O polimento das rochas ornamentais é um processo realizado com o uso de rebolos abrasivos que desgastam a superfície da chapa até atingir uma intensidade de brilho comercialmente desejável. Esse sistema pode ser abordado, de forma racional, pelo enfoque dado pela Tribologia, considerando o atrito e o desgaste como resultado direto da interação entre as rochas e ferramentas abrasivas, de acordo com cada situação operacional adotada. Essa abordagem foi utilizada na presente pesquisa, com o objetivo de tentar validar a metodologia de desenvolvimento de um novo abrasivo de polimento, composta pela resina poliuretana à base óleo de mamona (Ricinus Comunnis L.), cargas sólidas e com o carbeto de silício verde como elemento de corte. Foram avaliados o desempenho destes rebolos frente ao polimento com os rebolos industriais em uma politriz semiautomática, pela análise da taxa de desgaste das peças em função da qualidade do brilho final do polimento. Para isto, foram adotadas condições operacionais que não são praticadas pela indústria, como a variação da velocidade de rotação dos rebolos e variação da vazão de água no polimento. Os resultados mostraram que a proposta de incorporação do carbeto de silício verde como elemento de corte nas matrizes à base resina de mamona à não promoveu um bom desempenho do rebolo, porém com taxas de desgaste equivalentes às matrizes comerciais à base de resina epóxi, demonstrando o potencial de utilização desta resina na fabricação de rebolos abrasivos diamantados. A variação dos parâmetros operacionais de polimento permitiu saber que os melhores resultados se deram com a redução da vazão de água no polimento de 30 para 15 litros, apresentando maiores valores de brilho e com um menor desgaste dos rebolos. Esses dados indicam que esse parâmetro pode ser aplicado na indústria com consideráveis ganhos ambientais para a cadeia produtiva de rochas ornamentais. Neste âmbito, a utilização de uma ferramenta ecoeficiente, comprovadamente atóxica, no polimento de rochas ornamentais pode ser um grande passo para a obtenção de certificados internacionais de comércio de produtos com forte apelo ambiental. / The polishing of dimension stones is a process carried out using abrasive fickerts which wear the surface of the slab to achieve a commercially desirable brightness intensity. This system can be approached in a rational way by the concepts given by Tribology, considering the friction and wear as a direct result of the interaction between the stone and the abrasive tools, according to each operational situation adopted. This approach was used in the present research, aiming the validation of a methodology for development a new polishing tool, composed of polyurethane resin based on the castor oil (Ricinus Comunnis L.), solid fillers and the green silicon carbide as cutting element. The performance of these new abrasive fickerts compared with the industrial ones was evaluated in a semiautomatic polishing machine by the analysis of the wear rate of the pieces as a function of the final gloss quality of the polished surface. For this purpose, operating conditions not practiced in the industry was adopted, as the rotational speed of the abrasive tools and the water flow variation. The results showed that the incorporation of the green silicon carbide as a cutting element in the matrix based on the resin of castor oil did not promote a good performance of the tool, but with wear rates equivalent to the commercial epoxy-resin fickerts, which may indicate a potential of using the non-toxic matrix with diamond as cutting element instead. The variation of the operational parameters of polishing allowed to know that the best results were obtained with the reduction of the water flow in the polish from 30 to 15 liters/minute, which presented higher values of gloss and with a lower wear rate of the tools, indicating that this parameter can be applied in the industry with considerable environmental gains for the dimension stone production chain. In this context, the use of a non-toxic and eco-efficient tool in the polishing of dimension stones can be a great step towards obtaining international certificates of trade in products with strong environmental appeal.

