Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-04-24T11:45:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Tassiana Ramires.pdf: 1728606 bytes, checksum: a63d0903f11cb3f858c5a7fd4e32ad97 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-05-04T18:58:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Tassiana Ramires.pdf: 1728606 bytes, checksum: a63d0903f11cb3f858c5a7fd4e32ad97 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T18:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Tassiana Ramires.pdf: 1728606 bytes, checksum: a63d0903f11cb3f858c5a7fd4e32ad97 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-20 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Campylobacter termofílicos são, atualmente, as principais bactérias causadoras de doenças gastrointestinais em todo o mundo. Esse grupo é assim denominado devido a sua temperatura ótima de multiplicação oscilar entre 42 °C e 43 °C, sendo Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari e C. upsaliensis, as principais espécies envolvidas nos casos de campilobacteriose em humanos. Dentre essas espécies, a mais relacionada à essa doença é C. jejuni, seguida por C. coli. O principal reservatório desses micro-organismos são as aves, principalmente os frangos, possivelmente pela temperatura corporal desses animais ser similar à temperatura ótima para Campylobacter termofílicos. Com isso, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência, a diversidade genética, o perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e a presença de genes associados à virulência em isolados de Campylobacter termofílicos provenientes de frangos de corte e na cama de aviário em granjas aviárias da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Um total de 48 amostras foram coletadas em três diferentes granjas (A, B e C), incluindo uma amostra de swab de arrasto da cama do aviário e 15 pools de amostras de swab de cloaca em cada granja. Das três granjas amostradas, apenas a granja C apresentou contaminação por Campylobacter termofílicos, sendo todos os isolados identificados por técnicas fenotípicas e moleculares como C. jejuni. Dessas 16 amostras positivas, obtiveram-se 28 isolados, sendo 16 pelo isolamento em ágar Preston e 12 do ágar mCCD. A diversidade genética entre os isolados foi avaliada por PFGE, verificando-se que todos os isolados apresentaram um único padrão de macrorestrição, sugerindo clonalidade entre os isolados e a presença de apenas uma fonte de infecção por Campylobacter nessa granja. O perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos foi avaliado pelo teste de disco difusão em ágar, utilizando-se oito antimicrobianos distintos, de três classes diferentes: tetraciclina, quinolonas e macrolídeos. Os isolados apresentaram perfil similar de resistência a antimicrobianos, sendo resistentes às quinolonas e tetraciclinas e sensíveis aos macrolídeos. Devido a relação clonal e ao perfil de resistência similar, um isolado representativo foi selecionado para detecção dos genes de virulência. A técnica de PCR foi utilizada para detectar a presença dos genes ciaB, cadF, cdtA, cdtB e cdtC, sendo o isolado selecionado positivo todos os genes pesquisados. Dessa forma, a presença de C. jejuni resistente a antimicrobianos e com potencial de virulência em frangos de corte prontos para o abate e na cama de aviário durante o período de produção é um risco à saúde pública, pois esses micro-organismos podem ser introduzidos no ambiente do abatedouro e contaminar as carcaças durante o abate. / Thermophilic Campylobacter are currently the leading bacteria causing of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. This group is so named because its optimal multiplication temperature oscillates between 42 °C and 43 °C, being Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari and C. upsaliensis, the main species involved in cases of human campylobacteriosis. Among these species, the most related to this disease is C. jejuni, followed by C. coli. The main reservoir of these microorganisms are birds, especially chickens, possibly because the body temperature of these animals coincides with the optimal temperature for thermophilic Campylobacter. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the occurrence, genetic relationship, antimicrobial susceptibility, and the presence of virulence genes in thermophilic Campylobacter from broilers and broiler bedding from the southern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A total of 48 samples were collected in three different farms (A, B and C), which comprising one sample of drag swab and 15 pools of cloacal swabs in each farm. From the three farms sampled, only the farm C showed thermophilic Campylobacter contamination. All isolates were identified by phenotypic and molecular techniques such as C. jejuni. Of these 16 positive samples, 28 isolates were obtained, 16 being isolated by Preston agar and 12 by mCCD agar. The genetic diversity among the isolates was evaluated