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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

O efeito da incidência do laser de CO2 em ossos / The effect of the CO2 laser incidence in bones

Lopes, José Emilio Fehr Pereira 21 March 2003 (has links)
O Laser de Alta potência, também denominado, Laser Cirúrgico, tem sido usado em procedimentos médicos, para coagulação e vaporização dos tecidos. O maior problema, hoje encontrado, pela medicina no uso deste Laser, especialmente o laser de CO2, é a destruição térmica, causada pelo acúmulo de energia, convertida em calor, nos tecidos adjacentes, por ele irradiado. Uma vez absorvida esta energia, o tecido acumulará mudanças, que ocorrerão, durante o processo de irradiação e resfriamento. Estas variações poderão ir desde: uma mudança física, química e alterando completamente, os mecanismos biológicos, antes efetuados, pelo tecido irradiado. Este estudo tem como objetivo, analisar tais mudanças, verificando as diferenças morfológicas e geométricas, bem como utilizar experimentação para reconhecer, as zonas limitantes, ao processo de ablação. Para isto, quatro partes iguais de uma mandíbula bovina, foram usadas. Sendo que, cada uma destas, recebeu uma potência, diferente de laser. A cada amostra, foi aplicada a potência escolhida, em cinco diferentes tempos, mantendo uma distância aproximada de 250mm, entre uma aplicação e outra, com uma distância focal de 6mm. Em primeiro, observou-se característica macroscópica da região de interação, utilizando-se de um modelo zonal, para análise. Através de uma análise, mais aprofundada, com o uso de microscopia eletrônica, pode-se notar as variações imprevistas, ocorridas pelo processo de acúmulo e condução térmicos, advindos da ablação. A região de interação foi delineada em zonas de variações, denominadas as mesmas, como: Z I, Z2, e Z3. Sendo que a Z1, é o diâmetro formado pelo ponto de penetração da luz no tecido, ora irradiado.(Cratera). Z2 é o diâmetro envolvendo, a primeira camada de alteração do tecido irradiado, circundante a cratera. Z3, determina todo o diâmetro das alterações, por nós verificadas nas microfotografias. A partir deste ponto, usamos as amostras irradiadas, para calcular a quantidade de material removido, pela ablação. Através de um corte histológico, parafinado, analisamos todas profundidades, dos orifícios de entrada, formadas pela interação, por nós estudadas. Para cada lâmina, foi feita uma medida, da profundidade, formada pela entrada do raio, e pela material removido pela ablação. Tendo-se as medidas dos orifícios das crateras, as profundidades das mesmas, calculamos, aproximadamente, o material removido pela ablação. Considerando para isto, que os orifícios de penetrações, sendo, todos eles, de formatos de circunferências e as profundidades, em formatos Gaussianos. Obtendo, portanto, um formato conforme, para cada cratera. . Obtivemos, a partir do calculo matemático, o volume de massa de material retirado por ablação / The high power lasers are being widely used in surgical procedures, where there are vaporization and coagulation of the soft tissues. For hard tissues, such as, bones and teeth, pulsed lasers are stranded out because they may cause less thermal damage, as an example, the CO2 laser. Termal effects on tissue are recognized as being an accumulation of changes that occur during the entire period of irradiation and ensuing cooling (Mc KENZIE 1990). Located heating is affected by termal conductivity and convection by blood flow. Upon heating tissue experiences an alteration in a variety of physical, chemical and biological mechanism at the scale of chemical, organelle cell and tissue. Changes in tissue geometry and local microcirculation, could be affected. The purpose of these studies was to verify the physical and chemical variation and also reactions during the process of light exposure in the bone parts, especially the laser beam ablation patters. The generation of craters and other abnormal superficial termal damage, and craters that\'s show irregular wall contours. The relation and interaction between medicai CO2 laser beam and animal, human, and other biological tissues. For this experiment, a cattle\' s jaw, of four years old, were chosen for these experimental. Procedure to be described in this paper Those jaws were cut in four different pieces, in an effort, those parts were kept in the same shape and size, so no different variation of depth or length, would make it improper for the studies about to be made. Numbers were put in each different piece, showing in each sample, the time and the potency that were applied in that part. All samples were under