Il ricino (Ricinus communis L.) è una tra le dieci principali colture oleaginose a livello mondiale. La ricina, eliminata nei processi industriali per la produzione di olio di ricino, costituisce un rischio sia per lo sfruttamento della pianta come biomassa per la generazione di biocarburanti vegetali di seconda generazione, sia per la possibilità di ottenere scorie tossiche dalla lavorazione del materiale. L’utilizzo di tecniche di mutagenesi chimica, associata ad AFLP e metodiche di sequenziamento bersaglio specifiche (TILLING) hanno dimostrato la possibilità di ottenere e riconoscere, in tempi relativamente brevi e in modo specifico, mutazioni nel genoma d’interesse. A partire da una popolazione monovarietale di ricino, sono stati messi a punto diversi trattamenti (basati su EMS ed MNU), al fine di ottenere una popolazione mutagenizzata chimicamente al cui interno ricercare piante prive, o con un contenuto ridotto, di ricina nel seme e di conseguenza caratterizzate da un maggior valore agronomico ed economico. In seguito all’autoimpollinazione delle piante sopravvissute, analisi AFLP e di sequenziamento sulle generazioni successive hanno mostrato come le piante tendano ad accumulare variazioni nel loro genoma rispetto alla generazione precedente. Dall’analisi di sequenza di circa 1 Mb del gene per la ricina nella popolazione mutagenizzata non è emerso nessun cambiamento nella sequenza nucleotidica, in accordo con i risultati di altri studi in cui si è visto come la frequenza di mutagenesi possa variare con la specie considerata. / Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is one of the ten major oil crops worldwide. Ricin, eliminated in industrial processes for the production of castor oil, constitutes a risk to both the exploitation of the plant as a biomass to generate second-generation biofuels, both for getting toxic waste from the processing of the material. The use of chemical mutagenesis techniques, AFLP and methods associated with specific target sequences (TILLING) have demonstrated the ability to obtain and recognize, in a relatively short time, and specifically, mutations in the genome of interest. Starting from a population of castor-variety, have been developed different treatments (based on EMS and MNU), in order to obtain a chemically mutagenized population of plants with a reduced content of ricin in the seed and therefore characterized by a greater agronomic and economic value. After self-pollination of the survived plants, AFLP analysis and sequencing showed how plants tend to accumulate changes in their genome than the previous generation. A sequence analysis of about 1 Mb of the gene for ricin in mutagenized populations has revealed no change in the nucleotide sequence, in agreement with results of other studies in which we have seen that the frequency of mutation may vary with the species under consideration.

The profile of the poloidal velocity in the edge region of tokamak plasmas has been identified as playing a major role in the confinement of particles and energy. It has been suggested that a strongly sheared poloidal flow can reduce particle and energy losses by the stabilization of unstable modes and decorrelation of turbulence the edge region of the plasma. A Gundestrup probe, a Mach probe array, is used to measure both the parallel and perpendicular flow velocities in the Saskatchewan Torus-Modified (STOR-M) tokamak during several discharge conditions. It is observed that during Ohmic discharges there is no velocity shear and the direction of the parallel flow is independent of the direction of the toroidal magnetic field. During H-mode induced by a turbulent heating current pulse, a region of strong velocity shear develops in the plasma edge and an edge transport barrier develops. This results in a short period of improved particle and energy confinement with reduced fluctuation amplitudes. During electrode biasing experiments, a stainless steel biasing electrode is inserted into the plasma up to r = 82 mm and biased to +500 V relative to the vacuum chamber. It is observed that the particle confinement improves during the biasing phase while the energy confinement is degraded. A region of weak shear in the poloidal flow is observed in the plasma scrapeoff layer (SOL). The results from STOR-M are compared with results from data taken in the Czech Academy of Sciences Torus (CASTOR) tokamak during both Ohmic discharges and discharges with electrode biasing.