by PFGE, and it was observed that all the isolates belonged to the same macrorestriction pattern, suggesting clonality among the isolates and the presence of only one source of Campylobacter infection in this farm. The antimicrobial resistance profile was evaluated by the agar disc diffusion test using eight distinct antimicrobial agents from three different classes: tetracyclines, quinolones and macrolides. The isolates presented a similar antimicrobial resistance profile, being resistant to quinolones and tetracyclines and susceptible to macrolides. As the isolates shared the same PFGE pattern and similar resistance profile, a representative isolate was chosed for investigation of virulence genes. A PCR assay was carried out aiming to identify the presence of ciaB, cadF, cdtA, cdtB and cdtC virulence genes and all the genes evaluated were found. Thus, the presence of C. jejuni resistant to antimicrobial agents and harboring virulence genes in broilers and broiler farm during the broiler production period may represents a potential risk to public health, because these microorganisms can be introduced into the abattoir environment and may contaminate the carcasses during slaughter.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often accompanied by non-motor complications, such as dementia, depression, and psychotic symptoms, which worsen the prognosis and increase the personal and socioeconomic burden of disease. Prevalence estimates of these complications are quite variable and are lacking for the outpatient care sector. Methods: As part of a larger, nationwide, cross-sectional epidemiological study in n=315 neurological outpatient settings in Germany, this paper estimates the frequency of dementia and cognitive impairment in n=873 outpatients meeting the UK Brain Bank criteria for idiopathic PD. Assessments were based on a clinical interview and neuropsychological assessments, including the Hoehn & Yahr rating and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and the Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment (PANDA) and the clinician’s diagnosis of dementia was based on the diagnostic criteria of DSMIV. Results Using standardized cutoff scores, the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the study sample as measured by various methods was 17.5% by MMSE (≤ 24), 41.8% by CDT (≥ 3), 43.6% by PANDA (≤ 14), and 28.6% met the DSM-IV criteria for dementia. All estimates increased with age and PD severity. Gender was an inconsistent contributor while illness duration had no significant impact on cognition. Multiple regression analyses revealed PD severity to be the strongest predictor of dementia risk (OR=4.3; 95 % CI: 2.1–9.1), while neuropsychiatric syndromes had independent, although modest additional contributions (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.6–3.8). Conclusion: Estimates of cognitive impairment and dementia in PD patients are largely dependent on the diagnostic measure used. Using established clinical diagnostic standards for dementia the overall rate on routine outpatient neurological care is 28.6%, but using more sensitive neuropsychological measures, rates for cognitive impairment might be up to 2-fold higher. The MMSE revealed strikingly low sensitivity. Neuropsychiatric syndromes, in addition to PD severity and age, have an independent – although modest – additional contribution to patients’ risk for cognitive impairment and dementia.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_daiani_teixeira_da_silva.pdf: 375746 bytes, checksum: 539868549fb7e9d324125c3f8040cb19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-12 / Campylobacter is a bacteria related to foodborne illnesses. It is one of the most common causes of diarrhea in humans in the world. It might cause Guillain-Barre syndrome, which attacks the cells of the peripheral nervous system causing muscle paralysis. Some strains of this bacterium can produce a cytolethal distending toxin (CDT), which can exacerbate diarrheal diseases. Birds are the main reservoir of this micro-organism, of which they are asymptomatic hosts. During the slaughter of broilers, contamination of meat and its products may occur. They are the main responsible for infections in humans. The objective of this study was to verify the presence of C. jejuni and C. coli in poultry meat, chicken and human feces and investigate the presence of cdtA, cdtB and cdtC genes in the isolates. A hundred chicken fecal samples, a hundred samples of retail poultry products and a hundred samples of human feces were collected. The poultry products were washed with Brucella broth and spread onto plates of Columbia agar. The feces samples were directly spread onto plates containing this medium. Confirmation of isolates and species identification were performed by PCR. PCR was also used to investigate the presence of cdt genes. Campylobacter was found in 61% of the chicken fecal samples, in 20% of the poultry products and in 3% of