• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 2
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Le rôle de l'axe CD40L/CD40/NF-κB dans la fonction plaquettaire

Kojok, Kevin 08 1900 (has links)
Le CD40 ligand (CD40L) est une molécule thrombo-inflammatoire qui prédit des événements cardiovasculaires. Les plaquettes constituent la principale source du CD40L soluble (sCD40L) dans la circulation, avec la capacité d’influencer la fonction des plaquettes par l'intermédiaire de sa liaison à ses récepteurs plaquettaires : CD40, αIIbβ3 et α5β1. Nous avons précédemment démontré que la stimulation des plaquettes humaines avec le sCD40L induit une activation du nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), qui pourra jouer un rôle non génomique en amorçant les plaquettes. En effet, l’amorçage des plaquettes par le sCD40L augmente fortement l’activation et l’agrégation plaquettaire en réponse à des doses sous-optimales d’agonistes. Cependant, l’implication des différents récepteurs dans l’amorçage des plaquettes suite à l’activation du NF-κB par le sCD40L demeure inconnue. De plus, le transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)-activated Kinase (TAK1), un régulateur majeur de l’inflammation, est activé par le sCD40L dans les cellules nucléées, et pourra ainsi être impliqué dans la signalisation sCD40L/NF-κB plaquettaire. D’autre part, le sCD40L se trouve en quantité élevée dans la circulation sanguine des patients coronariens. De plus, le traitement antiplaquettaire à l’Aspirine (ASA) est inefficace chez certains patients et son efficacité est réduite chez les patients à hauts risques d’évènements coronariens, ce qui augmente leur risque de sur-activation plaquettaire et de développer une thrombose. Des taux sanguins élevés de médiateurs thrombo-inflammatoires, tels que le sCD40L, peuvent expliquer de telles variabilités. Ainsi, ce projet a été entrepris dans le but d’élucider l’impact de l’axe sCD40L/NF-κB sur la fonction plaquettaire et sa modulation par l’ASA. Dans le premier volet de mon projet, nous avons identifié les récepteurs de sCD40L impliqués dans l'activation du NF-κB plaquettaire, leur signalisation en aval et leur implication dans l'agrégation plaquettaire. Nous avons montré que les plaquettes exprimaient les récepteurs du CD40L : CD40, αIIbβ3 et α5β1 et libéraient du sCD40L. Le sCD40L seul a induit une activation de NF-κB plaquettaire. Cet effet était absent des plaquettes de souris déficientes en CD40 (CD40-/-) et inhibé par le blocage de CD40, mais n'était pas affecté par le blocage de αIIbβ3 ou α5β1. L’axe sCD40L/CD40 a aussi activé TAK1 en amont de NF-κB. Dans les études fonctionnelles, le sCD40L seul n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’agrégation plaquettaire, mais a potentialisé l’agrégation en présence de doses sous-optimales de thrombine; cet effet a été aboli par des inhibiteurs de CD40, TAK1 et NF-κB. Cette première étude nous a permis de conclure que le sCD40L amorce les plaquettes via des voies de signalisation impliquant CD40/TAK1/NF-κB, ce qui prédispose les plaquettes à une activation et agrégation accrues en réponse à des stimuli thrombotiques. Dans le deuxième volet de mon projet, nous avons émis l’hypothèse qu’en présence de taux élevés de sCD40L, l’efficacité de l’ASA peut varier et avons visé à déterminer les effets de l’ASA sur la signalisation et l’agrégation des plaquettes en présence de sCD40L. Les effets de l'ASA sur les plaquettes humaines traitées au sCD40L, en réponse à des concentrations sous-optimales de collagène ou de thrombine, ont été évalués sur l'agrégation, la sécrétion de thromboxane A2 (TxA2) et la phosphorylation de p38 MAPK, NF-κB, TAK1 et la chaîne légère de la myosine (MLC). Le sCD40L a significativement augmenté la sécrétion de TxA2 par les plaquettes, en réponse à des doses sous-optimales de collagène et de thrombine; cet effet a été inversé par l'ASA. L'ASA n'a pas inhibé la phosphorylation de p38 MAPK, NF-κB, TAK1, que ce soit avec une stimulation plaquettaire par le sCD40L seul ou en présence des agonistes. Le sCD40L a potentialisé l'agrégation plaquettaire, un effet complètement inversé et partiellement réduit par l'ASA en réponse à une dose sous-optimale de collagène et de thrombine, respectivement. Les effets de l'ASA sur les plaquettes traitées au sCD40L avec du collagène étaient liés à l'inhibition du changement de forme des plaquettes et à la phosphorylation de la MLC. En résumé, l'ASA n'affecte pas la signalisation plaquettaire du sCD40L, mais empêche son effet sur la sécrétion de TxA2 et l'agrégation plaquettaire en réponse au collagène, via un mécanisme impliquant l'inhibition de la MLC. En conclusion, ce projet nous a permis de déterminer que l’amorçage des plaquettes par le CD40L via l’activation de NF-κB dépend du récepteur CD40 et la signalisation via TAK1. Ainsi, l’axe sCD40L/CD40/TAK1/NF-κB potentialise l’activation et l’agrégation en réponse à des stimuli thrombotiques, ce qui peut favoriser l’occurrence d’événements athéro-thrombotiques chez les patients coronariens. De plus, étant donné que l’ASA n’a pas d’effet sur la signalisation via l’axe sCD40L, le ciblage de cet axe dans les plaquettes peut avoir un potentiel thérapeutique chez les patients coronariens présentant des taux élevés de sCD40L et ne réagissant pas ou moins à l'ASA. / CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a thrombo-inflammatory molecule that predicts cardiovascular events. Platelets are the main source of soluble CD40L (sCD40L) in the circulation, with the ability to influence platelet function through its binding to platelet receptors: CD40, αIIbβ3, and α5β1. We have previously demonstrated that stimulation of human platelets with sCD40L induces activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which may play a non-genomic role in priming platelets. Indeed, platelet priming by sCD40L strongly enhances platelet activation and aggregation in response to suboptimal doses of agonists. However, the involvement of the different receptors in platelet priming following activation of NF-κB by sCD40L remains unknown. In addition, the transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B) -activated Kinase (TAK1), a major regulator of inflammation, is activated by sCD40L in nucleated cells, and may be involved in sCD40L/NF-κB signaling. On the other hand, sCD40L is high in the bloodstream of coronary patients, who receive Aspirin (ASA) for secondary prevention. However, antiplatelet therapy with ASA is ineffective in some patients and its efficacy is reduced in patients at high risk for coronary events, increasing their risk of platelet over-activation and developing thrombosis. High blood levels of thrombo-inflammatory mediators, such as sCD40L, may explain such variability. Thus, we undertake this project to elucidate the impact of the sCD40L/NF-κB axis on platelet function and its modulation by ASA. In the first part of our project, we aimed to identify the sCD40L receptors involved in the activation of platelet NF-κB, their downstream signaling and their involvement in platelet aggregation. We have shown that platelets express CD40L receptors: CD40, αIIbβ3 and α5β1 and release sCD40L. sCD40L alone induced activation of platelet NF-κB. This effect was absent in CD40-/- mouse platelets and inhibited by CD40 blockade, but was not affected by αIIbβ3 or α5β1 blockade. The sCD40L/CD40 axis has also activated TAK1 upstream of NF-kB. In functional studies, sCD40L alone had no effect on platelet aggregation but potentiated aggregation in the presence of suboptimal thrombin doses. The inhibitors of CD40, TAK1 and NF-κB abolished this effect. This first study concluded that sCD40L primes platelets via CD40/TAK1/NF-κB signaling pathways, which predisposes platelets to increased activation and aggregation in response to thrombotic stimuli. In the second part of our project, we hypothesized that in the presence of high levels of sCD40L; the effectiveness of ASA may vary. Accordingly, we aimed at determining the effects of ASA on signaling and aggregation of platelets in the presence of sCD40L. The effects of ASA on human platelets treated with sCD40L, in response to suboptimal concentrations of collagen or thrombin, were evaluated on aggregation, thromboxane A2 (TxA2) secretion and phosphorylation p38 MAPK, NF-κB, TAK1 and myosin light chain (MLC). sCD40L significantly increased TxA2 secretion by platelets in response to suboptimal doses of collagen and thrombin; this effect has been reversed by the ASA. ASA did not inhibit the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, NF-κB, TAK-1, with platelet stimulation by sCD40L either alone or in the presence of agonists. sCD40L potentiated platelet aggregation, an effect completely reversed and partially reduced by ASA in response to a suboptimal dose of collagen and thrombin, respectively. In addition, the effects of ASA on sCD40L-treated platelets with collagen related to inhibition of platelet shape change and phosphorylation of MLC. In summary, ASA does not affect platelet signaling via sCD40L, but prevents its effect on TXA2 secretion and platelet aggregation in response to collagen, via a mechanism involving inhibition of MLC. In conclusion, this project allowed us to determine that platelet priming by sCD40L via activation of NF-κB depends on the CD40 receptor and signaling via TAK1. Thus, the sCD40L/CD40/TAK1/NF-κB axis potentiates activation and aggregation in response to thrombotic stimuli, which may promote occurrence of atherothrombotic events in coronary patients. In addition, since ASA has no effect on platelet signaling via the sCD40L axis, targeting of this axis in platelets may have therapeutic potential in coronary patients with high levels of sCD40L that are none or less responding to ASA.