The profile of the poloidal velocity in the edge region of tokamak plasmas has been identified as playing a major role in the confinement of particles and energy. It has been suggested that a strongly sheared poloidal flow can reduce particle and energy losses by the stabilization of unstable modes and decorrelation of turbulence the edge region of the plasma. A Gundestrup probe, a Mach probe array, is used to measure both the parallel and perpendicular flow velocities in the Saskatchewan Torus-Modified (STOR-M) tokamak during several discharge conditions. It is observed that during Ohmic discharges there is no velocity shear and the direction of the parallel flow is independent of the direction of the toroidal magnetic field. During H-mode induced by a turbulent heating current pulse, a region of strong velocity shear develops in the plasma edge and an edge transport barrier develops. This results in a short period of improved particle and energy confinement with reduced fluctuation amplitudes. During electrode biasing experiments, a stainless steel biasing electrode is inserted into the plasma up to r = 82 mm and biased to +500 V relative to the vacuum chamber. It is observed that the particle confinement improves during the biasing phase while the energy confinement is degraded. A region of weak shear in the poloidal flow is observed in the plasma scrapeoff layer (SOL). The results from STOR-M are compared with results from data taken in the Czech Academy of Sciences Torus (CASTOR) tokamak during both Ohmic discharges and discharges with electrode biasing.

Three oil crops, chia (Salvia hispanica L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and castor (Ricinus communis L.), were studied because of their nutritional and industrial values. Chia and flax are rich in an ω3 fatty acid, α-linolenic acid, and castor is a very high oil producer and high in a hydroxy fatty acid. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and gamma rays were employed to mutagenize chia seeds to produce early flowering mutants. The M1 population was grown and induced to flower by short-day photoperiods. The M2 population was planted in the field in Lexington, KY in 2008. Early flowering plants were found 55 days after planting while non-mutagenized plants did not produce any flower buds until the 7th of October, 82 days after planting, at a daylength of 11 hours and 32 minutes. 0.012% of the EMS-treated M2 population and 0.024% of the gamma radiation-treated population flowered much earlier than the controls. M3 early flowering mutant lines were able to flower at photoperiods of 12-15 hours in a greenhouse. Selected lines produced flower buds on the 7th of July, 47 days after planting, at a daylength of 14 hours and 41 minutes in the field in Lexington, Kentucky. Different varieties of flax were evaluated for seed yield and field performance in Kentucky. Plant height and yield data were collected from three growing seasons. Yields from 2006 trial varied from 368-1,267 kg/ha. Yields from 2007 and 2008 were much lower due to drought. The variety ‘Carter’ gave the highest yield every season. Flax can be grown in Kentucky but yields are low. Two high-yield castor varieties, ‘Carmencita’ and ‘TTU-LRC’, were crossed in greenhouse. The F1 population was grown in the field. Inflorescences were covered to ensure self-pollination. The F2 population showed a high degree of segregation for plant height, stem color, capsule color and seed yield in the following growing season. Data on plant height, number of branches, color, and yield was collected from 89 F2 individuals. Fifteen lines with the highest yield were selected to plant in the field in spring of 2009. New high-yield castor varieties are being developed for production in Kentucky.

Acne is a multifactorial skin disease affecting about 80 % of people aged 11 to 30. Several systemic and topical treatments are used to treat existing lesions, prevent scarring and suppress the development of new lesions. Topical therapy is often used as first line treatment for acne, due to the location of the target organ, the pilosebaceous unit, in the skin. Retinoids are widely used as oral or topical treatment for this disease, with tretinoin and adapalene being two of the most used topical retinoids. The transdermal route offers several challenges to drug delivery, e.g. the excellent resistance of the stratum corneum to diffusion, as well as variable skin properties such as site, age, race and disease. Some additional difficulties are associated with the dermatological delivery of tretinoin and adapalene, which include suboptimal water solubility of the retinoids, isomerisation of tretinoin in the skin, mild to severe skin