Le mélanome cutané est le plus agressif des cancers de la peau. Une fois métastasé, les options thérapeutiques sont limitées et peu efficaces. Dans le but de trouver de nouveaux marqueurs d'agressivité du mélanome cutané, une étude protéomique comparative entre deux lignées de mélanome murin, génétiquement semblables mais avec des agressivités différentes, a permis d'identifier l'annexine A1 (ANXA1) comme une protéine pro-invasive. Le but de ce travail de thèse a été d'évaluer la valeur pronostique d'ANXA1 et de déterminer son rôle et son mode d'action dans les processus d'invasion des mélanomes humains. Lors d'une étude immunohistologique rétrospective sur deux centres (Clermont-Ferrand et Saint-Etienne), il a été observé, indépendamment de l'indice de Breslow, une corrélation inverse entre le taux d'ANXA1 dans les tumeurs primitives de 61 patients et le délai d’apparition des métastases. Cette association est due à l’implication d’ANXA1 dans les processus d’invasion. En effet,nous avons démontré dans différentes lignées de mélanome qu'ANXA1 extracellulaire stimule les récepteurs aux peptides formylés (FPRs) exprimés par ces cellules. Cette fixation aux FPRs induit les voies des MAPK et STAT3 qui entraînent l'activation des métalloprotéases (MMP2). L'induction des MMP2 par ANXA1 augmente significativement le pouvoir invasif des lignées de mélanome. Nous avons aussi démontré qu’ANXA1 est transloquée coté externe de la membrane cytoplasmique là où elle subit un clivage par une sérine protéase qui pourrait être la nicaline. Ce clivage qui se produit après la sérine 28 n'a pas été décrit et jouerait un rôle dans la capacité invasive des mélanomes en libérant un ou des peptide(s) proinvasif(s). A long terme, ce travail vise à utiliser ANXA1 comme marqueur pronostique et/ou cible thérapeutique du mélanome cutané. / Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive skin cancer. Treatment options are limited and inefficient when melanoma has metastasized. In order to identify new markers of melanoma dissemination, protein profiles of two genetically similar murine melanoma cell lines have been compared. Both B16F10 and B16Bl6 cells induced primary tumours after subcutaneous graft, however, only B16Bl6 melanomas develop metastases. Among proteins differentially expressed, annexin A1 (ANXA1) is overexpressed in the aggressive B16Bl6 melanoma.The aim of the present work was to assess ANXA1 prognostic value in human melanoma and todecipher its implication in the invasion process. We report that, regardless of Breslow index, ANXA1 expression in primary tumours of 61 patients is inversely correlated with time to metastasis. This correlation is due to ANXA1 involvement in the invasion processes. Indeed, we show that in different human melanoma cell lines, extra cellular ANXA1 stimulates Formylated Peptide Receptors (FPRs). FPRs/ANXA1 interaction induces MMP2 activity through MAP Kinase and STAT3 pathways. ANXA1-stimulated MMP2 induces a significant increase of cell invasion ability. We also show that ANXA1 is externalized and localized on the cell surface where it is cleaved by a serine protease, which could be nicalin. ANXA1 cleavage occurs after Serine 28, a so far not described site. These data suggest that ANXA1 cleavage might be associated with invasion ability of melanoma cells by release of proinvasive peptide(s).These findings identify ANXA1 as a melanoma proinvasive protein that might be a promising prognosis marker and therapeutic target.

Expanding upon our understanding of plant defense is critical, particularly with the perilous threats of climate change and overpopulation to our food security, health and well-being. In this study, we focused on plant defense using two distinct approaches. First, we performed a proteomic analysis of plant exosome-like nanoparticles in order to elucidate their defense related protein cargo. Secondly, we used a wheat antimicrobial protein, puroindoline, as a fusion partner for the expression of recombinant proteins in rice endosperm. Plant exosome-like nanoparticles (ELP) were isolated from fresh tomato and subjected to mass spectrometry (MS) analysis. The ELPs were compared to fresh pressed tomato juice, and the proteins that were significantly upregulated in the ELPs were analyzed for their defensive properties. Bioinformatic analysis identified 30 proteins upregulated in the ELPs, with a majority of these being involved in plant defense. Puroindoline is a protein found in soft wheat varieties. A unique feature of this protein is the presence of a tryptophan-rich domain, which causes it to localize and tether onto starch granule surfaces; a property we are seeking to exploit for recombinant protein isolation. We hypothesized that when expressed in a pin-null crop, such as rice, puroindoline along with its fusion partner will localize and adhere to starch granule surfaces. PIN fusions were expressed in rice, and their subcellular localization was determined by immunolocalization. It was observed that PIN localizes to rice starch ii granules in vitro and in planta, and retains its starch granule binding abilities as a fusion partner. To identify other possible starch granule binding fusion partners, an anhydrous cleavage method was developed that can scan dry biological materials for associated proteins, in this case the starch granule surface. Incubation of our cleavage reagent with isolated rice starch granules yielded several cleavage products as determined through SDS-PAGE. These cleavage products were compared with previous proteomic data of trypsin digested rice starch granules.

Structural and mechanistic complexities of copper-dioxygen systems have attracted much attention in the field of bioinorganic chemistry, both in model systems and trapped protein intermediates. The research presented herein is focused on model and naturally occurring metallopeptide systems, from its design to catalysis. Copper is used as the coordinating metal ion, with cobalt and zinc as probes for metal binding. The bioinorganic chemistry of copper proteins and its coordination and spectroscopic properties are briefly discussed in chapter 1. The next two chapters are centered on the de novo design of a minimalistic metallopeptide system with an amino acid sequence of RHHPPHHE. Structural characterization of the peptide by means of CD and NMR spectroscopy techniques are presented in chapter 2, suggesting a characteristic beta-turn structure in its apo and di-metal bound form. The designed metallopeptide exhibits catecholase activity, which is presented in chapter 3. The data suggest the presence of two mononuclear copper active sites, exhibiting specificity towards the oxidation of catecholamine substrates. Similarly, the catecholase activity has been previously observed in copper complexes of Alzheimer's disease related peptide beta-amyloid, exhibiting metal-centered redox chemistry. The metallo-(beta-amyloid); complexes are the hallmark Alzheimer's disease and have been attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species causing oxidative stress. Thus, inhibition of the observed oxidative activities was investigated. Probing the role of phosphate moieties in various compounds as potential inhibitors against the induced oxidative stress is presented in chapter 4. The phosphate analogs of the studied compounds exhibit more pronounced potency, where mutation of the beta amyloid peptide at Arg-5 and Lys-16 give insight into the interactions of the side chains of Arg and Lys with the phosphate moiety. 31P NMR relaxation studies further support the binding/interaction of phosphate with the Cu(II)-(beta-amyloid); complexes. The correlation of phosphate moiety binding/activity will allow for the design of more potent inhibitors toward the Cu(II)-(beta-amyloid); induced oxidative stress.

