Orientador: Ruben Bresaola Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franquini_PauloEduardo_M.pdf: 2223374 bytes, checksum: daba13dae2b6107bdc84e30e66001bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar, em escala de laboratório, a formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (SPD), aldeídos (ALD) e trialometanos (THM), originados a partir da oxidação em soluções contendo ácidos húmicos na presença ou não de íons brometo, sob a ação do cloro livre, sob diferentes concentrações e tempos de contato. A técnica analítica utilizada foi a extração líquido-líquido e cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons, a qual proporcionou a separação dos SPD originados em espécies: formaldeído, acetaldeído, glioxal, metilglioxal, clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, dibromoclorometano e bromofórmio. A presença de íons brometo proporcionou maiores concentrações de ALD totais (TALD) e THM totais (TTHM), sob o tempo de contato de 12 h e 24 h, respectivamente. A variação de concentração de íons brometo de 0,50 para 2,00 mg L?1, promoveu uma depreciação na concentração de TALD em 12 h e uma inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes que existiam na ausência dos íons. A inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes de THM que existiam na ausência dos íons também foi presenciada, sendo que prevaleceram as espécies bromadas em detrimento das cloradas. Os resultados com íons brometo indicaram a possibilidade da existência de reações de oxidação competitivas para cada grupo de SPD e discutidas no trabalho. A remoção dos SPD foi realizada por adsorção mediante a utilização de carvão ativado em pó (CAP) em diferentes dosagens e com tempos de detenção do CAP de 60 e 120 min, seguido de simulação, em laboratório, do tratamento convencional de água, utilizando-se o sulfato de alumínio como coagulante. Os resultados destes ensaios realizados demonstraram remoções da ordem de 77% para os aldeídos totais, empregando-se dosagem de 30 mg L?1 de CAP e de 86% para os THM totais, empregando-se dosagem de 100 mg L?1 do mesmo, ambas as remoções sob tempo de detenção de 60 min. Os resultados de remoções de THM totais proporcionaram a adequação da água nos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e permitiram realizar simulações de custo do CAP a ser utilizado nas estações de tratamento de água / Abstract: The present research was to evaluate, in laboratory scale, the formation of disinfection byproducts (DPB), aldehydes (ALD) and trihalomethanes (THM), originated from the oxidation in solutions containing humic acids in the presence or not of ions bromide, under the action of free chlorine, under different concentrations and timing contact. The analytical technique used was the extraction liquid-liquid and gás chromatography with electrons detector capture, which provided the separation of DPB originated in species: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl-glyoxal, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. The presence of íons bromide gave higher concentrations of total ALD (TALD) and total THM (TTHM), under the time contact of 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The variation in the concentration of íons bromide from 0,50 to 2,00 mg L?1, caused depreciation in the concentration of TALD and a reversal in concentrations of predominant species that existed in the absence of ions. The reversal in concentrations of the THM predominant species that existed in the íons absence was also seen, and the brominated species prevailed at the detriment of chlorinated ones. The results with ions bromide indicated the possibility of the existence of competitive oxidation reactions for each group of DPB and it was discussed on the work. The removal of DPB was performed by adsorption using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in different dosages and with times of detention of PAC of 60 and 120 min, followed by simulation of the conventional water treatment, in the laboratory, using aluminum sulphate as coagulant. The adsorption test results, followed by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, showed removals of the order of 77% for TALD, using dosage of 30 mg L?1 PAC, and 86% for TTHM, using dosage of 100 mg L?1 of the same, both removals under detention time of 60 min. The total THM removal results gave the adequacy of water within the limits established by Brazilian legislation and allowed the realizations of simulations of cost of PAC to be used in water treatment / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Ruben Bresaola Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T11:49:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marmo_CarlosRenato_M.pdf: 2657579 bytes, checksum: 5995fb2c9ebb8d2a626b9bc6f6ec4b0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: A presente pesquisa avaliou, em