Nepal in recent times has witnessed a proliferation of community-based organization (CBOs). Established by local residents, CBOs are small level organizations that promote and defend the rights and interests of people especially that of minorities and the disadvantaged. One such minority group that CBOs greatly focus on are women. Despite dramatic increase in the number of CBOs in Nepal its impact on women is understudied. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyze the relationship between Nepalese women's participation in CBOs and their autonomy. Autonomy comprises of four different dimensions; physical mobility, financial autonomy, household decision-making, and reproductive autonomy. Modifying the conceptual framework used by Mahmud, Shah, and Becker in 2012, I hypothesize that women who participate in CBOs experience greater autonomy. Data from the 2008 Chitwan Valley Family Study is used for analysis. Using SPSS, separate logistic regressions are run to analyze the relationship between CBO membership and the dimensions of autonomy. The results support three of the four proposed major hypotheses. Nepalese women who participate in CBOs have greater autonomy in terms of physical mobility, financial autonomy, and household decision-making. No evidence was found to establish link between CBO membership and reproductive autonomy. The variables that are controlled for in the study include age, caste, religion, education, marital status, exposure to television, exposure to radio, and relationship with one's mother-in-law.

This thesis investigates whether adoption of partnerships between water utilities and Community Based Organisations (CBOs) in Sub-Saharan Africa can improve water services to informal urban settlements. The study is particularly relevant because over 1 billion of the world's population have no access to clean water supply with many living in urban areas. The lack of adequate resources coupled with insufficiency of conventional approaches has rendered it impossible for urban utilities to deliver sustainable water services to all customers, including the informal settlements. The thesis proposes that partnership between water utilities and CBOs is a viable approach for improving water services to informal settlements. The thesis enhances understanding of the context in which such partnerships could be developed.

Stahldrahtseile haben sich aufgrund ihrer hohen Bruchkraft und Betriebssicherheit sowie langjähriger Erfahrungen als Übertragungs-, Verbindungs- und Sicherheitselemente in intermittierenden Förderern, wie Kranen und Aufzügen etabliert. Sie weisen jedoch Nachteile, wie hohe Eigenmasse, geringe Biegeelastizität und Korrosionsempfindlichkeit auf. Steigende Anforderungen an ein energieeffizientes und ressourcenschonendes Betreiben von technischen Anlagen erfordern zunehmend neue Materialien, Technologien und Verfahren. Demzufolge rücken auch textile Maschinenelemente in Form von HM-HT-Faserseilen (engl.: high modulus - high tenacity) in den Fokus der Betrachtungen. Diese bieten aufgrund ihres günstigen Bruchkraft-Masse-Verhältnisses eine vielversprechende Alternative zu den Stahldrahtseilen. Mit den wachsenden Innovationen gehen jedoch auch neue Schadensfälle einher, da es an Erfahrungswerten und Langzeitstudien textiler Zug- und Tragmittel fehlt. Das umfassende Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, den Forschungsstand hinsichtlich des Verschleiß- und Alterungszustandes und Einflussgrößen auf die Lebensdauer und Kriterien zur Ablegereifeerkennung hochfester Faserseile zu erweitern. Hierfür wurde eine Herangehensweise zur Schadensanalyse sowie eine Kategorisierung von Schadensarten, Schadensursachen, Verschleiß- und Alterungserscheinungen von Faserseilen erarbeitet. Weiterhin erfolgte die Entwicklung neuer Prüfmethoden zur Ermittlung des Gebrauchszustandes der Lebensdauer und Ablegekriterien von laufenden Faserseilen auf Basis spezifischer visueller Verschleißerscheinungen sowie elektrisch leitfähiger Merkmale der Faserseile. / Steel wire ropes have a high breaking strength and operational reliability as well as many years of experience. For these reasons steel wire ropes are used as transmission, connection and safety elements in intermittent conveyors, such as cranes and elevators. However, they have disadvantages such as high intrinsic mass, low bending elasticity and corrosion sensitivity. Increasing demands on energy-efficient and resource-efficient operation of technical systems require new materials, technologies and processes. Therefore, textile machine elements such as HM-HT fibre ropes (high modulus - high tenacity) are also in the focus of considerations. Due to their favorable breaking force-mass ratio fibre ropes offer a promising alternative to the steel wire ropes. However, new cases of damage also go hand in hand with the growing innovations. It lacks on experience and long-term studies of textile tensile elements. The aim of this study is to extend the state of research regarding of wear and ageing phenomena as well as influencing factors of the lifetime and discard criteria for high-strength fibre ropes. For these reasons an approach of a damage analysis for fibre ropes worked out. Furthermore new test methods to determine the state of use and define discard criteria of running fibre ropes developed and carried out.

