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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Investigation of physical image characteristics and phenomenon of edge enhancement by phase contrast using equipment typical for mammography

Yamazaki, Asumi, Ichikawa, Katsuhiro, Kodera, Yoshie 23 October 2008 (has links)
No description available.
2

Dosimetria e qualidade de imagem em mamografia digital

XAVIER, Aline Carvalho da Silva 28 August 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-04-15T15:22:54Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Aline Carvalho da Silva Xavier.pdf: 7741739 bytes, checksum: a144ef1082bc63af0c0c529b5b83b059 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T15:22:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO Aline Carvalho da Silva Xavier.pdf: 7741739 bytes, checksum: a144ef1082bc63af0c0c529b5b83b059 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / FACEPE / A mamografia é o método de diagnóstico mais eficaz na detecção precoce de doenças mamárias. Os sistemas digitais permitem obter radiografias com melhor qualidade de imagem, mas nem sempre estão associadas a protocolos de aquisição otimizados, resultando em doses absorvidas mais elevadas nas glândulas mamárias. Neste sentido, tornam-se pertinentes levantamentos dosimétricos e avaliações da proteção radiológica nas instituições que realizam mamografias. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo estimar a dose glandular média (DGM) em pacientes que realizaram mamografias em sistemas digitais de Recife, Brasil e avaliar a qualidade das imagens obtidas. Foram avaliados: um mamógrafo Siemens, modelo Mammomat 3000 Nova e leitora CR Carestream, modelo Kodak DirectView; dois mamógrafos digitais DR Lorad, modelo Hologic Selenia e um equipamento analógico (telafilme) Lorad M-IV com uma processadora de filmes Kodak, modelo X-Omat 2000. As DGMs foram estimadas a partir da metodologia descrita por Dance e colaboradores, em pacientes com idades entre 40 e 64 anos, com espessuras de mama comprimida que variaram entre 2 e 9 cm. Foram levadas em conta apenas as incidências de rotina (CCD, CCE, MLOD, MLOE). Ao todo, foram coletados os seguintes parâmetros de irradiação de 5200 mamografias: tensão (kV); carga (mAs); combinação anodo/filtro, bem como, a espessura da mama comprimida, força de compressão utilizada e idade da paciente. Em relação à qualidade da imagem, foram analisadas a função da transferência de modulação (MTF), a razão sinal-ruído (SNR) e a razão contraste-ruído (CNR) para diferentes espessuras de simuladores de mama, de acordo com o documento Humam Health Series 17, da Agência Internacional de Energia Atômica. Paralelamente, utilizando os mesmos critérios de avaliação, médicos radiologistas analisaram 50 imagens mamográficas. Os resultados mostraram que os valores das DGMs foram de: 2,70±0,50 mGy para o equipamento tela-filme, 3,91±0,72 mGy para o equipamento CR, 2,86±0,53 mGy para o DR1 e 3,83±0,70 mGy para o DR2. As espessuras médias das mamas foram, respectivamente: 4,82 cm; 6,73 cm; 6,02 cm; 6,11 cm. A força de compressão foi menor do que o indicado para os equipamentos digitais e maior para o tela-filme. Os valores de DGM obtidos com o simulador de mama foi menor que os obtidos para paciente com espessura de mama equivalente. O parâmetro SNR foi considerado adequado para todos os equipamentos. A razão contraste-ruído não foi satisfatória para mamas mais espessas, porém a DGM se mostrou bem abaixo do limite recomendado para este tipo de mama, fazendo-se necessário o ajuste no controle automático de exposição. A MTF foi satisfatória tanto para o equipamento CR quanto para o DR1. A avaliação das imagens clínicas identificou falhas no posicionamento, indicando a necessidade de treinamento para os operadores dos equipamentos de mamografia digital. De maneira geral, espera-se, com este estudo, despertar e educar os profissionais envolvidos sobre a importância dos conceitos de proteção radiológica em mamografias digitais. / The mammography is the most effective diagnostic method for breast disease detection. Digital systems improve image quality, but not always follow optimization protocols for image acquisition and it may result in higher doses absorbed by the mammary glands. Therefore, it is important to conduct radiological protection studies in patients. Thus, this study aims to estimate the mean glandular dose (MGD) in patients who underwent mammograms in digital systems in Recife, Brazil, and to analyze the image quality. This study was conducted with: one Siemens mammography unit and a Carestream CR reader, Kodak DirectView; two Lorad Hologic Selenia digital mammography DR, and one Lorad M-IV analogic equipment with a Kodak film processor, X-Omat 2000. In order to evaluate the MGD, tests were conducted in patients with ages between 40 and 64 years old and breast thickness between 2 and 9 cm. Only the routine incidents were taken into account (RCC, LCC, RMLO, LMLO). The irradiation parameters of 5200 mammograms were analyzed among these four equipment. were recorded (kV, mAs, anode/filter), as well as the thickness of the compressed breast and the patient’s age. The MGD was calculated using the methodology described by Dance et al. The image quality was assessed through the modulation transfer function (MTF), the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) for different thicknesses of phatom, according to Humam Health Series 17 document of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Furthermore, the quality of 50 mammograms were evaluated by radiologists. The results showed that the value of MGD was 2.70±0.50 mGy to screen-film equipment, 3.91±0.72 mGy for CR equipment, 2.86±0.53 mGy for the DR1 and 3.83±0.70 mGy for the DR2. The average thicknesses were, respectively: 4.82 cm; 6.73 cm; 6.02 cm; 6.11 cm. The compression force was smaller than indicated for the digital equipment and greater for screen-film. The MGD values obtained with the phantom were lower than those obtained for patients with breast equivalent thickness. The SNR was suitable for all equipment. In most thicker breasts, CNR was not satisfactory, but DGM was below the recommended range for this type of breast, allowing to conclude that an adjustment in automatic exposure control is needed to improve the CNR, even though MGD might increase. The MTF was satisfactory for both CR and DR1 equipment. The evaluation of clinical images showed failure in positioning which indicates lack of training of mammography technicians. In general this study expects to awake and educate professionals of this field about the importance of radiation protection concepts in digital mammograms.
3