escala de laboratório, a formação de trihalometanos (THM) produzidos em reações de oxidação, com cloro livre, de amostras de água contendo ácidos húmicos, sob diferentes concentrações e tempos de contato. O estudo também abrangeu a presença do íon brometo, como forma de se avaliar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, as diferentes espécies de THM produzidas. A detecção dos trihalometanos formados foi realizada, comparativamente, através de duas técnicas analíticas. A cromatografia gasosa, indicada para a análise de tais moléculas, permitiu a quantificação dos compostos clorofórmio, diclorobromometano, dibromoclorometano e bromofórmio. A espectrofotometria foi avaliada como metodologia alternativa à primeira, permitindo a expressão dos resultados apenas em THM totais. Foram realizados ensaios de remoção de THM por adsorção em diferentes concentrações de carvão ativado em pó (CAP), seguido de processos de coagulação com sulfato de alumínio, floculação, sedimentação e filtração, em reatores estáticos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a formação de THM é diretamente proporcional às concentrações de cloro, ácidos húmicos, íon brometo e ao tempo de contato das reações. Os procedimentos de adsorção em CAP, seguido de processos convencionais de tratamento de água, demonstraram remoções de THM das amostras da ordem de até 89%. O aumento da concentração de CAP de 10 para 150 mg/L, e do tempo de contato de adsorção de 60 para 120 minutos, contribuiu para os melhores desempenhos nos experimentos realizados. As técnicas de detecção de THM por cromatografia gasosa e por espectrofotometria apresentaram resultados diferentes nas condições destes ensaios / Abstract: The present research evaluated, in laboratory scale, the formation of trihalomethanes (THM) produced in oxidation reactions, with free chlorine, of water samples with humic acids, in different concentrations and reaction time. This research also studied the presence of the bromide ion, to evaluate, qualitatively and quantitatively, the different species of THM produced. Trihalomethanes detection was comparatively investigated through two analytical techniques. The gaseous chromatography, indicated for the analysis of such molecules, resulted in the quantification of chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. The spectrophotometric technique was evaluated as an alternative methodology to the first one, allowing the expression of the results only in total THM. Static reactors were used to carry out assays of THM removal by adsorption in different concentrations of powdered activated carbon (PAC), followed by coagulation processes with aluminium sulphate, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration. The results indicated that THM formation is directly proportional to the concentrations of chlorine, humic acids, bromide ion and reaction time. The procedure of PAC adsorption, followed by conventional processes of water treatment were effective, showing THM removal from the samples of up to 89%. The increase in PAC concentration from 10 to 150 mg/L, and adsorption reaction time from 60 to 120 minutes, resulted in the best performances. The methodologies for THM based on gaseous chromatography and espectrophotometric presented different results in the laboratory conditions of these assays / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Os azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 são amplamente utilizados para o tingimento de fibras e são mutagênicos para o ensaio de Salmonella/microssoma e para o ensaio de micronúcleos. O aumento da complexidade e dificuldades para o tratamento de efluentes têxteis tem levado à busca constante de novas metodologias para o tratamento destes rejeitos. A cloração é um método amplamente empregado para a desinfecção de águas e efluentes, mas também para remover ou reduzir a cor do efluente a fim de atender o padrão de emissão da legislação brasileira. Porém, muitos trabalhos mostram que este tratamento muitas vezes não é capaz de remover a mutagenicidade dos corantes e em alguns casos pode até aumentar a toxicidade da amostra. Já a fotoeletrocatálise, aparentemente, é eficiente tanto na degradação desses compostos em amostras aquosas como na redução da atividade mutagênica, como demonstraram alguns ensaios preliminares. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a avaliação da eficiência do tratamento por fotoeletrocatálise na remoção da mutagenicidade dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 presentes em amostras aquosas em comparação à cloração química convencional utilizando o teste de micronúcleos (MNs) em células HepG2. Os resultados demonstraram que a freqüência de MNs induzidos pelas diferentes concentrações testadas das soluções dos corantes estudados não foram significativamente diferentes do controle negativo. Nossos dados também revelaram que os índices de proliferação do bloqueio da citocinese (IPBC) em cultura de células HepG2 tratadas com os três corantes após a cloração e fotoeletrocatálise também não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas em relação aos seus respectivos controles negativos. A análise comparativa dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 clorados e fotoeletrocatalisados com os corantes originais estudados pelo nosso grupo (CHEQUER, 2008; CHEQUER et al., 2009) mostrou uma diminuição no número de MNs indicando que após os tratamentos houve a remoção da mutagenicidade a partir da concentração de 1,0 µg/mL para os três corantes estudados. Portanto, podemos concluir que a cloração química convencional e a fotoeletrocatálise, nas condições testadas, são eficientes na remoção da mutagenicidade dos azo corantes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 e Disperse Red 13 em relação à indução de micronúcleos. / The azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 are widely used in dyeing processes and are mutagenic for Salmonella/microsome and micronucleus assays. The increasing of the complexity and difficulties for treatments of textile effluents has led to a constant search for new methodologies for the treatment of these wastewaters. Chlorination is a method extensively used for water and wastewaters disinfection and to remove or reduce the color of effluents in order to respect the standard of discharges issued by the Brazilian legislation. However, a lot of studies have shown that this treatment is not often able to remove the mutagenicity of the dyes, and in some cases it may even increase the toxicity of the sample. On the other hand, photoelectrocatalysis is apparently efficient both in the degradation of these compounds in aqueous samples and in reduction of the mutagenic activity, as demonstrated by some preliminary assays. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the photoelectrocatalysis treatment in the removal of the mutagenicity of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 present in aqueous sample in comparison to conventional chemical chlorination using the micronucleus test (MNs) in HepG2 cells. The results showed that the frequency of MNs induced by different tested concentrations of the solutions of the studied dyes were not significantly different from the negative control. Our data also revealed that the cytokinesis-block proliferation index (CPBI) in cultures of HepG2 cells treated with the three dyes after chlorination and photoelectrocatalysis also showed no statistical differences related to the their respective negative controls. The comparative analysis of azo dyes chlorinated and photoelectrocatalysed Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 with the original dyes studied by our group (CHEQUER, 2008; CHEQUER et al., 2009) showed a decrease in the number of MNs indicating that after the treatments occurred the removal of the mutagenicity potencial at concentration of 1,0 µg/mL for the three dyes studied. Therefore, we conclude that conventional chemical chlorination and photoelectrocatalysis, under the conditions tested, are effective in removing of the mutagenicity of the azo dyes Disperse Red 1, Disperse Orange 1 and Disperse Red 13 related to induction of micronucleus.

[pt] A ustulação cloretante é um processo amplamente utilizado no âmbito da metalurgia extrativa, principalmente no que se diz respeito à obtenção de metais. Estudos demonstram que a partir de um agente cloretante gasoso e a incorporação no sistema de um agente redutor, tanto a cinética quanto a termodinâmica das reações são estimuladas. Neste contexto, compostos organoclorados, como CCl4 e C2Cl4, despontam como candidatos promissores à substituição do Cl2. O presente estudo realiza uma avaliação termodinâmica dos processos a partir de diagramas de especiação para o equilíbrio, assim como a modelagem de dados cinéticos associados à cloração do óxido de cobre (CuO - 923 K a 1173 K) e do pentóxido de tântalo (Ta2O5 - 1073 K a 1223 K), em atmosfera de C2Cl4 diluído em N2, mediante o emprego de equações já consolidadas no âmbito da modelagem de reações gás-sólido (núcleo não reagido, auto-catalítico e Avrami). Os modelos do núcleo não reagido com controle difusional pela camada de cinzas e controle químico, foram os dois que apresentaram ajustes de melhor qualidade. O modelo difusional apresentou energia de ativação global para o CuO de 71,5592 mais ou menos 10 kJ.mol(-1) e de 62,2606 mais ou menos 10 kJ.mol (-1) para o Ta2O5, enquanto que com controle químico, para o CuO, obteve-se o valor de 118,0049 mais ou menos 10 kJ.mol(-1) e para o Ta2O5 um valor de 119,131 mais ou menos 10 kJ.mol(-1). Valores consistentes com o que é apresentado na literatura, sendo superiores em modelos com premissa química do que em modelos difusionais. Aspectos físicos também foram considerados