favorable conditions (with long pulses and without water spray). Since classical pathology techniques for characterizing thermal damage to tissue are based on the microscopic examination of prepared tissue specimens for evidence of coagulation necrosis (nuclear psychoses, disintegration of organelles, hyalinization of collagen, loss of birefringence in muscle tissue, carbonization, etc.) Once the experimental appliance were done, a different colored circle were clear and optical visible around each bole, In a suggestion of that changes have happened in the material, used indeed. For almost, all the averages of the holes, in the electronic microscope, could be seeing the presence of minimal layer of superficial carbonization in the remaining bone. Therefore, the bone that received irradiation caused by CO2 laser, in a agreement with the proposal methodology, showed a variation of the tissue, that changed as the exposure changed the TIME/POWER. For each different pulse, the samples were analyzed. The tissues response to extreme temperature change in this zone usually consists of immediate coagulation necrosis, coagulation of vessels and macroscopic destruction of the tissue. An intermediary volume Between the necrosis core and the reversibly affected region is referred to as the Marginal Zone\". Therefore in this task, we called each analyzed zone as Z1 for the crater\'s diameter and Z2 for following areas, and finally, Z3 for the total diameter of the affected tissue. . All the measured zones, contains the shift from perfusion increases to coagulation, and the transition from structurally intact cells to dead cells. The most interest, issue that this study, may bring up, is for the clinical for the future\'s procedures because it contains the boundaries between the reversible and the irreversible tissue changes. Very few studies describe the presence and the address the consequences of the ablative aberrations, which can frequently and randomly happen during laser surgery. The knowledge of the different boundaries, of the affected areas, could predict severe impacts on the quality of the final surgical outcome, specially, when precision surgery techniques are required. The results of this discussed experiment shows how important it is to constantly and carefully observe, both the irradiated tissue\'s structure and the beam\'s broadening at the surface during the ablation.
2

Influência da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Avaliação in vitro e in situ / Influence of association of fluoride to CO2 laser irradiation on permeability of eroded dental enamel. In vitro and in situ evaluation

Lepri, Taisa Penazzo 26 January 2011 (has links)
O aumento da prevalência de lesões erosivas tem levado a um crescente interesse por medidas preventivas e para controle de tais lesões. Este estudo avaliou in vitro e in situ o efeito da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Para o experimento in vitro, foram selecionados oitenta fragmentos (n=10) de esmalte bovino (3x2x2 mm). Para formação de lesão de erosão, os espécimes foram submetidos a desafios ácidos iniciais duas vezes ao dia, durante dois dias, através de um regime alternado de erosão e remineralização. Para isso, os espécimes foram imersos individualmente em 20 ml de suco de laranja (pH 3,84) por 5 min sob agitação, enxaguados com água deionizada e armazenados em saliva artificial por 4 h. Os espécimes com as lesões de erosão pré-formadas foram divididos em 4 grupos para serem submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: amina fluoretada (AmF), tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4), fluoreto de sódio (NaF) e placebo. Metade dos espécimes foi irradiada no modo contínuo com laser de CO2 ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W). Após a realização dos tratamentos, foram simulados novos desafios erosivos durante 2 dias, utilizando o mesmo protocolo descrito anteriormente. Terminadas as ciclagens, os espécimes foram preparados para a avaliação da permeabilidade, sendo submetidos ao método de coloração histoquímica. Uma vez obtidos os resultados do estudo in vitro, foi conduzido um experimento in situ constituído por um delineamento crossover, com duas fases de 5 dias cada. No estudo in situ, os fatores em estudo foram os tratamentos (TiF4 e placebo) e a aplicação do laser de CO2 (presente ou ausente.) Os fragmentos de esmalte bovino foram montados em dispositivo palatino para serem instalados nos participantes para a realização dos desafios erosivos, através da ingestão de 10 alíquotas de 25 ml cada, (9, 11, 13 e 15h). A avaliação da permeabilidade foi realizada conforme descrita para o