Design, Development, and Characterization of a Prototype Digital Mammography System

Suryanarayanan, Sankararaman 04 April 2006 (has links)
Breast cancer is a major health concern in the United States. Mammography is the gold standard for screening breast cancer and screen-film technology is still widely used in the screening for breast cancer. However, screen-film systems have limited dynamic range and contrasts compared to digital systems, and do not offer integrated image processing capabilities. Recently, digital mammography has seen an upsurge in clinical adoption but current digital mammography systems are limited in terms of their spatial resolution. Therefore, high-resolution digital mammography systems with superior signal-to-noise ratio and contrast characteristics need to be explored. A monolithic, single module high-resolution (39 um) digital x-ray platform (Fairchild Imaging Inc., Milpitas, CA) was developed and characterized for digital mammography. The architecture was extended to a large area (16 x 24-cm) multi-module solid-state imager with variable resolution (39 and 78-um). In addition, a four module (16 x 16-cm) imaging architecture with 78-um pixel was explored for high-resolution contrast enhanced digital mammography for the detection of malignancy-associated angiogenesis. Simulations based on the cascaded linear systems framework were performed in order to characterize the physical properties of the imaging platforms such as the modulation transfer function (MTF), noise power spectra (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). Experimental measurements of imager performance was also conducted and compared to model predicted results. Further, perceptual analysis of the prototype imaging platform for digital mammography was performed. Various imaging platforms were successfully developed and investigated to identify essential parameters for high-resolution digital x-ray breast imaging. The single module prototype exhibited physical characteristics that are favorable for digital mammography. Good agreement between model and experimental results were observed demonstrating the utility of such models for further system improvement. The large area 16 x 24-cm prototype demonstrated superior contrast-detail characteristics compared to a clinical FFDM system (100 um pixel) at both 39 and 78-um pixel sizes. Both experimental and theoretical results pointed towards the feasibility of contrast enhanced mammography at mean x-ray glandular dose levels substantially lower than mammography under the conditions investigated. Qualitative analysis of contrast enhanced digital mammography indicated favorable image quality.
4

Corrélation entre les performances physiques mesurées des détecteurs et la qualité diagnostique de l'image en mammographie numérique / Correlation between the physical performances measured from detectors and the diagnosic image quality in digital mammography

