of the pre-polymer and polyol (following a ratio of 10/7 by weight) and mixing different amount of the CB. Measurement of impedance spectroscopy was used to analyze the transport properties of the composite as function of applied electric field at different temperatures. The method of four probes was used to measurement the dc conductivity of the PUR/CB composites. A statistical model two-dimensional was developed based on networks of resistors and capacitors that generates the morphological structure and calculates the alternating conductivity of the PUR/CB composite using a transfer matrix technique proposed by Derrida et al. The plots of real and imaginary permittivity as a function of frequency for the samples of PUR/CB with different amount CB showed the same qualitative behavior with higher values for low frequencies and high temperatures. Measurement of imaginary dielectric permittivity showed peaks due to the process of interfacial polarization relaxation between the carbon black and polymeric matrix. However, these peaks are more pronounced when using the electrical modulus, which minimizes the effects of dc conduction. The statistical model reproduced well the experimental data obtained from the measurement of impedance spectroscopy. From theoretical and experimental settings it can be observed that the electrical conductivity for the 99/01 sample is predominantly by electron conduction in the insulating regions, in according at modified model of Miller and Abrahams. However, for samples 95/05 and 90/10 model of Abrahams and Miller dominates at low frequencies (below 103 Hz) and the Drude model is predominant in the higher frequency (above 104 Hz).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:26:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:00:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Na escala industrial a obtenção do carboneto de silício (SiC) pela redução carbotérmica da sílica ainda é o meio mais utilizado para sua sintetização. O presente estudo visa identificar, de forma comparativa, dentre os redutores comuns como coque de petróleo, negro de fumo, carvão vegetal e grafite o resultado da reação carbotérmica da sílica a partir da turfa. Menciona-se como que a turfa, pode ocorrer na natureza concomitantemente a jazimentos de areias de sílica de elevada pureza, uma das fontes de sílica, destacando que, a proximidade da matéria prima e sua qualidade são, elementos essenciais que determinam os tipos, pureza e custo de produção do SiC. Os ensaios desenvolveram-se a partir de amostras produzidas em forno de resistência elétrica com atmosfera controlada nas temperaturas de 1550ºC, 1600ºC e 1650ºC, tantos os precursores como os produtos da reação de redução carbotérmica foram caracterizados aplicando-se técnicas de difração de raios X, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva de raios X (EDS). Os resultados evidenciaram a formação do SiC para todos os redutores comuns, bem como para a turfa, mas não foi possível perceber claramente a diferença entre eles, sendo necessário para tanto, ensaios específicos adicionais. / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:42:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foi estudado o desenvolvimento de um pigmento vegetal preto que possui características semelhantes aos já existentes no mercado de transformação de termoplásticos. Atualmente o pigmento preto mais utilizado nas indústrias de transformação de termoplásticos é o negro de fumo, cujo processo de obtenção gera muitos resíduos tóxicos e quando liberados na atmosfera aumenta a poluição do ar. O pigmento em estudo possui a estrutura química formada por 97% de carbono proveniente da moagem e micronização do carvão vegetal. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram estudar a obtenção do pigmento preto de origem do carvão vegetal, estudar o desempenho deste pigmento comparando-o com o negro de fumo usado atualmente nas indústrias, incorporação do pigmento obtido em polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), caracterização do produto obtido e estudo da influência da radiação ionizante no PEBD mais pigmento preto. Como matérias prima foram utilizadas o carvão vegetal (pigmento preto) e o polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD). Posteriormente, o pigmento preto obtido foi incorporado ao PEBD pelo processo de injeção e caracterizado em relação a sua estabilidade durante processamento, dispersão, migração e cobertura pigmentar. Também foram realizados testes mecânicos com as amostras não irradiadas e as irradiadas em doses de radiação de 100, 200, 300 e 400kGy. O pigmento foi obtido por meio da moagem do carvão vegetal, sua obtenção é menos nociva ao meio ambiente, visto que o mesmo não é um subproduto do petróleo como o negro de fumo e sim um derivado da madeira que é um produto renovável. É importante salientar que é possível canalizar o descarte de maneira inadequada da madeira para uma linha produtiva, produzindo assim o carvão o qual é matéria prima para este pigmento e assim ser inserido em cadeia produtiva. Apesar da aplicação em matriz polimérica ter sido maior que a do negro de fumo 1,4%, o mesmo é de fácil obtenção, proveniente de uma fonte renovável, sendo de baixo custo além de apresentar propriedades colorimétricas compatíveis e próximas às do negro de fumo. Em relação à incorporação do pigmento na matriz polimérica durante o processo de injeção, o mesmo foi de fácil incorporação distribuindo-se de maneira homogênea. Em relação às amostras irradiadas pode-se dizer que houve ganhos na maioria das propriedades estudadas. Dependendo do tipo de artefato a ser fabricado e de quais propriedades são mais importantes, pode-se irradiá-lo em dose mais adequada. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP