Submitted by LEDA RIBEIRO NOGUEIRA null (led_nogueira@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-27T18:24:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VERSÃO FINAL PARA O REPOSITÓRIO-DISSERTAÇÃO DE MESTRADO.pdf: 2487059 bytes, checksum: 2da98711e0c738f9472b37e4b310b4b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-03T18:05:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_lr_me_soro.pdf: 2172157 bytes, checksum: a7db0217b115ba75e70b9535773ceedb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-03T18:05:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nogueira_lr_me_soro.pdf: 2172157 bytes, checksum: a7db0217b115ba75e70b9535773ceedb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / Os estudos dos efeitos de agentes tóxicos nos organismos aquáticos são necessários para o estabelecimento de concentrações seguras de exposição, destacando-se o uso para a proteção da vida aquática. Nesse contexto, o pesticida emergente chlorantraniliprole tem sido utilizado desde 2007 em algumas culturas como cana-de-açúcar, arroz, milho, maçã, uva, dentre outras. Poucas informações ecotoxicológicas sobre este pesticida são relatadas na literatura considerando-se sua atuação nos ambientes de águas doces. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os aspectos ecotoxicológicos deste inseticida sobre o organismo-teste Ceriodaphnia dubia por meio de testes de toxicidade aguda, buscando-se obter o valor médio de CE50 (48h) (Concentração que causa efeito em 50% da população em 48h, por meio da análise da imobilidade ou mortalidade) calculado por meio do Software ICPIN e do método de Interpolação Linear, e por meio de testes de toxicidade crônica, buscando-se adquirir os valores de CENO (maior concentração de efeito não observado na reprodução), CEO (menor concentração de efeito observado sobre os aspectos reprodutivos) e VC (valor crônico – média geométrica entre CENO e CEO). Os valores de CENO e CEO foram obtidos utilizando-se o Software BioStat 5.3 e o método de Kruskal-Wallis, a fim de se comparar a significância da redução no número de neonatos em relação ao grupo controle. As soluções-teste foram preparadas, a partir do padrão puro de chlorantraniliprole ( Sigma-Aldrich, 99% de pureza) e solubilizado em acetona. O resultado para a toxicidade aguda com C. dubia foi de 2,9±1,11 µg/L. Os testes de toxicidade crônica revelaram CENO de 0,61±0,33 µg/L, CEO de 0,91±0,49 µg/L e VC foi de 0,74 µg/L. Considerando-se a proteção da vida aquática, recomenda-se, com base na presente pesquisa, uma concentração de 0,74 µg/L do princípio ativo do pesticida chlorantraniliprole, como limite seguro. / Studies of the effects of toxic agents on aquatic organisms are needed to establish safe levels of exposure, especially the use for the protection of aquatic life. In this context, chlorantraniliprole emerging pesticide has been used since 2007 in some crops such as sugarcane, rice, corn, apples, grapes and others. Few ecotoxicological information is reported in the literature considering its performance in freshwater environments. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ecotoxicological aspects of this insecticide on the Ceriodaphnia dubia test organism through acute toxicity tests, seeking to obtain the average value of EC50 (48h) (concentration causing effect by 50% population in 48 hours, through the analysis of inhibition of swimming or mortality), and through chronic toxicity tests, searching for acquiring the NOEC values (greater concentration effect not observed in the reproduction ), LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration on the reproductive aspects) and CV (chronic value - geometric mean of NOEC and LOEC). The NOEC and LOEC values were performed using the BioStat 5.3 software and the statistical analysis Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the significance of the reduction in the number of newborns in the control group. The test solutions were prepared from the neat standard chlorantraniliprole (Sigma-Aldrich, 99% purity) and solubilized in acetone. The results for acute toxicity C. dubia were 2.9 ± 1.11 µg / L-1. The chronic toxicity tests revealed NOEC of 0.61 ± 0.33 µg / L-1, LOEC of 0.91 ± 0.49 µg / L-1 and CV was 0.74 µg / L-1. Considering and protection of aquatic life, it is recommended based on this study, a concentration of 0.74 µg / L-1 of the active ingredient of the pesticide chlorantraniliprole as safe limit.