<p>Haptoglobin (Hp) is a serum protein known for its ability to form a tight complex with hemoglobin (Hb) and thereby inhibiting the oxidative activity of Hb. </p><p>Mammalian Hp is synthesized as a precursor (proHp) that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by a previously unidentified enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, a proHp-cleaving enzyme was isolated from human serum and identified as complement C1r-like protein (C1rLP). Co-expression of C1rLP with proHp in mammalian cells resulted in cleavage of the latter protein in the ER. Mutation of either the active site serine residue in C1rLP or the arginine residue in the cleavage site of Hp abolished the cleavage of proHp by C1rLP. RNAi studies in mammalian cells identified the proHp-cleaving enzyme as C1rLP.</p><p>Hp has been found in all mammals studied to date but its presence in non-mammalian species has not been unambiguously shown. By searching currently available genomic DNA and cDNA sequence databases, a gene orthologous to mammalian <i>Hp</i> was found in bony fish. Hp-like protein expressed from this gene was demonstrated to be a major Hb protein in fish serum. Surprisingly, no Hp-like gene was found in the genomes of either frog or chicken. In chicken, a protein previously described as Hp was identified as PIT54, a member of a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins. Interestingly, ostrich serum seemed to contain two Hb-binding proteins; one similar to PIT54 and one to mammalian Hp. We are not aware of any other case where the function of one gene has been taken over by another, completely unrelated gene</p><p>Fish Hp (fHp) is composed of a serine proteinase-related domain preceded by an extension consisting of several aminoa acids and a signal peptide. The extension contains a consensus motif for cleavage by subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs). fHp was found to be cleaved by SPCs in the Golgi complex.</p><p>Collectively, this thesis presents evidence that Hp has undergone significant changes during evolution with respect to its molecular organization and to the mechanism of its proteolytic cleavage.</p>

Haptoglobin (Hp) is a serum protein known for its ability to form a tight complex with hemoglobin (Hb) and thereby inhibiting the oxidative activity of Hb. Mammalian Hp is synthesized as a precursor (proHp) that undergoes proteolytic cleavage by a previously unidentified enzyme in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, a proHp-cleaving enzyme was isolated from human serum and identified as complement C1r-like protein (C1rLP). Co-expression of C1rLP with proHp in mammalian cells resulted in cleavage of the latter protein in the ER. Mutation of either the active site serine residue in C1rLP or the arginine residue in the cleavage site of Hp abolished the cleavage of proHp by C1rLP. RNAi studies in mammalian cells identified the proHp-cleaving enzyme as C1rLP. Hp has been found in all mammals studied to date but its presence in non-mammalian species has not been unambiguously shown. By searching currently available genomic DNA and cDNA sequence databases, a gene orthologous to mammalian Hp was found in bony fish. Hp-like protein expressed from this gene was demonstrated to be a major Hb protein in fish serum. Surprisingly, no Hp-like gene was found in the genomes of either frog or chicken. In chicken, a protein previously described as Hp was identified as PIT54, a member of a scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of proteins. Interestingly, ostrich serum seemed to contain two Hb-binding proteins; one similar to PIT54 and one to mammalian Hp. We are not aware of any other case where the function of one gene has been taken over by another, completely unrelated gene Fish Hp (fHp) is composed of a serine proteinase-related domain preceded by an extension consisting of several aminoa acids and a signal peptide. The extension contains a consensus motif for cleavage by subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPCs). fHp was found to be cleaved by SPCs in the Golgi complex. Collectively, this thesis presents evidence that Hp has undergone significant changes during evolution with respect to its molecular organization and to the mechanism of its proteolytic cleavage.

Mast cells (MC) are potent inflammatory cells that are known primarily for their prominent role in IgE mediated allergies. However, they also provide beneficial functions to the host, e.g. in bacterial and parasitic defence. MCs react rapidly upon stimulation by releasing potent granule-stored mediators, and serine proteases of the chymase or tryptase families are such major granule constituents. As a first step towards a better understanding of the biological function of these proteases, we have determined the extended cleavage specificities of four mammalian mast cell chymases, by utilizing a substrate phage display approach. The specificities of these enzymes have then been used to compare their functional characteristics. The major mucosal MC chymase in mice, mMCP-1, was found to possess a strict preference in four amino acid positions of the peptide substrate. Using this sequence to search the mouse proteome for potential in vivo substrates led to the identification of several very interesting potential novel substrates. Some of them may explain the increased epithelial permeability provided by this enzyme. Human MCs, express only one single α-chymase, and the rodent α-chymases have secondarily gained elastase-like primary cleavage specificity. However, rodents express additional chymases, the β-chymases, and rodent β-chymases may have adopted the function of the α-chymases. The cleavage specificities of the human chymase and two rodent β-chymases were therefore determined (rat rMCP-1 and mouse mMCP-4). N-terminal of the cleaved bond the three chymases showed similar preferences, but C-terminal the human chymase and mMCP-4 shared a high preference for acidic amino acids in the P2´ position and therefore seem to be functional homologues. The molecular interactions mediating the preference for acidic amino acids in position P2´ were further investigated. By site-directed mutagenesis of the human chymase, amino acids Arg143 and Lys192 were concluded to synergistically mediate this preference. Our data show that chymases, of different MC subpopulations, display quite different extended cleavage specificities. However mouse do possess a MC chymase with almost identical cleavage specificity as the human MC chymase indicating a strong evolutionary pressure to maintain this enzyme specificity.