irritation, as well as oxidation and photo–isomerisation of tretinoin, even before crossing the stratum corneum. Researchers constantly strive to improve dermatological retinoid formulations in order to combat low dermal flux, skin irritation and instability. The release kinetics of tretinoin varies greatly according to the way in which it is incorporated into the formulation and according to the type of formulation used. Little research has been conducted regarding improved formulations for adapalene. Pheroid technology is a patented delivery system employed in this study in order to improve the dermal delivery of retinoids. Tretinoin and adapalene were separately incorporated into castor oil, vitamin F and Pheroid creams. The creams were evaluated in terms of their in vitro retinoid release, in vitro transdermal diffusion and stability. Castor oil and Pheroid creams were superior in terms of release and dermal delivery of adapalene. Tretinoin was best released and delivered to the dermis by castor oil cream. The castor oil creams were the most stable formulations, whereas the Pheroid creams were the most unstable. In terms of release, dermal diffusion and stability, castor oil cream proved to be the most suitable cream for both tretinoin and adapalene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Acne is a multifactorial skin disease affecting about 80 % of people aged 11 to 30. Several systemic and topical treatments are used to treat existing lesions, prevent scarring and suppress the development of new lesions. Topical therapy is often used as first line treatment for acne, due to the location of the target organ, the pilosebaceous unit, in the skin. Retinoids are widely used as oral or topical treatment for this disease, with tretinoin and adapalene being two of the most used topical retinoids. The transdermal route offers several challenges to drug delivery, e.g. the excellent resistance of the stratum corneum to diffusion, as well as variable skin properties such as site, age, race and disease. Some additional difficulties are associated with the dermatological delivery of tretinoin and adapalene, which include suboptimal water solubility of the retinoids, isomerisation of tretinoin in the skin, mild to severe skin irritation, as well as oxidation and photo–isomerisation of tretinoin, even before crossing the stratum corneum. Researchers constantly strive to improve dermatological retinoid formulations in order to combat low dermal flux, skin irritation and instability. The release kinetics of tretinoin varies greatly according to the way in which it is incorporated into the formulation and according to the type of formulation used. Little research has been conducted regarding improved formulations for adapalene. Pheroid technology is a patented delivery system employed in this study in order to improve the dermal delivery of retinoids. Tretinoin and adapalene were separately incorporated into castor oil, vitamin F and Pheroid creams. The creams were evaluated in terms of their in vitro retinoid release, in vitro transdermal diffusion and stability. Castor oil and Pheroid creams were superior in terms of release and dermal delivery of adapalene. Tretinoin was best released and delivered to the dermis by castor oil cream. The castor oil creams were the most stable formulations, whereas the Pheroid creams were the most unstable. In terms of release, dermal diffusion and stability, castor oil cream proved to be the most suitable cream for both tretinoin and adapalene. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Pharmaceutics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de uma solução à base de mamona (Ricinus communis) na remoção do biofilme de próteses totais, comparando-a com dois produtos disponíveis no mercado (hipoclorito de sódio e peróxido alcalino). Cinquenta usuários de próteses totais superiores foram instruídos a escovar suas próteses após as refeições e imergí-las, uma vez ao dia, por um período de 07 dias, nas seguintes soluções: A - Controle: soro fisiológico (20 minutos). B - peróxido alcalino Polident (3 minutos). C - hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (20 minutos). D - solução à base de mamona (20 minutos). Os participantes imergiram suas próteses em cada uma das soluções, de acordo com uma sequência aleatorizada. Para a quantificação do biofilme, antes (Baseline) e após o uso de cada produto, as superfícies internas das próteses totais superiores eram evidenciadas (vermelho neutro 1%), fotografadas (Nikon Coolpix 950, Nikon Corporation,Tokyo, Japan) e o biofilme corado era quantificado com auxílio de um software (Image Tool 3.0). A influência dos tratamentos sobre os resultados foi averiguada pelo