The 1999 earthquakes revealed serious gaps in the Turkish disaster management system. The lack of coordination and cooperation between governmental and non-governmental organizations, limits in the legal framework and the lack of policies and plans about disaster preparedness and mitigation are basic. It is highly relevant therefore to expose these deficiencies and find which changes are necessary for capacity building in civil initiatives and which policies can be put into practice to form a strong and a sustainable organizational structure between governmental organizations and civil initiatives. This required reconsidering the events of 1999 Marmara earthquakes and civil initiatives&rsquo / activities. The analyses have been made among civil initiatives to expose their objectives, their response to earthquakes and future plans. Futher, this required discussion of the current state of disaster management system and legal structure. Findings are that a number of creative activities of civil initiatives can be observed after the Marmara earthquakes. However, the existing level of collaboration with governmental organizations is inadequate, considering the magnitude of disasters taking place in Turkey and the degree of the people&rsquo / s vulnerability. Efforts such as new draft of law of Turgey Emergency Management General Directorate (TEMGD) seem to provide means to meet the requirements. This draft law could provide the tools to accommodate civil initiatives The law could be revised so as to maintain a legal basis for civil initiatives&rsquo / activities as part of disaster management system indicating that governmental organizations should work together in coordination with civil initiatives. Secondly, to encourage voluntary activities, a number of provisions should be available such as life insurance against accidents for the accredited volunteers. Thirdly, TEGMD should also act to find partners for supporting civil initiatives in their financial, personnel training and management needs. With increasing conviction in the need for participatory approaches and people-oriented developments, civil initiatives are committed to face challenges in mitigating and preparing for the variety of disasters facing Turkey.

<p>A disaster always means a huge death toll, displacement and inconceivable destruction for a poor country such as Bangladesh. Recently, Bangladesh has taken a holistic approach to prioritising interrelated activities and the involvement of various organisations in disaster management. A number of disaster management committees (DMCs) have been formed to coordinate and implement risk reduction measures. But the levels of success of these organisations have varied in different regions. Improper consideration of local knowledge, corruption of actors, lack of coordination and capacity of actors, etc., are perceived as major causes of this. Primarily, this mini-thesis aims to measure the impact of self-organisation in disaster risk management.</p>

<p>A disaster always means a huge death toll, displacement and inconceivable destruction for a poor country such as Bangladesh. Recently, Bangladesh has taken a holistic approach to prioritising interrelated activities and the involvement of various organisations in disaster management. A number of disaster management committees (DMCs) have been formed to coordinate and implement risk reduction measures. But the levels of success of these organisations have varied in different regions. Improper consideration of local knowledge, corruption of actors, lack of coordination and capacity of actors, etc., are perceived as major causes of this. Primarily, this mini-thesis aims to measure the impact of self-organisation in disaster risk management.</p>

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / A disaster always means a huge death toll, displacement and inconceivable destruction for a poor country such as Bangladesh. Recently, Bangladesh has taken a holistic approach to prioritising interrelated activities and the involvement of various organisations in disaster management. A number of disaster management committees (DMCs) have been formed to coordinate and implement risk reduction measures. But the levels of success of these organisations have varied in different regions. Improper consideration of local knowledge, corruption of actors, lack of coordination and capacity of actors, etc., are perceived as major causes of this. Primarily, this mini-thesis aims to measure the impact of self-organisation in disaster risk management. / South Africa

L'étude de l'injection d'un fluide dans des conditions de hautes pressions reste encore aujourd'hui un challenge. Lorsque la pression critique des fluides est dépassée, l'état supercritique est atteint, faisant disparaître la distinction entre liquide et gaz. Pour ces conditions extrêmes, les données expérimentales sont peu nombreuses et nécessitent d'être consolidées. Dans cette étude, un nouveau banc d'essai a été réalisé au laboratoire CORIA dans le but d'étudier des injections non-réactives d'éthane et de propane dans une atmosphère sub- et supercritique d'azote ou d'hélium. Les données ont été collectées à partir de quatre diagnostics optiques : l'ombroscopie, la DBI, la radiographie et la CBOS. Des informations qualitatives sur la topologie des jets et de leur couche de mélange sont apportées. Des mesures quantitatives de longueur de cœur dense, d'angle d'ouverture et de densité sont complétées par une étude phénoménologique à l'aide de la théorie des mélanges binaires. / Studying a fluid flow under high-pressure conditions through reliable experiments is still nowadays a challenge. When the chamber pressure exceeds the critical pressure of working fluids the supercritical state of matter is reached and the distinction between gas and liquid becomes blurred. For such special conditions, experimental data are scarce and need to be consolidated. In the present study, a new test bench has been designed at CORIA Lab to study the non-reactive injection of ethane and propane into nitrogen or helium under sub- and supercritical conditions. Experimental data are collected from four image-based techniques : shadowgraphy, diffused backlight illumination (DBI), radiography and color background oriented schlieren (CBOS). Qualitative information on topology of the jets and their mixing layer are provided. Quantitative measurements of dense core length, jet spreading angle and density field are supported by a phenomenological study based on binary mixing theory.

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