Perez-Ponce, Hector 19 May 2009 (has links)
En mammographie numérique, il existe deux approches pour évaluer la qualité de l’image. Dans la première approche, une méthode visuelle basée sur un observateur humain permet la détectabilité des lésions en radiographie mammographique. Malheureusement, cette approche subjective de qualité nécessite d’importantes ressources humaines et du temps lors de son implémentation. Dans une deuxième approche, des paramètres objectifs et indépendants de l’observateur humain, présentant une relation avec la résolution et le contraste de l’image (MTF et NPS), sont utilisés pour une évaluation de la performance des détecteurs. Cependant, il n’existe pas de relation directe entre ces paramètres et la détectabilité des lésions. Une méthode permettant d’avoir une approche de la qualité de l’image, à la fois indépendante de facteurs humains et présentant une relation directe avec la détectabilité des lésions, permettrait d’utiliser l’équipement mammographique de manière optimale. Ce travail de thèse présente le développement d’une telle méthode, consistant à générer par ordinateur des images virtuelles à partir d’un modèle « Source à rayons X/Détecteur numérique », qui prend en compte les valeurs mesurées de la MTF et du NPS des équipements mammographiques en conditions cliniques d’utilisation. De par les résultats obtenus dans notre travail, nous avons contribué à établir le lien entre les caractéristiques physiques des détecteurs et la qualité clinique de l’image dans les conditions habituelles d’exposition. De plus, nous suggérons l’utilisation de notre modèle pour déterminer rapidement les conditions optimales en mammographie, aspect essentiel pour la radioprotection des patientes / In digital mammography two approaches exist to estimate image quality. In the first approach, human observer assesses the lesion detection in mammograms. Unfortunately, such quality assessment is subject to inter-observer variability, and requires a large amount of time and human resources. In the second approach, objective and human-independent parameters relating to image spatial resolution and noise (MTF and NPS) are used to evaluate digital detector performance; even if these parameters are objective, they are not directly related to lesion detection. A method leading to image quality assessment which is both human independent, and directly related to lesion detection is very important for the optimal use of mammographic units. This PhD thesis presents the steps towards such a method: the computation of realistic virtual images using an “X-ray source/digital detector” model taking into account the physical parameters of the detector (spatial resolution and noise measurements) measured under clinical conditions. From results obtained in this work, we have contributed to establish the link between the physical characteristics of detectors and the clinical quality of the image for usual exposition conditions. Furthermore, we suggest the use of our model for the creation of virtual images, in order to rapidly determine the optimal conditions in mammography, which usually is a long and tedious experimental process. This is an essential aspect to be taken into account for radioprotection of patients, especially in the context of organized mass screening of breast cancer
5

Avaliações de qualidade aplicadas na comparação de sistemas mamográficos digitais e convencionais / Quality assessment applied to the comparison as digital and conventional mammographics systems

Luís Carlos Hamula Campos 29 April 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos equipamentos de radilogia digital, especificamente, mamógrafo de campo total e mamógrafos convencionais no que se refere à detecção de sinais e em termos da geometria da exposição. O trabalho se desenvolve a partir da formação de um conjunto de imagens mamográficas do simulador ACR modelo 156; este conjunto é composto por imagens mamográficas de equipamentos convencionais e digitais de campo total e imagens obtidas por um simulador radiográfico incorporado a um pacote computacional que fornece informações características de equipamentos radiológicos quanto ao desempenho do sistema em termos da geometria de exposição como ponto focal, limites de resolução e ruído aleatório produzido. A partir dos resultados das interpretações das imagens do simulador ACR pelos observadores, determina-se o índice de acertos; paralelamente analisam-se os dados relativos à geometria da exposição. / This work is aimed at evaluating the performance of digital radiology especially full digital mammograph and conventional mammograph in order to detect signals send in terms of geometry of the exposition. The work is developed from the formation of a pool of mammographic images of the ACR Phantom 156; this bank is formed by mammograph images of both conventional and full field digital equipments and images got by a radiographic test gadget linked to a software package that provides typical information of radiologic equipments concerning the system\'s performance regarding geometric of exposition like focal spot, margins of resolution and aleatory noise. From the results of the interpretation of the ACR simulator\'s images by the observers, then, we are able to determine what is right, at the same time to analyze the data related to the geometry of exposition.
6