teste de Friedman (&alpha;=0,05) e comparações múltiplas foram realizadas por meio do teste de Wilcoxon (com nível de significância corrigido pelo método de Bonferroni: &alpha;=0,005). Os resultados mostraram diferença significante entre os métodos (Fr = 51,67; P < 0,001). A solução à base de mamona (Ricinus communis) e a pastilha à base de peróxido alcalino (Polident) apresentaram resultados intermediários (Mediana:1,0% e 1,5%, respectivamente) e o hipoclorito de sódio a 1% promoveu a mais baixa percentagem de biofilme (Mediana: 0,0%). Pôdese concluir que a solução à base de mamona (Ricinus communis) foi eficaz quanto à propriedade de remoção de biofilme, podendo ser utilizado como higienizador de próteses totais. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a castor bean solution (Ricinus communis) on denture biofilm removal in comparison with two proprietary products (sodium hypochlorite and alkaline peroxide). Fifty maxillary denture wearers were instructed to brush their dentures after meals and to soak them, once a day, for 07 days, in the following solutions: A - Control: saline (20 minutes). B- Polident alkaline peroxide (3 minutes). C - 1% sodium hypochlorite (20 minutes). D - castor oil solution (20 minutes). The participants soaked their dentures in every tested solution according to a randomized sequence. Biofilm was quantified preliminarily (baseline) and after using each product. For that purpose, the inner surfaces of maxillary dentures were disclosed (1% neutral red) and photographed (Nikon Coolpix 950, Nikon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan). Stained biofilm was quantified by Image Tool 3.0 software. Tested solutions were compared by Friedman test (&alpha;=.05) followed by the Wilcoxon test (with Bonferroni correction, &alpha;=.005). The results showed a significant difference between methods (Fr=51.67, P<.001). The castor bean solution (Ricinus communis) and the effervescent tablet showed intermediate results (Median: 1.0% and 1.5%, respectively) and the 1% sodium hypochlorite promoted the lowest biofilm percentage (Median: 0,0%). It was concluded that the castor bean solution (Ricinus communis) was effective on biofilm removal and therefore can be used as a denture cleanser.

Submitted by JACKSON DA SILVA (jackson.silva.batalha@gmail.com) on 2018-07-25T19:53:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTAÇÃO_DEFINITIVA_JACKSON_DA_SILVA.pdf: 1456819 bytes, checksum: bfcb3b590fcbb0bc4476e02d12a5af15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Lucia de Grava Kempinas (algkempinas@fca.unesp.br) on 2018-07-30T11:52:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_j_me_botfca.pdf: 1456819 bytes, checksum: bfcb3b590fcbb0bc4476e02d12a5af15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T11:52:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_j_me_botfca.pdf: 1456819 bytes, checksum: bfcb3b590fcbb0bc4476e02d12a5af15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-18 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / A mamona (Ricinus communis) está presente em inúmeras aplicações na área industrial e na produção de biodiesel, tendo assim, relevante importância econômica. Contudo, no ano de 2017, o Brasil apresentou produtividade de 470 kg ha-1, muito aquém do seu real potencial, devido à falta de genótipos adaptados a cada região produtora. A síntese de híbridos produtivos passa pela obtenção de linhagens puras com o mínimo de endogamia, para maior exploração do vigor de híbrido, que proporcionam plantas mais uniformes e mais produtivas. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo estimar a depressão por endogamia em progênies obtidas por autofecundação, polinização cruzada e polinização livre advindas do cultivar de mamona FCA-PB. Os experimentos foram implantados em delineamento em blocos casualizados, no esquema fatorial 90 x 2 x 2, sendo 90 progênies advindas de três tipos de polinização, em 2 ambientes (São Manuel e Araçatuba) e em 2 safras (2004/2005 e 2005/2006), e no esquema fatorial 30 x 3, sendo 30 progênies e 3 tipos de polinização, em 2 ambientes e em 2 safras, com três repetições. Com relação à safra 2005/2006, a progênie 49 cultivada no município de São Manuel produziu 4171 kg ha-1 de grãos, podendo o seu desempenho ser explicado pelo tipo de fecundação que foi originada, polinização cruzada, sendo este método o que ocasiona no maior nível de heterose. Na avaliação da depressão por endogamia verificou-se que a polinização cruzada apresentou maior produtividade de grãos e menor coeficiente de endogamia. Por outro lado, a menor produtividade foi observada na autopolinização, a qual obteve maior coeficiente de endogamia. Considerando o potencial produtivo