estudo in vitro. Os dados foram analisados através da ANOVA e Tukey. No estudo in vitro, houve interação significativa entre fluoreto e laser (p=0,0152). Quando os géis fluoretados foram aplicados sozinhos, TiF4 promoveu menor permeabilidade do esmalte do que aquela observada após a aplicação do placebo, enquanto resultados intermediários foram encontrados para os géis de NaF e AmF. Redução na permeabilidade do esmalte foi observada quando a aplicação dos fluoretos foi associada à irradiação com laser de CO2 . No estudo in situ, houve efeito significativo da interação entre os fatores fluoreto e laser de CO2 (p = 0,0002). Em relação ao placebo, a aplicação do TiF4 reduziu significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, para substratos irradiados ou não. Mediante a aplicação do placebo, o laser foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, porém, quando se utilizou o TiF4, a aplicação do laser não implicou em redução da permeabilidade. Combinada à aplicação de gel fluoretado, a irradiação com laser de CO2 pode representar uma medida adjuvante no controle da permeabilidade do esmalte erodido. / The increased prevalence of erosive lesion has led to a growing interest of preventive means and to control such lesions. This study evaluated in vitro and in situ the effect of fluoride compounds combined with a CO2 laser on permeability of eroded dental enamel. To in vitro experiment, 80 bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were selected. To create erosion-like lesions, specimens were submitted to inicial erosive challenges, twice a day, during two days, through an alternating erosive and remineralizing regimen. For that, specimens were immersed in 20 ml of orange juice (pH 3.84) for 5 min under agitation, rinsed with deionized water and stored in artificial saliva for 4 h. Specimens with pre-formed lesions were divided into four groups to be treated with different fluoride gels: amine fluoride (AmF), titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ), sodium fluoride (NaF) and placebo. Half of the specimens were irradiated with CO2 laser ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W).Then, specimens were further cycled twice through the previously described erosive-remineralizing regimen. After cycled, specimens were subjected to permeability assessment. Once the results of in vitro study were obtained, an in situ experiment, consisting of a crossover design, with 2 phases of 5 days each, was performed. To in situ study, factors involved were treatments (TiF4 and placebo) and CO2 laser irradiation (present or absent). Bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were placed in palatal device to perform erosive challenges. Volunteers ingested orange juice as 250 mL volumes 4 times per day (9,11,13,15h). Permeability assessment was performed as described to in vitro study. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey. In vitro study demonstrated significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p = 0,0152). When fluoride gels were applied alone, TiF4 provided to enamel lower permeability than that observed following placebo application, while intermediate results were found to NaF and AmF gels. Reduction of enamel permeability was observed when fluorides were combined to CO2 laser irradiation. To in situ study, there was significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p=0,0002). When compared to placebo, TiF4 application reduced significantly enamel permeability, regardless of irradiation. Through application of placebo, laser was able to reduce significantly enamel permeability; however, when TiF4 was applied, laser irradiation did not decreased permeability. Combined to fluoride gel application, CO2 laser irradiation can represent an adjunctive way in controlling eroded enamel permeability.
3

Análise in situ do efeito do laser de CO2 no controle da progressão de lesões de erosão e abrasão no esmalte dental / In situ analysis of the effect of CO2 laser irradiation to control the progression of erosive and abrasive lesions on dental enamel

Lepri, Taisa Penazzo 28 May 2014 (has links)