Avaliações de qualidade aplicadas na comparação de sistemas mamográficos digitais e convencionais / Quality assessment applied to the comparison as digital and conventional mammographics systems

Campos, Luís Carlos Hamula 29 April 2008 (has links)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o desempenho dos equipamentos de radilogia digital, especificamente, mamógrafo de campo total e mamógrafos convencionais no que se refere à detecção de sinais e em termos da geometria da exposição. O trabalho se desenvolve a partir da formação de um conjunto de imagens mamográficas do simulador ACR modelo 156; este conjunto é composto por imagens mamográficas de equipamentos convencionais e digitais de campo total e imagens obtidas por um simulador radiográfico incorporado a um pacote computacional que fornece informações características de equipamentos radiológicos quanto ao desempenho do sistema em termos da geometria de exposição como ponto focal, limites de resolução e ruído aleatório produzido. A partir dos resultados das interpretações das imagens do simulador ACR pelos observadores, determina-se o índice de acertos; paralelamente analisam-se os dados relativos à geometria da exposição. / This work is aimed at evaluating the performance of digital radiology especially full digital mammograph and conventional mammograph in order to detect signals send in terms of geometry of the exposition. The work is developed from the formation of a pool of mammographic images of the ACR Phantom 156; this bank is formed by mammograph images of both conventional and full field digital equipments and images got by a radiographic test gadget linked to a software package that provides typical information of radiologic equipments concerning the system\'s performance regarding geometric of exposition like focal spot, margins of resolution and aleatory noise. From the results of the interpretation of the ACR simulator\'s images by the observers, then, we are able to determine what is right, at the same time to analyze the data related to the geometry of exposition.
7

Identificação de critérios de avaliação de tecnologias em saúde : estudo de caso em mamografia

Gonzalez, Ana Paula Squaris January 2015 (has links)
Orientador: Prof. Dr. Harki Tanaka / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Biomédica, 2015. / Esse trabalho visou realizar um estudo para auxiliar gestores de tecnologias médicas por meio da denição de critérios de avaliação de tecnologia em saúde na escolha de um equipamento de mamograa. O gestor de tecnologias médicas na atualidade encontra no mercado três tipos de tecnologias de mamograa diferentes: mamograa convencional, mamograa computadorizada e mamograa digital. Primeiramente foi realizado um estudo sobre a cadeia de imagem de cada tecnologia. A partir do conhecimento da cadeia de imagem de cada tecnologia, foi possível identicar cada processo característico de todas as tecnologias e com isso identicar a especicidade do custo gerado por essas modalidades em cada ponto. Alguns valores como custo de aquisição, custo de manutenção e custo de insumos foram coletados da Bolsa Eletrônica de Compras do Estado de São Paulo e no Diário Ocial da União. Características relacionadas à epidemiologia, sensibilidade e especicidade foram coletadas em estudos cientícos. Um estudo sobre a desinstalação e descarte foi realizado, levando-se em consideração as diretrizes para cada tecnologia. A m de nos aproximar da realidade do funcionamento de um mamógrafo, as diferentes tecnologias em mamograa foram inseridas em um contexto de uma clínica de imagens radiológicas. Para auxiliar a análise econômica foram desenvolvidas planilhas de cálculo eletrônico. A vida útil considerada para cada equipamento foi de 10 anos. O custo que representou maior impacto econômico foi o de recursos humanos em todas as tecnologias. A mamograa que apresentou o menor custo por exame foi a mamograa computadorizada sem impressão do lme (CRP), embora o custo de aquisição dos seus equipamentos seja aproximadamente quatro vezes maior que a mamograa convencional. A mamograa computadorizada quando existe a impressão do lme apresentou o maior valor por exame. Os estudos de acurácia e sensibilidade mostraram que a mamograa digital tem um pequeno ganho apenas em mulheres abaixo de 50 anos quando comparada à mamograa convencional. / This study aimed to help medical technology managers to choose mammography equipment through criteria of health technology assessment. The manager of medical technologies nds on the market today three dierent types of mammography technologies: conventional mammography, computerized mammography and digital mammography. First, we conducted a study on the image chain for each technology. From the knowledge of the image chain for each technology, it was possible to identify each characteristic process of all technologies and thereby identifying the specicity of the costs generated by such arrangements on each point. Some values as acquisition cost, maintenance cost and cost of inputs were collected from Electronic Trading Platforms of São Paulo state and in the Ocial Gazette of Brazil. Characteristics related to epidemiology, sensitivity and specicity were collected in scientic studies. A study on uninstalling and disposal was carried out, taking into account the guidelines for each technology. In order to approach the reality of the operation of a mammography unit, the dierent technologies in mammography were inserted in a context of clinical radiological images. To assist the economic analysis, electronic spreadsheets were developed. The lifetime considered for each equipment was 10 years. The greater economic impact was the cost of human resources in all technologies. A mammogram that showed the lowest cost per exam was computerized mammography without screen-lm (CRP), although the cost of purchasing of the equipment is approximately four times higher than conventional mammography. Computerized mammography, when there is the impression of the lm, has the highest cost per exam. The accuracy and sensitivity studies have shown that digital mammography has a small gain only in women under 50 years of age, when compared to conventional mammography.
8