das 20 % melhores progênies, podem ser selecionadas as progênies 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 31, 35, 36, 38, 45, 49, 55, 56 e 58. Verificou-se também, que o coeficiente de endogamia na produtividade apresenta comportamento inversamente proporcional. / Castor bean (Ricinus communis) is present in numerous applications in the industrial area and in the production of biodiesel, having thus, relevant economic importance. However, in the year 2017, Brazil presented productivity of 470 kg ha-1, far short of its real potential, due to the lack of genotypes adapted to each producing region. The synthesis of productive hybrids passes through the obtaining of pure lineages with the minimum of endogamy, for greater exploitation of hybrid vigor, which provide more uniform and more productive plants. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate depression by inbreeding in progenies obtained by self-fertilization, cross pollination and free pollination from the cultivar of castor bean FCA-PB. The experiments were in a randomized block design, in the factorial scheme 90 x 2 x 2, being 90 progenies coming from three types of pollination, in 2 environments and 2 crops, and in the factorial scheme 30 x 3, being 30 progenies and 3 types of pollination, in 2 environments (São Manuel and Araçatuba) and in 2 crops (2004/2005 and 2005/2006), with three replications. In relation to the 2005/2006 crop, the progeny 49 grown in the municipality of São Manuel produced 4171 kg ha-1 of grains, and its performance can be explained by the type of fertilization that originated, cross pollination, being this method that causes in the greater level of heterosis. In the assessment of inbreeding depression it has been found that cross pollination presented greater productivity of grain and lower coefficient of inbreeding. On the other hand, the lower productivity was observed in self-pollination, which obtained higher coefficient of inbreeding. Considering the productive potential of the 20 % best progenies, can be selected the progenies 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27, 31, 35, 36, 38, 45, 49, 55, 56 and 58. It was verified also, that the coefficient of inbreeding in productivity presents inversely proportional behavior. / 830842/1999-3

Alguns resíduos gerados na indústria de biodiesel podem constituir o passivo ambiental desta atividade, sendo a utilização agrícola uma alternativa para o manejo dos mesmos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a possibilidade de utilização da borra oleosa ácida de soja e do farelo de mamona em associação com adubos minerais solúveis ou com adubo orgânico (cama de aviário) e o efeito residual destas misturas no desenvolvimento e rendimento de plantas e nas características do solo, foi conduzido um experimento em vasos, a céu aberto, na Faculdade de Agronomia (UFRGS), utilizando-se um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo distrófico arênico, com três cultivos: milho (outono de 2009), trigo (inverno de 2009) e milho (outono de 2010). Foram determinados a matéria seca e os macronutrientes das plantas e feita a análise química do solo. Constatou-se que a utilização dos resíduos borra oleosa ácida e farelo de mamona, tanto nas formas de adubos organo-minerais como de misturas com adubo orgânico, complementados com adubos solúveis, possibilitou o adequado desenvolvimento das plantas. O efeito residual dos resíduos foi baixo, devido às perdas de N solúvel, e a adição repetida de resíduos e/ou de suas misturas com adubo orgânico propiciou aumento dos teores de matéria orgânica do solo, podendo ser utilizados como condicionadores de solo sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento das plantas. / The residues generated in the biodiesel production are the environmental drawback for this activity. Their agricultural use can be a good way to manage these residues. In order to evaluate the possibility to use the soapstock or the castor beans (Ricinus communis L.) residual meal (after solvent extraction) mixed with organic and/or mineral fertilizers, a pot experiment was conducted in an open area, at the Faculty of Agriculture of the Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. A low fertility sandy soil was used and three crops of corn and wheat were grown in the years 2009/2010. The plant´s dry matter and macronutrients’ contents were determined, and soil samples analyzed. It was observed adequate plant growth with the use of the residues, either as a mixture with poultry litter or mineral fertilizer. Their residual effect, however, was very small. Repeated use of the organic materials increased soil organic matter, without harmful effects on plant growth.