e mediante ao número de Reynolds encontrado (Re=0,26 – escoamento laminar), reforçou-se um controle de natureza mista possível para ambos os óxidos. / [en] Chloride roasting is a process widely used in the field of extractive metallurgy, especially with regard to obtaining metals. Studies show that from a gaseous chlorinating agent and the incorporation of a reducing agent in the system, both the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the reactions are stimulated. In this context, organochlorine compounds, such as CCl4 and C2Cl4, stand out as promising candidates for the replacement of Cl2. The present study performs a thermodynamic evaluation of the processes from speciation diagrams for equilibrium, as well as the modeling of kinetic data associated with the chlorination of copper oxide (CuO - 923 K to 1173 K) and tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5 - 1073 K to 1223 K), in an atmosphere of C2Cl4 diluted in N2, using equations already consolidated in the context of gas-solid reaction modeling (shrinking core, auto-catalytic and Avrami). The models of the shrinking core with diffusional control by the ash layer and chemical control, were the two that presented better quality adjustments. The diffusional model showed global activation energy for the CuO of 71.5592 plus-minus 10 kJ.mol (-1) and 62.2606 plus-minus 10 kJ.mol (-1) for Ta2O5, while with chemical control, for CuO, 118.0049 plus-minus 10 kJ.mol (-1) was obtained and for Ta2O5 a value of 119,131 plus-minus 10 kJ.mol (-1). Values consistent with what is presented in the literature, being higher in models with chemical premise than in diffusion models. Physical aspects were also considered and, based on the Reynolds number found (Re = 0,26 - laminar flow), a control of mixed nature possible for both oxides was reinforced.

Chlorine has effectively reduced the prevalence of waterborne diseases, however there are secondary consequences to this public health advancement. Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are chemicals formed when chlorine reacts with natural organic matter (NOM) in water. A new class of DBPs, halobenzoquinones (HBQs), has recently been identified and data suggests it could be potentially carcinogenic and up to 1000 times more toxic than some regulated DBPs. So far, in vitro studies have assessed HBQ toxicity without taking into account its transformation in cell media into potentially less toxic compounds. This study evaluated the toxic effects of one HBQ, 2,6-DCBQ, and its transformed derivatives on colon epithelial and liver hepatoma cell lines by measuring intracellular reactive oxygen species production and cell viability post-DCBQ exposure. In addition, to better quantify the trade-off between exposure to waterborne pathogens and 2,6-DCBQ, the inactivation of a virus indicator (MS2), and formation of DCBQ were determined in chlorinated surface waters. Dose-dependent toxic effects were observed in both cell lines and transformed DCBQs were observed to be less toxic than their parent compound. MS2 inactivation occurred immediately post-chlorination, but DCBQ was detected simultaneously. Such findings indicate that this compound is toxic to human cells, including colon epithelial cells, which may be pertinent due to the possible association between chlorinated waters and colon cancer. Findings also suggest this DBP may be relevant in developing countries because HBQs may form in point-of-use chlorinated drinking waters. Furthermore, observed reduction in toxicity of media-transformed DCBQs calls current literature on HBQ toxicity into question.

This Master´s thesis deals with heterogeneous photochlorination of polyolefins and especially with the photochlorination of polypropylene itself. In the theoretical part the available information about properties, manufactory and application of chlorinated polyolefins, specifically polyethylene and polypropylene, is provided. The basic principles of the photochemistry are described, which are further applied to the issue of photochemistry chain reactions and photochemical halogenations, mainly photochlorinations. The practical part includes design and realization of few types of equipment for the heterogeneous photochlorination of polypropylene done at low temperatures (to 50° C) by gaseous chlorine in bulk or chlorine suspended in suspension of PP in CCl4. Series of chlorination was accomplished, which was varied in the type of PP, in the way of dosage Cl2 and in the period of high pressure mercury lamp irradiation (1–90 minutes). The chlorine content in prepared samples was determined by the gravimetry with ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, as well as by the Shöniger combustion method. Their accuracies were than compared. The chlorine content dependence on the period of chlorination and on the porosity of initial PP was established.