the human feces. C. jejuni was the predominant species and 93,5% of them exhibited the cdt genes. Despite the fact that the prevalence of Campylobacter found in human feces was low, the occurrence of Campylobacter in broilers and poultry products sold in southern Rio Grande do Sul was high. Besides, it has been observed that most of the isolates were highly likely to produce CDT. These results suggest there is a need for preventive measures in the production system and good manufacturing practices in the industry so as to minimize contamination of products and reduce the risk to consumers. / Campylobacter é uma bactéria relacionada a doenças transmitidas por alimentos. É uma das causas mais comuns de diarreia em humanos em todo o mundo. Raramente, pode causar a Síndrome de Guillain-Barré, que ataca as células do sistema nervoso periférico, causando paralisia muscular. Algumas cepas desta bactéria podem produzir uma toxina citoletal distensiva (CDT) capaz de agravar os quadros diarreicos. As aves são o principal reservatório do micro-organismo, do qual são portadoras assintomáticas. Durante o abate de frangos de corte pode ocorrer a contaminação da carne e seus produtos, que são os principais responsáveis pelas infecções em humanos. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a presença de C. jejuni e C. coli em carne de frango, fezes de frango e humanas e pesquisar a presença dos genes cdtA, cdtB e cdtC nos isolados. Foram coletadas 100 amostras de conteúdo fecal de aves de corte, 100 de produtos de frango no comércio varejista e 100 de fezes de humanos. Os produtos de frango foram lavados com Caldo Brucella e semeados em placas de Agar Columbia. As amostras de fezes foram diretamente semeadas nas placas com este meio. A confirmação dos isolados e a identificação das espécies foram realizadas através da técnica de PCR. Também foi utilizada a PCR para pesquisar a presença dos genes cdt. Obteve-se 61% de amostras de fezes de frango positivas para Campylobacter, 20% de produtos de frango e 3% de fezes de humanos. A espécie C.jejuni foi predominante e 93,5% dos isolados desta espécie apresentaram os genes para a toxina CDT. Apesar da prevalência de Campylobacter observada em fezes de humanos ter sido baixa, a ocorrência em fezes de frangos de corte e produtos de frango comercializados na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul foi elevada e a maioria dos isolados apresentou potencial para a produção da toxina CDT. Esses resultados são indicativos da necessidade de medidas preventivas no sistema de produção e de boas práticas de fabricação na indústria, de forma a minimizar a contaminação dos produtos e diminuir o risco para os consumidores.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is often accompanied by non-motor complications, such as dementia, depression, and psychotic symptoms, which worsen the prognosis and increase the personal and socioeconomic burden of disease. Prevalence estimates of these complications are quite variable and are lacking for the outpatient care sector. Methods: As part of a larger, nationwide, cross-sectional epidemiological study in n=315 neurological outpatient settings in Germany, this paper estimates the frequency of dementia and cognitive impairment in n=873 outpatients meeting the UK Brain Bank criteria for idiopathic PD. Assessments were based on a clinical interview and neuropsychological assessments, including the Hoehn & Yahr rating and Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Cognitive impairment was assessed by the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and the Parkinson Neuropsychometric Dementia Assessment (PANDA) and the clinician’s diagnosis of dementia was based on the diagnostic criteria of DSMIV. Results Using standardized cutoff scores, the prevalence of cognitive impairment in the study sample as measured by various methods was 17.5% by MMSE (≤ 24), 41.8% by CDT (≥ 3), 43.6% by PANDA (≤ 14), and 28.6% met the DSM-IV criteria for dementia. All estimates increased with age and PD severity. Gender was an inconsistent contributor while illness duration had no significant impact on cognition. Multiple regression analyses revealed PD severity to be the strongest predictor of dementia risk (OR=4.3; 95 % CI: 2.1–9.1), while neuropsychiatric syndromes had independent, although modest additional contributions (OR=2.5, 95% CI: 1.6–3.8). Conclusion: Estimates of cognitive impairment and dementia in PD patients are largely dependent on the diagnostic measure used. Using established clinical diagnostic standards for dementia the overall rate on routine outpatient neurological care is 28.6%, but using more sensitive neuropsychological measures, rates for cognitive impairment might be up to 2-fold higher. The MMSE revealed strikingly low sensitivity. Neuropsychiatric syndromes, in addition to PD severity and age, have an independent – although modest – additional contribution to patients’ risk for cognitive impairment and dementia.

