<p>För att ta reda på hur svenska mammografiavdelningar står sig mot det europeiska protokollet undersöks nio mammografiavdelningar. Till hjälp har ett CDMAM-fantom version 3.4 och fyra plexiglasskivor använts för att simulera ett normaltjockt bröst. Även ljusskåpen och filmens egenskaper har undersökts och jämförts med kraven i europeiska protokollet. Avgränsningar har gjorts då koncentreringen ligger på mammografer som använder sig av film-skärm system.</p><p>Röntgenbilderna har studerats utan tekniska hjälpmedel. Efter bedömning och poängsättning av bilderna på CDMAM-fantomet har värdena förts in i ett Excel-program där värdena presenteras i grafer. Från graferna utvärderas om bildkvaliteten ligger inom</p><p>gränserna som anges för bra bildkvalitet. Det är endast ett av sjukhusen som ligger inom gränsen för bra bildkvalitet.</p><p>Jämförelser har gjorts för att undersöka hur filmens egenskaper påverkar bildkvaliteten och om stråldosen har betydelse för bildkvaliteten. Samma sjukhus som har den högsta stråldosen har också den bästa bildkvaliteten.</p>

För att ta reda på hur svenska mammografiavdelningar står sig mot det europeiska protokollet undersöks nio mammografiavdelningar. Till hjälp har ett CDMAM-fantom version 3.4 och fyra plexiglasskivor använts för att simulera ett normaltjockt bröst. Även ljusskåpen och filmens egenskaper har undersökts och jämförts med kraven i europeiska protokollet. Avgränsningar har gjorts då koncentreringen ligger på mammografer som använder sig av film-skärm system. Röntgenbilderna har studerats utan tekniska hjälpmedel. Efter bedömning och poängsättning av bilderna på CDMAM-fantomet har värdena förts in i ett Excel-program där värdena presenteras i grafer. Från graferna utvärderas om bildkvaliteten ligger inom gränserna som anges för bra bildkvalitet. Det är endast ett av sjukhusen som ligger inom gränsen för bra bildkvalitet. Jämförelser har gjorts för att undersöka hur filmens egenskaper påverkar bildkvaliteten och om stråldosen har betydelse för bildkvaliteten. Samma sjukhus som har den högsta stråldosen har också den bästa bildkvaliteten.

Os requisitos técnicos da qualidade da imagem em mamografia estabelecidos por normas nacionais e internacionais incluem parâmetros de qualidade que podem ser avaliados através da realização de testes periódicos. Estes parâmetros podem ser medidos com a aquisição e leitura de imagens de objetos (phantoms) que simulam as estruturas presentes em uma mamografia. O phantom CDMAM foi confeccionado especificamente para a realização de testes que utilizam um procedimento padrão para se determinar um limiar de contraste para cada diâmetro de disco presentes em suas imagens. No entanto, esta tarefa é bastante trabalhosa e consome tempo, além de estar sujeita a uma significativa dependência do observador, diminuindo a precisão das aferições. Nesse sentido, o propósito deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um software que auxilie o profissional na realização dos testes, reduzindo a subjetividade devida aos observadores e correlacionando as leituras automatizadas com o sistema visual humano, sem a necessidade de se efetuar a correção dos resultados, como é realizado em diversos trabalhos encontrados na literatura. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens obtidas por cinco sistemas CR e um método de detecção baseado na confecção de filtros circulares correlatores. A correlação com a visão humana fundamentou-se nos parâmetros de Weber, que descrevem o comportamento do sistema visual na discriminação do contraste em imagens digitais. A classificação dos discos contidos na imagem do phantom entre visível ou não visível foi efetuada a partir de uma ferramenta de mineração de dados conhecida como WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) associada ao algoritmo J48, que promove a construção de modelos de árvore de decisão. O resultado da implementação destas árvores de decisão foi a obtenção de um sistema de auxílio ao especialista que reforça a sua integridade na avaliação a partir de resultados estáveis e de fácil interpretação, atingindo acurácias de até 95%. / Technical requirements of image quality in mammography established by national and international norms include quality parameters which can be achieved by conducting periodic tests. It is recommended that some quality parameters are measured from images acquired by exposing specific phantoms, as CDMAM, in such systems. Nevertheless, this task is hard-working and time consuming, besides to be subject to a significant dependence of the observer, reducing the measurements accuracy. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is the development of a software to assist in the professional testing, reducing the subjectivity due to the observers and correlating the automated readings with the human visual system, without the need to make the correction of the results, as is done in many studies in the literature. For this, we used 57 images obtained for five CR systems and a method of detection based on circular correlators filters. The correlation with human vision was based on the Weber\'s parameters which describe the behavior of the visual system to discriminate the contrast in digital images. The classification of the image discs between visible or not visible was made from a data mining tool known as WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) associated with the J48 algorithm which promotes the construction of decision tree models. The result of the decision trees implementation was a system to aid the specialist, reinforcing the integrity of the assessment using stable results, easily interpreted, and reaching accuracies of up to 95%.