Chemical modification and limited enzymatic hydrolysis are powerful methods to obtain detailed information on the structure and dynamics of RNAs in solution. In the work presented here I have taken advantage of the properties of the divalent metal ion lead(II) to establish it as a new probe for investigating the structure of RNA in vivo. Besides highly specific lead(II)-induced cleavage due to the presence of tight metal ion binding sites, lead(II) is known to cleave RNA within single-stranded regions, loops and bulges. The detailed structural data obtained with three different RNAs: tmRNA, CopT, and the leader region of the ompF mRNA, show that lead(II) has great potential for in vivo studies of RNA structure. In P. fluorescens, the activity and stability of RsmY, a small regulatory RNA, was shown to be strongly dependent on repeated GGA motifs in single-stranded regions. In vivo lead(II) probing essentially confirmed predicted secondary structures and also indicated binding to a protein, RsmA. The potential in using lead(II) for mapping protein binding sites on RNAs was shown for the interaction between E. coli tmRNA and the SmpB protein. In vivo and in vitro data show protections in the tRNA-like domain of tmRNA due to binding to the SmpB protein, indicating that the SmpB protein is associated with the majority of tmRNA in the cell. Furthermore, the overall conformation/ structure of E. coli RNase P was analyzed by probing the native structure of M1 RNA in vivo with lead(II). The observed cleavages suggests that M1 RNA is present in two main conformations in the cell, one being characteristic of free RNase P, and one of an RNase P-tRNA complex. The results also indicate that the C5 protein subunit has only minor effects on the overall structure of the RNA subunit.

Regional fracture patterns were determined from 2,419 fracture measurements collected from 11 quarries in a portion of East-Central Indiana. When the entire study area was considered, three orthogonal fracture systems were evident. The master system appeared at every station andhad fracture sets striking from N17W to N6W and N85E to N68E. The secondary systems were more inconsistent in respect to their appearance from quarry to quarry and had fracture sets striking approximately N45W and N48E, and N75W and N20E, respectively. The fractures were vertical or nearly so and were interpreted as being extensional in nature.The regional fracture patterns became apparent after data from several quarry walls, including fractures of varying persistence and intensity, were considered in combined plots for each data collection site.Suggested major mechanisms of fracturing include: 1) warping of the Cincinnati Arch, 2) the propagation of pre-existing joints in the basement rock upward into younger material, 3) the release of older residual stresses by the production of positive structural relief with associated erosional unloading, and 4) recent compressive stresses caused by the same mechanism that drives sea-floor spreading.Ball State UniversityMuncie, IN 47306

No description available.

Studies on a series of polymethine cyanine dyes and analogs (1-24) show that certain near-infrared cyanines are capable of damaging DNA in the absence of light and external reducing agents. Experimental results imply that in this DNA thermal cleavage, the cyanine reduces Cu(II) to Cu(I) which reacts with O2 to generate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) O2∙- and ∙OH. The formation of these ROS is also thought to be responsible for the irreversible bleaching of the dyes in aqueous solutions. A correlation between structural features and DNA thermal cleavage activity as well as dye bleaching is suggested. Long polymethine chains appear to confer instability to cyanines in aqueous solutions and further contribute to undesired thermal DNA cleavage. These drawbacks can be overcome by introducing an electron-withdrawing group to the polymethine bridge of the cyanine dye.