2

A Novel Role for the TRAFs as Co-Activators and Co-Repressors of Transcriptional Activity

Brittain, George C. IV 16 June 2009 (has links)
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor-associated factors (TRAFs) were initially discovered as proteins that inducibly interact with the intracellular region of TNF receptors (TNFRs). Because the TNFRs lack intrinsic catalytic activity, the TRAFs are hypothesized to orchestrate signaling activation downstream of the TNFR superfamily, however their mechanism of activation remains unclear (Inoue et al., 2000; Bishop, 2004). Originally, the TRAFs were compared to the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) protein family, due to their sequence homology, and the presence of multiple RING- and zinc-finger domains, suggesting that their function may be to regulate transcriptional activity (Rothe et al., 1994; Hu et al., 1994; Sato et al. 1995; Cheng et al., 1995). However, subsequent research focused predominantly on their cytoplasmic functions, and more recently on their function as E3 ubiquitin ligases (Pineda et al., 2007). In my research, I analyzed the subcellular localizations of the TRAFs following CD40 ligand (CD40L)-stimulation, and found that TRAF2 and 3 rapidly translocate into the nucleus of primary neurons and Neuro2a cells. Interestingly, similar analysis conducted in pre-B lymphocytes (Daudi cells) revealed a different response to CD40L-stimulation, with TRAF2 and 3 being rapidly degraded within 5-minutes of stimulation. These findings are significant because they demonstrate for the first time that the TRAFs translocate into the nucleus and suggest that they may function within the nucleus in a cell-specific manner. I next analyzed the ability of TRAF2 and 3 to bind to DNA, and found that they both bind to chromatin and the NF-kappaB consensus element in Neuro2a cells, following CD40L-stimulation. Similar analyses of the chromatin binding of TRAF2 and 3 in Daudi cells revealed that they were rapidly degraded, similar to the results from my analysis of their subcellular localization. These findings show for the first time that the TRAFs interact with DNA, and therefore support the hypothesis that the TRAFs may function within the nucleus as transcriptional regulators. Finally, I analyzed the ability of the TRAFs to regulate transcriptional activity by luciferase assay. Previous studies showed that overexpression of TRAF2 and 6 could induce NF-kappaB transcriptional activity; however researchers have not been able to determine the mechanism by which they do so. In my studies, I found that every TRAF can directly regulate transcriptional activity either as co-activators or co-repressors of transcription, in a cell- and target protein-specific manner. Additionally, I found that TRAF2 can act as a transcriptional activator, and that its ability to regulate transcription is largely dependent upon the presence of its RING-finger domain. In conclusion, these studies have revealed an entirely novel function for the TRAFs as immediate-early transcriptional regulators. Future research into the genes that are regulated by the specific TRAF complexes will further elucidate how the TRAFs regulate TNFR signaling, as well as whether dysfunctions in TRAF signaling may be associated with known disorders. If specific TRAF complexes are found to regulate specific genes, then pharmacological targeting of the individual TRAF complexes may allow for the highly specific inhibition of signaling events downstream of the TNFRs, without compromising overall receptor signaling, transcription factor pathways, or cellular systems.

Page generated in 0.0429 seconds