Os requisitos técnicos da qualidade da imagem em mamografia estabelecidos por normas nacionais e internacionais incluem parâmetros de qualidade que podem ser avaliados através da realização de testes periódicos. Estes parâmetros podem ser medidos com a aquisição e leitura de imagens de objetos (phantoms) que simulam as estruturas presentes em uma mamografia. O phantom CDMAM foi confeccionado especificamente para a realização de testes que utilizam um procedimento padrão para se determinar um limiar de contraste para cada diâmetro de disco presentes em suas imagens. No entanto, esta tarefa é bastante trabalhosa e consome tempo, além de estar sujeita a uma significativa dependência do observador, diminuindo a precisão das aferições. Nesse sentido, o propósito deste trabalho é o desenvolvimento de um software que auxilie o profissional na realização dos testes, reduzindo a subjetividade devida aos observadores e correlacionando as leituras automatizadas com o sistema visual humano, sem a necessidade de se efetuar a correção dos resultados, como é realizado em diversos trabalhos encontrados na literatura. Para isso, foram utilizadas imagens obtidas por cinco sistemas CR e um método de detecção baseado na confecção de filtros circulares correlatores. A correlação com a visão humana fundamentou-se nos parâmetros de Weber, que descrevem o comportamento do sistema visual na discriminação do contraste em imagens digitais. A classificação dos discos contidos na imagem do phantom entre visível ou não visível foi efetuada a partir de uma ferramenta de mineração de dados conhecida como WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) associada ao algoritmo J48, que promove a construção de modelos de árvore de decisão. O resultado da implementação destas árvores de decisão foi a obtenção de um sistema de auxílio ao especialista que reforça a sua integridade na avaliação a partir de resultados estáveis e de fácil interpretação, atingindo acurácias de até 95%. / Technical requirements of image quality in mammography established by national and international norms include quality parameters which can be achieved by conducting periodic tests. It is recommended that some quality parameters are measured from images acquired by exposing specific phantoms, as CDMAM, in such systems. Nevertheless, this task is hard-working and time consuming, besides to be subject to a significant dependence of the observer, reducing the measurements accuracy. Accordingly, the purpose of this work is the development of a software to assist in the professional testing, reducing the subjectivity due to the observers and correlating the automated readings with the human visual system, without the need to make the correction of the results, as is done in many studies in the literature. For this, we used 57 images obtained for five CR systems and a method of detection based on circular correlators filters. The correlation with human vision was based on the Weber\'s parameters which describe the behavior of the visual system to discriminate the contrast in digital images. The classification of the image discs between visible or not visible was made from a data mining tool known as WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) associated with the J48 algorithm which promotes the construction of decision tree models. The result of the decision trees implementation was a system to aid the specialist, reinforcing the integrity of the assessment using stable results, easily interpreted, and reaching accuracies of up to 95%.

Objectifs : L’objectif a été de d’optimiser les protocoles d’acquisition des examens d’angiomammographie double-énergie, d’étudier la faisabilité de l’angiotomosynthèse pour la détection et la caractérisation des tumeurs mammaires, et d’étudier la faisabilité des biopsies stéréotaxiques sous guidage de l’angiomammographie. Méthodes : Une étude d’optimisation des paramètres d’acquisition de l’angiomammographie a été réalisée dans 4 situations cliniques pour lesquelles la qualité diagnostique requise des images de basse énergie et la dose totale délivrée à la patiente ne sont pas identiques. L’optimisation des paramètres d'exposition (anode/filtre, kVp, mAs) des images de basse énergie (BE) et haute énergie (HE) a été réalisée à partir d’une modélisation théorique de la chaîne d’acquisition. Une validation a été effectuée par mesures expérimentales sur des images de fantôme d’inserts d’iode. Nous avons ensuite étudié la technique d’angiotomosynthèse mammaire basée sur une approche double-énergie. Un nouveau fantôme anthropomorphique numérique du sein et de ses lésions, basé sur l’utilisation de primitives géométriques complexes et d’une technique de maillage surfacique, a été amélioré et utilisé pour évaluer les performances de l’angiomammographie optimisée, puis de l’angiotomosynthèse en comparaison à l’angiomammographie. Enfin, nous avons proposé un scénario pour la réalisation d’un examen de stéréotaxie avec injection d’un agent de contraste iodé et étudié la faisabilité de recombinaison d’image de haute et de basse énergie acquises à des temps différents de l’injection.Résultats et conclusion : Les optima des paramètres d’exposition trouvés par simulation avec les valeurs de SDNRpixel et SDNR2pixel /Dosetotale qui en résultent, ont été confirmés expérimentalement. Les valeurs de SDNR par pixel dans les images recombinées sont augmentées pour toutes les indications cliniques en comparaison à celle obtenues avec SenoBright ® (produit commercial