The continued research and development of high-order methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is primarily motivated by their potential to significantly reduce the computational cost and memory usage required to obtain a solution to a desired level of accuracy. In this work, a high-order Central Essentially Non-Oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme is developed for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. The proposed CENO scheme is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure using a fixed central stencil. A solution smoothness indicator facilitates the hybrid switching between a high-order k-exact reconstruction technique, and a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The resulting scheme is applied to the compressible forms of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. The latter of which includes the application of this high-order work to the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulent non-reacting flows.

The continued research and development of high-order methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is primarily motivated by their potential to significantly reduce the computational cost and memory usage required to obtain a solution to a desired level of accuracy. In this work, a high-order Central Essentially Non-Oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme is developed for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. The proposed CENO scheme is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure using a fixed central stencil. A solution smoothness indicator facilitates the hybrid switching between a high-order k-exact reconstruction technique, and a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The resulting scheme is applied to the compressible forms of the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations in three dimensions. The latter of which includes the application of this high-order work to the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of turbulent non-reacting flows.

A high-order central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme in combination with a block-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm is proposed for solution of hyperbolic and elliptic systems of conservation laws on body- fitted multi-block mesh. The spatial discretization of the hyperbolic (inviscid) terms is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure that combines an unlimited high-order k-exact least-squares reconstruction technique following from a fixed central stencil with a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The limited reconstruction is applied to computational cells with under-resolved solution content and the unlimited k-exact reconstruction procedure is used for cells in which the solution is fully resolved. Switching in the hybrid procedure is determined by a solution smoothness indicator. The hybrid approach avoids the complexity associated with other ENO schemes that require reconstruction on multiple stencils and therefore, would seem very well suited for extension to unstructured meshes. The high-order elliptic (viscous) fluxes are computed based on a k-order accurate average gradient derived from a (k+1)-order accurate reconstruction. A novel h-refinement criterion based on the solution smoothness indicator is used to direct the steady and unsteady refinement of the AMR mesh. The predictive capabilities of the proposed high-order AMR scheme are demonstrated for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing two-dimensional compressible gaseous flows as well as for advection-diffusion problems characterized by the full range of Peclet numbers, Pe. The ability of the scheme to accurately represent solutions with smooth extrema and yet robustly handle under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content (i.e., shocks and other discontinuities) is shown for a range of problems. Moreover, the ability to perform mesh refinement in regions of smooth but under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content to achieve the desired resolution is also demonstrated.

A high-order central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume scheme in combination with a block-based adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithm is proposed for solution of hyperbolic and elliptic systems of conservation laws on body- fitted multi-block mesh. The spatial discretization of the hyperbolic (inviscid) terms is based on a hybrid solution reconstruction procedure that combines an unlimited high-order k-exact least-squares reconstruction technique following from a fixed central stencil with a monotonicity preserving limited piecewise linear reconstruction algorithm. The limited reconstruction is applied to computational cells with under-resolved solution content and the unlimited k-exact reconstruction procedure is used for cells in which the solution is fully resolved. Switching in the hybrid procedure is determined by a solution smoothness indicator. The hybrid approach avoids the complexity associated with other ENO schemes that require reconstruction on multiple stencils and therefore, would seem very well suited for extension to unstructured meshes. The high-order elliptic (viscous) fluxes are computed based on a k-order accurate average gradient derived from a (k+1)-order accurate reconstruction. A novel h-refinement criterion based on the solution smoothness indicator is used to direct the steady and unsteady refinement of the AMR mesh. The predictive capabilities of the proposed high-order AMR scheme are demonstrated for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations governing two-dimensional compressible gaseous flows as well as for advection-diffusion problems characterized by the full range of Peclet numbers, Pe. The ability of the scheme to accurately represent solutions with smooth extrema and yet robustly handle under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content (i.e., shocks and other discontinuities) is shown for a range of problems. Moreover, the ability to perform mesh refinement in regions of smooth but under-resolved and/or non-smooth solution content to achieve the desired resolution is also demonstrated.