O presente estudo, composto por 2 experimentos in situ, buscou avaliar o efeito da irradiação com laser de CO2 no controle da progressão de lesões de erosão e, posteriormente, analisar a influência da abrasão em superfícies irradiadas e erodidas. No primeiro experimento, 56 fragmentos de incisivos bovinos (5x3x2.5mm) tiveram suas superfícies de esmalte divididas em 4 áreas: 1. Hígida (área de referência); 2. Erosão inicial; 3. Tratamento (irradiado ou não com laser de CO2); 4. Após fase in situ. O desafio erosivo inicial foi realizado com ácido cítrico 1% (pH=2,3) por 5 minutos, 2x/dia, por 2 dias. Os espécimes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com o tratamento da superfície: irradiados com laser de CO2 ( λ= 10,6 m; 0,5 W) e não irradiados. Após um período de lead-in de 2 dias, 14 voluntários usaram um dispositivo intraoral palatino contendo 2 espécimes (irradiado e não irradiado), em 2 fases intraorais de 5 dias cada. Seguindo um desenho cross-over, durante a primeira fase, metade dos voluntários imergiu seu dispositivo em 100mL de ácido cítrico por 5 minutos, 3x/dia, enquanto a outra metade usou água deionizada (controle). Os voluntários foram cruzados quanto aos desafios na segunda fase. O desgaste do esmalte foi determinado quantitativamente por um perfilômetro óptico e a morfologia da superfície do esmalte foi avaliada qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. ANOVA a três critérios para medidas repetidas mostrou que não houve interação significativa entre desafio erosivo e irradiação com laser de CO2 (p=0,419). O desafio erosivo aumentou significativamente o desgaste do esmalte (p=0,001), independente de ter sido realizada ou não a irradiação com laser de CO2. Não houve diferença no desgaste do esmalte entre os espécimes irradiados e não irradiados (p=0,513). No segundo experimento, o preparo e seleção dos espécimes de esmalte bovino, a indução das lesões de erosão iniciais e os tratamentos foram realizados como no primeiro experimento. Após um período de 2 dias de lead-in, 12 voluntários usaram um dispositivo palatino contendo dois espécimes irradiados e dois não irradiados, em duas fases intraorais de 5 dias cada. Seguindo um protocolo split-mouth, os voluntários imergiram extraoralmente, durante 5 minutos, os dispositivos em ácido cítrico 3x/dia por 5 dias. Uma hora após cada desafio erosivo, um espécime irradiado e um não irradiado foram escovados usando uma escova elétrica e slurry de dentifrício. As variáveis de resposta foram as mesmas empregadas no primeiro experimento. ANOVA a dois critérios revelou que não houve interação significativa entre desafio erosivo-abrasivo e irradiação com laser de CO2 (p=0,614). A irradiação laser não influenciou no desgaste do esmalte (p=0,742). O desgaste do esmalte dos espécimes submetidos a erosão + abrasão não foi diferente daquele verificado quando a erosão foi realizada sozinha (p=0,626), independente do laser de CO2 ter sido aplicado ou não. Pode-se concluir que, em condições intraorais, a irradiação com laser de CO2 não controlou a progressão de lesões de erosão nem de lesões de erosivo-abrasivas no esmalte. / This study, composed of 2 in situ experiments, aimed to evaluate the effect of CO2 laser irradiation to control the progression of erosive lesions and, after, analyze the influence of abrasion on irradiated and eroded surfaces. At the first experiment, 56 slabs of bovine incisors (5x3x2.5mm) had its enamel surface divided in 4 areas: 1. Sound (reference area); 2. Initial erosion; 3. Treatment (irradiated or not with CO2 laser); 4. After in situ phase. The erosive challenge was performed with 1% citric acid (pH 2.3), during 5 minutes, 2x/day, for 2 days. The specimens were divided in 2 groups according to the surface treatment: CO2 laser irradiated (λ = 10.6 m; 0.5 W) and non-irradiated. After a 2-day-lead-in period, 14 volunteers wore an intraoral palatal device containing 2 specimens (irradiated and non-irradiated), in 2 intraoral phases of 5 days each. Following a crossover design, during the first phase, half of the volunteers immersed its device on 100mL of citric acid during 5 minutes, 3x/day, while the other half immersed on deionized water (control). Volunteers were crossed on the challenges on the second phase. The enamel wear was quantitatively determined by an optical profilometer and the morphology of enamel surface was qualitatively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Three-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that there was no significant interaction between erosive challenge and CO2 laser irradiation (p=0.419). The erosive challenge significantly increased the enamel wear (p=0.001), regardless of irradiated or not with CO2 laser. There was no difference on the enamel wear of irradiated and non-irradiated specimens (p=0.513). At the second experiment, preparation and selection of bovine enamel specimens, induction of initial erosive lesion and treatments were performed as already described for the first experiment. After a 2-day-lead-in period, 12 volunteers wore and intraoral palatal device containing 2 irradiated and 2 non-irradiated specimens, at two intraoral phases of 5 days