Three Stage Level Set Segmentation of Mass Core, Periphery, and Spiculations for Automated Image Analysis of Digital Mammograms

Ball, John E 05 May 2007 (has links)
In this dissertation, level set methods are employed to segment masses in digital mammographic images and to classify land cover classes in hyperspectral data. For the mammography computer aided diagnosis (CAD) application, level set-based segmentation methods are designed and validated for mass periphery segmentation, spiculation segmentation, and core segmentation. The proposed periphery segmentation uses the narrowband level set method in conjunction with an adaptive speed function based on a measure of the boundary complexity in the polar domain. The boundary complexity term is shown to be beneficial for delineating challenging masses with ill-defined and irregularly shaped borders. The proposed method is shown to outperform periphery segmentation methods currently reported in the literature. The proposed mass spiculation segmentation uses a generalized form of the Dixon and Taylor Line Operator along with narrowband level sets using a customized speed function. The resulting spiculation features are shown to be very beneficial for classifying the mass as benign or malignant. For example, when using patient age and texture features combined with a maximum likelihood (ML) classifier, the spiculation segmentation method increases the overall accuracy to 92% with 2 false negatives as compared to 87% with 4 false negatives when using periphery segmentation approaches. The proposed mass core segmentation uses the Chan-Vese level set method with a minimal variance criterion. The resulting core features are shown to be effective and comparable to periphery features, and are shown to reduce the number of false negatives in some cases. Most mammographic CAD systems use only a periphery segmentation, so those systems could potentially benefit from core features.
9

Método de simulação da redução da dose de radiação na mamografia digital a partir da análise das características do ruído dos equipamentos mamográficos / Method for simulating dose reduction in digital mammography through the analysis of the noise characteristics of the mammographic equipment