The quality of raw water is deteriorating with the continuous increase in environmental pollution. Raw water is being modified to drinking water by technological processes, and it is therefore necessary to put increased demands on the efficiency of these technological processes and their possible innovation. Due to the fact that raw water is contaminated with different types of pollutants, it is necessary to continuously control the drinking water supplied to the public distribution network in order to ensure its quality. Drinking water treatment is still unable to treat the raw water perfectly, its pollution is only reduced to acceptable standards. For this reason, it is indispensable that the quality of drinking water is being checked regularly and at the same time the efficiency of individual technological processes of drinking water treatment is assessed. This includes screening analysis or eventually ecotoxicological tests. The thesis focuses on the efficiency of technological processes of drinking water treatment. Within the experimental part, samples of raw water and samples of water after each separation stage have been collected at the drinking water treatment plant in the Czech Republic. These samples have been subjected to ecotoxicological tests and screening analysis. Based on the ecotoxicological tests carried out on Thamnocephalus platyurus, Lemna minor and Vibrio fischeri, we can assume the emergence of harmful chlorinated by-products, resulting to nearly 100% mortality in T. platyurus. The results of the screening analysis carried out indicate, after the extraction of specimens by the SPE method using HPLC/MS, that the most effective method for the removal of hormonal substances is ozonization.

Le domaine de recherche de la chimie du fluor a connu un essor considérable. En particulier, le motif SCF3 et plus récemment les groupements SCF2R (R = H, SO2Ph, SAr, COAr, Rf) ont fait l'objet d'une attention particulière de la part de la communauté scientifique du fait de leurs propriétés remarquables. Dans ce contexte, le développement de nouvelles méthodologies et de réactifs originaux pour l'introduction de ces groupements fluorés a suscité un fort intérêt. En conséquence, les objectifs de cette thèse ont été 1) de développer de nouvelles méthodologies pour la fonctionnalisation de liaisons C(sp3)-H par l'introduction directe d'un motif SCF3 catalysée par des métaux de transition, et son extension à d'autres groupements fonctionnels ainsi que 2) de concevoir et étudier de nouveaux réactifs fluorés électrophiles. La première partie de cette thèse a été dédiée au développement d'une réaction de trifluorométhylthiolation d'amides aliphatiques catalysée au palladium, une transformation inédite (Chapitre 2). Puis, la chloration d'amides aliphatiques catalysée au palladium, dans des conditions douces, a été étudiée (Chapitre 3). Enfin, une nouvelle voie de synthèse pour accéder aux sulfénamides trifluorométhylés a été développée (Chapitre 4). Cette approche a été étendue à la préparation d'un nouveau réactif électrophile pour l'introduction du groupement SCN. De plus, un réactif électrophile original, source du motif SCF2PO(OEt)2, a été synthétisé et appliqué à la construction de liaisons C-SCF2PO(OEt)2, N-SCF2PO(OEt)2 et S-SCF2PO(OEt)2 ainsi qu'à la synthèse d'un composé d'intérêt biologique (Chapitre 4). / The organofluorine chemistry field has witnessed a very fast expansion. In particular, the SCF3 moiety and more recently the SCF2R groups (R = H, SO2Ph, SAr, COAr, Rf) have attracted a special interest from the scientific community because of their remarkable properties. In this context, the development of new methodologies and original reagents for the introduction of such fluorinated groups is particularly appealing. Therefore, the goals of this thesis were 1) to develop a new methodology for the direct introduction of the SCF3 group by transition metal-catalyzed C(sp3)-H bond functionalization and its extension to other functional groups as well as 2) to design and study new electrophilic fluorinated reagents.The first part of this Ph.D. thesis was dedicated to the development of an unprecedented Pd-catalyzed trifluoromethylthiolation of aliphatic amides by C-H bond functionalization (Chapter 2). Then, the Pd-catalyzed chlorination of aliphatic amides by C-H bond functionalization under mild conditions was investigated (Chapter 3). Finally, a newly designed strategy for the synthesis of trifluoromethanesulfenamides was elaborated (Chapter 4). This approach was extended to the preparation of a new electrophilic reagent for the thiocyanation reaction. In addition, an original electrophilic SCF2PO(OEt)2 reagent was designed and applied to the construction of C-SCF2PO(OEt)2, N-SCF2PO(OEt)2 and S-SCF2PO(OEt)2 bonds as well as to the synthesis of a biorelevant compound (Chapter 4).