de référence). L'impact sur la qualité de l’image de BE, évalué par des expérimentations sur fantôme CDMAM, a montré que les paramètres optimisés fournissent une détection similaire ou acceptable par rapport à la mammographie standard, à l’exception de l'indication de dépistage lorsque l’on considère les objets de très petits diamètres.L’étude de lecture humaine d’images simulées d’un fantôme anthropomorphique du sein incluant le rehaussement glandulaire physiologique et différents modèle tumoraux n’a pas montré d’augmentation significative de sensibilité de détection des acquisition 3D d’angiotomosynthèse comparativement aux acquisitions 2D d’angiomammographie. Les deux paramètres qui influençaient le plus la sensibilité était la concentration en iode des tumeurs et la densité du sein. L’angiomammographie était par ailleurs significativement plus spécifique que l’angiotomosynthèse. Une perspective d’amélioration pour l’angiotomosynthèse pourrait donc être l’utilisation d’algorithmes de reconstruction 3D spécifiques de cette modalité qui minimiseraient le bruit de reconstruction. Le scénario proposé pour la réalisation de biopsies sous guidage de l’angiomammographie, a mis en évidence deux contraintes techniques que sont l’échauffement du tube à rayons X et le surcroit de dose dû à la répétition des paires d’acquisitions en haute et basse énergies. Une des solutions envisagées a été de limiter le nombre d’acquisitions de BE. Notre étude a montré que la recombinaison d’une image HE avec une image BE acquise antérieurement modifiait le SDNR des lésions simulées comparativement à une recombinaison appariée d’images BE et HE acquises au même temps de l’injection. Ces modifications dépendaient du temps du pic de rehaussement maximal et du washout de la lésion. / Objectives: The purpose was to optimize the exposure parameters of CESM examinations, to assess the feasibility of contrast-enhanced DBT (CE-DBT) for the detection and the characterization of breast tumors, and to assess CESM-guided stereotactic biopsies. Methods: At first, we optimized the CESM exposure parameters in four different clinical applications for which different levels of average glandular dose and different low energy image quality are required. The optimization of exposure parameters (anode/filter, kVp, mAs) for low energy (LE) and high energy (HE) images at different levels of average glandular dose and different ratios between LE and total doses has been conducted using a simulator of the x-ray mammographic image chain. An experimental validation was then performed through phantom experiments. Secondly, we assessed the potential of CE-DBT based on a dual-energy approach. A new mesh-based anthropomorphic breast phantom was improved and used to evaluate the performance of CESM and then to compare CESM and CE-DBT. Finally, we evaluated the technical feasibility of CESM-guided biopsy. After identifying some technical constraints, we assessed the performance of the recombination of LE and HE images acquired at different times after injection, using simulated images of a geometric phantom with uniform texture, and simulated images of an anthropomorphic textured phantom with and without motion artifacts.Results and conclusion : For the four different clinical indications, optima found by simulation, with resulting SDNRpixel and SDNR2pixel/Dosetotal, were confirmed through real acquisition of images on phantoms. Our results indicate that the SDNR per pixel in recombined CESM images increased in all of the four clinical indications compared to recombined images obtained using SenoBright ® (commercial product used as reference). This result suggests the possibility to detect more subtle contrast enhancements and to decrease the number of false negatives found in clinical CESM examinations. The impact of a new dose allocation between LE and HE exposures was also evaluated on LE image quality. Results from CDMAM phantom experiments indicate that optimized parameters provide similar or acceptable detection compared to standard mammography, except for screening indication when considering the very small diameter objects.The human observer study on anthropomorphic phantom images, taking into account tumor and breast parenchyma enhancement, revealed that detection and characterization sensitivity of iodine-enhanced lesions are not statistically different between 2D CESM and 3D CE-DBT. The most influencing parameters for the detectability and the lesion size assessment were the lesion iodine concentration and the breast density. CESM was significantly more specific than CE-DBT. One of the assumptions to explain this result is the presence of higher noise in CE-DBT than in CESM images. A future improvement for CE-DBT could therefore be the design of a specific reconstruction algorithm minimizing reconstructed noise.With respect to CESM-guided biopsy the proposed scenario pointed out two major constraints, one related to the thermal load of the x-ray tube, the second related to the increased dose due to the repetition of LE and HE images. One proposed solution was to limit the number of LE exposures, requiring the possibility to recombined LE and HE images acquired at different injection time points. Our study showed that the recombination of a HE image with a LE image acquired earlier leads to SDNR changes compared to paired recombination. These changes are function of the enhancement time to peak and the washout of the lesion, and had a limited impact on the lesion detectability.