Borges, Lucas Rodrigues 22 July 2015 (has links)
Este trabalho tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um novo método para a simulação de redução da dose de radiação em imagens mamográficas clínicas. Assim, estudos sobre a influência da redução da dose de radiação no diagnóstico do câncer de mama podem ser realizados sem que o paciente se exponha a doses extras de radiação. Uma análise preliminar foi realizada para a caracterização do ruído produzido pelo equipamento mamográfico no processo de aquisição da imagem. Essa análise evidenciou a importância de um método local de simulação, uma vez que o ruído depende da posição ao longo do campo. O novo método proposto consiste em ajustar os níveis de cinza e adicionar uma máscara de ruído Poisson, dependente do sinal, nas imagens clínicas adquiridas com a dose de radiação padrão, simulando sua aquisição com doses de radiação reduzidas. A dependência entre ruído e sinal foi criada com o uso da transformada de Anscombe. O desempenho do método proposto foi avaliado utilizando-se imagens mamográficas de um phantom antropomórfico obtidas com diferentes doses de radiação. As imagens simuladas pelo método proposto foram comparadas com as imagens reais. A similaridade entre os espectros de ruído permitiu a comparação de métricas locais da imagem. O erro percentual entre os níveis de cinza das imagens reais e simuladas se manteve inferior a 1%. O ruído adicionado manteve um erro percentual inferior a 1%. Testes de t-Student mostraram que não existe diferença estatística significante (p < 0,05) entre as imagens reais e simuladas pelo método proposto. / This work aims to develop a new method for simulating reduction of the radiation dose in clinical digital mammography. Using such method, studies regarding the influence of dose reduction in cancer diagnosis can be performed without unnecessary exposure of patients to X-ray radiation. A preliminary study characterized the noise produced by the digital mammography equipment during the acquisition process. This analysis emphasized the importance of simulating noise locally, since noise is dependent on the spatial position of the pixel. Therefore, the proposed method consists of adjusting the gray levels and adding signal-dependent Poisson noise to images acquired at the standard radiation dose. Dependency between noise and signal was created using the Anscombe transformation. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using mammographic images of an anthropomorphic phantom acquired at different radiation doses. Images simulated using the proposed method were compared to real images acquired using the clinical equipment. Similarity between noise power spectra and local metrics validated the similarity between images. The gray level of the simulated and real images were compared using local mean and reported averaged errors smaller than 1%. The added noise was also compared and the averaged error was smaller than 1%. Statistical Student\'s t-test tests showed no statistical difference (p < 0.05) between real images and the ones simulated using the proposed method.
10

Estudo experimental da otimização em sistemas de mamografia digital CR e DR / Experimental study of optimization in CR and DR digital mammography systems

Perez, Alessandra Maia Marques Martinez 29 January 2015 (has links)
A recente inserção e forte avanço da mamografia digital no Brasil como ferramenta de rastreamento do câncer mamário e as evidências de outras condições de otimização, quando comparadas à mamografia convencional (tela filme), requerem que novos parâmetros de qualidade sejam incluídos e estudados, bem como que as condições de otimização sejam revistas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a técnica radiográfica otimizada para dois sistemas de detecção (CR e DR) em uso em três unidades de mamografia: Mammomat 3000 Nova (Siemens), Senographe DMR (GE) e Senographe 2000D (GE). A otimização foi conduzida para uma variedade de combinações de fatores técnicos e configurações de simuladores de mama, tais como valores de kilovoltagem (26 a 32 kV), combinações anodo/filtro (Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh e Rh/Rh), material simulador de mama de várias espessuras (2 a 8 cm) e lesões simuladas como massas e calcificações, usando uma figura de mérito (FOM) como parâmetro. Verificou-se que o uso da combinação anodo/filtro que gera os espectros mais energéticos em cada equipamento proporcionou os maiores valores de FOM para todas as espessuras de simulador de mama e voltagens, devido a redução da dose. As combinações anodo/filtro que deram esses resultados foram Mo/Rh para o equipamento da marca Siemens e Rh/Rh para ambos os equipamentos da marca GE, correspondentes aos espectros mais energéticos de cada unidade. Foi observada ainda uma tendência de aumento do kV que maximiza FOM com o aumento da espessura. / The recent introduction and intense advance of digital mammography in Brazil as a tool in breast cancer screening and the evidences of new optimization conditions when compared to conventional mammography (screen-film) require adding and studying novel quality parameters, as well as revisiting optimization conditions. The objective of this work was to determine optimized radiographic technique for two detection systems (CR and DR) in use in three mammography units: Mammomat 3000 Nova (Siemens), Senographe DMR (GE) and Senographe 2000D (GE). Optimization was conducted for various combinations of technique factors and breast phantom configurations, such as kilovoltage settings (26 to 32 kV), target/filter combinations (Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh and Rh/Rh), breast equivalent material in various thicknesses (2 to 8 cm) and simulated mass and calcification lesions, using a figure of merit (FOM) as a parameter. When using anode/filter combination which generates higher energy spectra in each equipment, it was verified that higher FOM values were achieved for all voltages and phantom thicknesses, due to dose reduction. Anode/filter combinations which led to those results were Mo/Rh for Siemens equipment and Rh/Rh for both GE equipments, corresponding to the higher energy spectra in each unity. It was also observed an increasing tendency of kV which maximizes FOM with the increase of thickness.

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