Introducción: La cloración de agua es usada para controlar enfermedades entéricas; sin embargo, también conlleva la formación de productos derivados que pueden dañar el epitelio respiratorio. Nuestro objetivo es evaluar si existe asociación entre el nivel de cloro residual del agua del hogar y la presencia de síntomas respiratorios y diarrea en niños menores de 5 años en el Perú. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico basado en un análisis secundario de las cinco últimas Encuestas Demográficas y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), Perú 2015-2019. Se incluyeron menores de 5 años en cuyos hogares se realizó medición de cloro residual del agua para consumo humano. Se analizaron tres desenlaces: síntomas respiratorios sin fiebre, síntomas respiratorios con fiebre, y diarrea en los 14 días previos a la encuesta. Se obtuvieron razones de prevalencia crudas y ajustadas (RPa) empleando regresión de Poisson considerando la muestra compleja. Resultados: Se incluyeron 95631 niños, 51.2% de sexo masculino. La prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios sin fiebre fue 19.4%, de síntomas respiratorios con fiebre 14.7%, y de diarrea 11.6%. El 30.5% de hogares tuvieron niveles de cloro residual ≥0.5 mg/L, y fue no detectable en 54.6%. Niveles ≥0.5 mg/L aumentaron la probabilidad de síntomas respiratorios sin fiebre (RPa 1.09; IC95% 1.03–1.15) y redujeron presencia de diarrea (RPa 0.90; IC95% 0.84–0.96). Niveles 0.1-0.5mg/L aumentaron la probabilidad de síntomas respiratorios sin fiebre (RPa 1.10; IC95% 1.04–1.16), y redujeron diarrea (RPa 0.89; IC95% 0.83–0.96). No hubo asociación con síntomas respiratorios con fiebre. Conclusiones: Los niveles de cloro residual ≥0.5 mg/l y entre 0.1-0.5 mg/l se asociaron a mayor prevalencia de síntomas respiratorios sin fiebre, y menor prevalencia de diarrea, pero no con síntomas respiratorios con fiebre. Debería explorarse más la relación entre cloración de agua del hogar e irritación de las vías áreas en niños. / Introduction: Water chlorination is a cornerstone for enteric diseases control; however, it could also lead to disinfection-by-products formation, which may damage the respiratory epithelium. This study aims to assess association of residual chlorine levels in household water with respiratory symptoms and diarrhea in Peruvian children under 5 years old.  Methods: Cross-sectional study using data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) from 2015 to 2019. Subjects were children under 5 years old who had their household water tested for residual chlorine levels. Association with respiratory symptoms without fever, respiratory symptoms with fever, and diarrhea were assessed using crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) employing Poisson regression adjusted per complex sampling. Results: 95631 children were included, 51.2% males. Prevalence of respiratory symptoms without fever was 19.4%, respiratory symptoms with fever 14.7%, and diarrhea 11.6%. Households with residual chlorine levels ≥0.5 mg/L were 30.5%; and 54.6% had non-detectable levels. Levels ≥0.5 mg/L were associated with higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms without fever (aPR 1.09; 95%CI 1.03–1.15) and less diarrhea (aPR 0.90; 95%CI 0.84–0.96). Levels 0.1-0.5mg/L were associated with higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms without fever (aPR 1.10; 95%CI 1.04–1.16) and less diarrhea (aPR 0.89; 95%IC95 0.83–0.96). There was no association with respiratory symptoms with fever. Conclusions: Residual chlorine levels ≥0.5 mg/L and between 0.1-0.5 mg/L were associated with higher prevalence of respiratory symptoms without fever, and with less prevalence of diarrhea, but not with respiratory symptoms accompanied by fever. Relationship between household water chlorination and airway irritation in children should be further explored. / Tesis

No description available.