Transferrin är ett protein som har uppgiften att transportera järn i kroppen. Transferrin är ett glykoprotein med två kolhydratkedjor med två, tre förgreningar med terminala sialinsyror. Antalet sialinsyror ger proteinet olika isoformer och benämns därefter, så som tetrasialotransferrin som har fyra terminala sialinsyror och är den vanligaste förekommande isoformen. Disialotransferrin används som en biokemisk markör för att identifiera individer som har en hög alkoholkonsumtion under en längre period. Disialotransferrin ökar i koncentrationen vid hög alkoholkonsumtion under minst 14 dagar. Den benämns som kolhydratfattigt transferrin (eng. Carbohydrate-Deficient Transferrin, CDT) och analyseras med jonbyteskromatografi. Referensvärdet för CDT är > 2,0 % då en individ har ett alkoholmissburk. Syftet med studien var att undersöka om svarstiden går att förkorta genom att optimera upparbetningen av prover och sedan utföra en metodverifiering. Optimeringen av upparbetningen omfattade en kortare inkuberingstid från nästan ett dygn till 60 minuter, förenklad tillsättning av fällningsreagens och förändrad centrifugering av proverna. I ett inledande försök analyserades 25 serumprover med olika varianter av optimerad upparbetning och resultatet jämfördes mot standardmetoden. Metodverifieringen bestod av analys av 35 serumprover med den nya upparbetningsmetoden vilket jämfördes mot standardmetoden. I analysen jämfördes även precisionen för låg (1,4 % CDT) och hög (3,2 % CDT) kontroll samt två patientprover med ett låg och hög halt av disialotransferrin med den nya metoden. Precisionen för den låga kontrollen och patientprov 1 (CV=18,05 %) visade sig var sämre än för den höga kontrollen och det patientprov 2 (CV=5,79 %). Analys av de 35 proverna visade att det var en bra överensstämmelse mellan metoderna; korrelationskoefficienten var 0,997 och ett parat t-test kunde inte detektera någon statistik signifikant skillnad mellan proverna (95 % konfidensnivå). På grund av den sämre precisionen för låga koncentrationer av disialotransferrin behöver dock den nya upparbetningsmetoden utvärderas ytterligare. Däremot är det bestämningen av CDT-halten runt 2 % som är viktig och den nya metoden har inte sämre variationskoefficient (CV %) än standardmetoden.

The Gram-negative, motile bacterium Campylobacter jejuni is a causative agent of food-borne gastroenteritis. Cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) is one of the important virulence factors for C. jejuni pathogenesis. It was not previously known how CDT is released from C. jejuni into the surrounding environment. In our study, CDT proteins were observed in the periplasmic fraction and all CDT subunits from C. jejuni were released from the bacterial cells in association with OMVs. The OMV-associated toxin caused cytolethal distending effects on tissue culture cells. Our results strongly suggest that the release of OMV-associated CDT is a route by which C. jejuni delivers all CDT toxin subunits (CdtA, CdtB, and CdtC) to the surrounding environment, including infected host tissue.The Gram-negative, motile bacterium Vibrio cholerae is primarily known as the causal organism of the severe dehydrating diarrheal disease cholera. OMVs released from non-O1 non-O139 V. cholerae (NOVC) strain V:5/04 induced an inflammatory response in human host cells. The inflammatory potential is mediated by the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing family members NOD1 and NOD2. Physiochemical analysis in conjunction with NOD1/2 reporter assays in HEK293T cells confirmed the presence of the NOD1/2 active peptidoglycan (PGN) in OMVs. Deletion of the quorum sensing master regulator HapR specifically reduced the inflammatory potential of the V:5/04 OMVs and their ability to activate NOD1 and NOD2. These findings suggest that OMVs from a NOVC strain delivered PGN to the host cells, where they elicited an immune response mediated by NOD1 and NOD2.The Gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a natural inhabitant of the oral cavity, but the bacterium can translocate from the oral cavity into the bloodstream and thereby be transported to other regions of the body. A. actinomycetemcomitans is implicated in aggressive forms of periodontitis. The mechanism behind this aggressive periodontitis was not fully known. In addition to several virulence factors, this organism also produces CDT. We have demonstrated that OMVs released by A. actinomycetemcomitans contain several virulence factors, including CDT. We showed that OMVs delivered CDT to the host cells and that CDT was localized inside the nucleus, which led to a cytolethal distending effect on two different cell lines tested: HeLa cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). These results suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans OMVs could deliver biologically active CDT toxin into the periodontal tissue and may contribute to periodontitis.In our earlier studies, we discovered that an M6 family metalloprotease PrtV was an essential factor for V. cholerae survival from predator grazing. Pure PrtV protein effectively degraded human blood plasma components. In addition, it also showed a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect in the human intestinal HCT8 cell line. V. cholerae produces a large amount of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) during the normal course of cell growth. OMVs are composed of periplasmic proteins, membrane lipids, lipopolysaccharides and outer membrane proteins. We showed that OMVs can transport several biologically active toxins and enzymes to the surrounding environment and ultimately into the host cells. We have initiated analysis of OMV-associated secretion of virulence factors in V. cholerae. It was observed that PrtV is secreted from V. cholerae wild type strain C6706 into the culture supernatant in association with OMVs and OMV-associated PrtV protein is biologically active and more stable than the free, soluble PrtV protease.

Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is an oral bacterium that is mainly associated with aggressive forms of periodontitis, which most often starts at an early age. Amongst the virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans, two exotoxins, the leukotoxin (LtxA) and the cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt), are suggested to play an important role in the pathogenicity of aggressive periodontitis. There is also a genetic diversity of the different strains of A. actinomycetemcomitans, and a variation in the ability of different strains to express and release exotoxins has been suggested. Of the different genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans, the highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype, which is prevalent in individuals of African origin, seems to be the genotype that is most strongly associated with localized aggressive periodontitis. This thesis is built upon studies of a West African adolescent population. The aim was to study the virulence characteristics of A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes with a specific focus on the LtxA and the Cdt in relation to the progression of attachment loss (AL). The specific aim was first, to investigate cross-sectionally the presence of the JP2 and non-JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans in relation to the prevalence of AL and then prospectively to assess the progression of AL in a Ghanaian adolescent population. Second, in clinical isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans obtained from the participants of the study, the serotypes and the virulence characteristics related to the two exotoxins were studied and associated with the progression of AL at the individual level. In Paper I, based on the study population consisting of 500 adolescents (mean age 13.2 years; SD ±1.5), it was shown that the overall carrier rate of A. actinomycetemcomitans was high (54.4%) and that the presence of this bacterium was associated with AL ≥ 3 mm. The JP2 genotype was prevalent (8.8%) in this population. In Paper II, 397 (79.4%) of the study participants were periodontally examined again at a 2-year follow-up. The presence of the JP2 genotype of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque was strongly associated with the progression of AL. This study also provided support for an enhanced estimated risk (odds ratio, OR=3.4), though less pronounced, for the progression of AL in individuals positive for the non-JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans. In Paper III, all three cdt genes (a, b and c) were detected in 79% of the examined A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates, all of which expressed an active toxin. The distribution of the cdt genes showed a serotype-dependent pattern. In particular, the presence of the b serotypes (both JP2 and non-JP2 genotypes) was associated with the disease progression, whereas the expression of Cdt was not particularly related to the disease progression.  In Paper IV, it was shown that the presence of of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates with high leukotoxicity, also those of the non-JP2 genotypes of A. actinomycetemcomitans, were associated with an increased risk of the progression of AL in relation to the reference group. The main proportion of the serotype b isolates was distributed in the category of highly leukotoxic isolates. The analyses of the non-JP2 genotypes of serotype b indicated a diversity linked to the level of leukotoxicity. In conclusion, A. actinomycetemcomitans in general was associated with the progression of AL. Individuals with an increased risk of developing progression of AL mainly harboured isolates of A. actinomycetemcomitans with a high leukotoxicity, which suggests that the LtxA is an important virulence factor. Of the two exotoxins, the pathogenic potential was mainly associated with the LtxA, while the role of the Cdt is unclear.

1ABSTRACTCarbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is a biomarker for excessive and long-running intake of alcohol. It is a form of transferrin called disialotransferrin that under normal circumstances is <2 % of total transferrin in human blood. An increase is seen when alcohol consumption exceeds450 g per week. CDT is analyzed in serum usinghigh performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV/VIS detection. The purpose of this study was to investigate if an “in routine” method could be improved by switching columns.With ion exchange chromatography transferrin glycoforms are separated and quantified. The carbohydrate-deficient transferrin glycoforms have an isoelectric point between 5,7-5,9 that depends on the number of sialic acids on the molecule. With the use of a salt gradient and pH above the isoelectric point the glycoforms can beseparated depending on their affinity to the stationary phase. Batches with patient and control serum was first analyzed on the routine column Source 15Q PE and then on the alternative column Reprospher 200 SAX 5μm.Student’s t-test showed that the two methods’results correlated but were significantly different. A Bland-Altman plot illustrated differences between the two columns. High and low control serum values from Reprospher were lower than the accepted interval. In this study Reprospher’s stationary phase seemed to be affected to such an extent that stabile retention time, better resolution, and stabile values could not be achieved and because the information about the column was lacking an attempt to regeneratethe columnwas not conducted.

No description available.