each. Following a split-mouth protocol, volunteers immersed the devices extra orally, during 5 minutes, in 1% citric acid, 3x/day for 5 days. One hour after each erosive challenge, one irradiated and one non-irradiated specimen were brushed with an electrical toothbrush and dentifrice slurry. The response variables were the same studied at the first experiment. Two-way ANOVA revealed that there was no significant interaction between erosive-abrasive challenge and CO2 laser irradiation (p=0.614). The laser irradiation did not influence on the enamel wear (p=0.742). The enamel wear presented by the specimens subjected to erosion + abrasion did not differ from that verified when the erosion was performed alone. It can be concluded that, in intraoral conditions, the CO2 laser irradiation did not controlled the progression of erosive lesions or erosive-abrasive lesions on enamel
4

Influência da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Avaliação in vitro e in situ / Influence of association of fluoride to CO2 laser irradiation on permeability of eroded dental enamel. In vitro and in situ evaluation

Taisa Penazzo Lepri 26 January 2011 (has links)
O aumento da prevalência de lesões erosivas tem levado a um crescente interesse por medidas preventivas e para controle de tais lesões. Este estudo avaliou in vitro e in situ o efeito da associação de fluoretos à irradiação com laser de CO2 na permeabilidade do esmalte dental erodido. Para o experimento in vitro, foram selecionados oitenta fragmentos (n=10) de esmalte bovino (3x2x2 mm). Para formação de lesão de erosão, os espécimes foram submetidos a desafios ácidos iniciais duas vezes ao dia, durante dois dias, através de um regime alternado de erosão e remineralização. Para isso, os espécimes foram imersos individualmente em 20 ml de suco de laranja (pH 3,84) por 5 min sob agitação, enxaguados com água deionizada e armazenados em saliva artificial por 4 h. Os espécimes com as lesões de erosão pré-formadas foram divididos em 4 grupos para serem submetidos aos diferentes tratamentos: amina fluoretada (AmF), tetrafluoreto de titânio (TiF4), fluoreto de sódio (NaF) e placebo. Metade dos espécimes foi irradiada no modo contínuo com laser de CO2 ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W). Após a realização dos tratamentos, foram simulados novos desafios erosivos durante 2 dias, utilizando o mesmo protocolo descrito anteriormente. Terminadas as ciclagens, os espécimes foram preparados para a avaliação da permeabilidade, sendo submetidos ao método de coloração histoquímica. Uma vez obtidos os resultados do estudo in vitro, foi conduzido um experimento in situ constituído por um delineamento crossover, com duas fases de 5 dias cada. No estudo in situ, os fatores em estudo foram os tratamentos (TiF4 e placebo) e a aplicação do laser de CO2 (presente ou ausente.) Os fragmentos de esmalte bovino foram montados em dispositivo palatino para serem instalados nos participantes para a realização dos desafios erosivos, através da ingestão de 10 alíquotas de 25 ml cada, (9, 11, 13 e 15h). A avaliação da permeabilidade foi realizada conforme descrita para o estudo in vitro. Os dados foram analisados através da ANOVA e Tukey. No estudo in vitro, houve interação significativa entre fluoreto e laser (p=0,0152). Quando os géis fluoretados foram aplicados sozinhos, TiF4 promoveu menor permeabilidade do esmalte do que aquela observada após a aplicação do placebo, enquanto resultados intermediários foram encontrados para os géis de NaF e AmF. Redução na permeabilidade do esmalte foi observada quando a aplicação dos fluoretos foi associada à irradiação com laser de CO2 . No estudo in situ, houve efeito significativo da interação entre os fatores fluoreto e laser de CO2 (p = 0,0002). Em relação ao placebo, a aplicação do TiF4 reduziu significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, para substratos irradiados ou não. Mediante a aplicação do placebo, o laser foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a permeabilidade do esmalte, porém, quando se utilizou o TiF4, a aplicação do laser não implicou em redução da permeabilidade. Combinada à aplicação de gel fluoretado, a irradiação com laser de CO2 pode representar uma medida adjuvante no controle da permeabilidade do esmalte erodido. / The increased prevalence of erosive lesion has led to a growing interest of preventive means and to control such lesions. This study evaluated in vitro and in situ the effect of fluoride compounds combined with a CO2 laser on permeability of eroded dental enamel. To in vitro experiment, 80 bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were selected. To create erosion-like lesions, specimens were submitted to inicial erosive challenges, twice a day, during two days, through an alternating erosive and remineralizing regimen. For that, specimens were immersed in 20 ml of orange juice (pH 3.84) for 5 min under agitation, rinsed with deionized water and stored in artificial saliva for 4 h. Specimens with pre-formed lesions were divided into four groups to be treated with different fluoride gels: amine fluoride (AmF), titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4 ), sodium fluoride (NaF) and placebo. Half of the specimens were irradiated with CO2 laser ( λ= 10.6 µm; 2.0 W).Then, specimens were further cycled twice through the previously described erosive-remineralizing regimen. After cycled, specimens were subjected to permeability assessment. Once the results of in vitro study were obtained, an in situ experiment, consisting of a crossover design, with 2 phases of 5 days each, was performed. To in situ study, factors involved were treatments (TiF4 and placebo) and CO2 laser irradiation (present or absent). Bovine enamel slabs (n=10) were placed in palatal device to perform erosive challenges. Volunteers ingested orange juice as 250 mL volumes 4 times per day (9,11,13,15h). Permeability assessment was performed as described to in vitro study. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey. In vitro study demonstrated significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p = 0,0152). When fluoride gels were applied alone, TiF4 provided to enamel lower permeability than that observed following placebo application, while intermediate results were found to NaF and AmF gels. Reduction of enamel permeability was observed when fluorides were combined to CO2 laser irradiation. To in situ study, there was significant interaction between fluoride and laser (p=0,0002). When compared to placebo, TiF4 application reduced significantly enamel permeability, regardless of irradiation. Through application of placebo, laser was able to reduce significantly enamel permeability; however, when TiF4 was applied, laser irradiation did not decreased permeability. Combined to fluoride gel application, CO2 laser irradiation can represent an adjunctive way in controlling eroded enamel permeability.
5

Análise in situ do efeito do laser de CO2 no controle da progressão de lesões de erosão e abrasão no esmalte dental / In situ analysis of the effect of CO2 laser irradiation to control the progression of erosive and abrasive lesions on dental enamel

Taisa Penazzo Lepri 28 May 2014 (has links)
O presente estudo, composto por 2 experimentos in situ, buscou avaliar o efeito da irradiação com laser de CO2 no controle da progressão de lesões de erosão e, posteriormente, analisar a influência da abrasão em superfícies irradiadas e erodidas. No primeiro experimento, 56 fragmentos de incisivos bovinos (5x3x2.5mm) tiveram suas superfícies de esmalte divididas em 4 áreas: 1. Hígida (área de referência); 2. Erosão inicial; 3. Tratamento (irradiado ou não com laser de CO2); 4. Após fase in situ. O desafio erosivo inicial foi realizado com ácido cítrico 1% (pH=2,3) por 5 minutos, 2x/dia, por 2 dias. Os espécimes foram divididos em 2 grupos de acordo com o tratamento da superfície: irradiados com laser de CO2 ( λ= 10,6 m; 0,5 W) e não irradiados. Após um período de lead-in de 2 dias, 14 voluntários usaram um dispositivo intraoral palatino contendo 2 espécimes (irradiado e não irradiado), em 2 fases intraorais de 5 dias cada. Seguindo um desenho cross-over, durante a primeira fase, metade dos voluntários imergiu seu dispositivo em 100mL de ácido cítrico por 5 minutos, 3x/dia, enquanto a outra metade usou água deionizada (controle). Os voluntários foram cruzados quanto aos desafios na segunda fase. O desgaste do esmalte foi determinado quantitativamente por um perfilômetro óptico e a morfologia da superfície do esmalte foi avaliada qualitativamente por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. ANOVA a três critérios para medidas repetidas mostrou que não houve interação significativa entre desafio erosivo e irradiação com laser de CO2 (p=0,419). O desafio erosivo aumentou significativamente o desgaste do esmalte (p=0,001), independente de ter sido realizada ou não a irradiação com laser de CO2. Não houve diferença no desgaste do esmalte entre os espécimes irradiados e não irradiados (p=0,513). No segundo experimento, o preparo e seleção dos espécimes de esmalte bovino, a indução das lesões de erosão iniciais e os tratamentos foram realizados como no primeiro experimento. Após um período de 2 dias de lead-in, 12 voluntários usaram um dispositivo palatino contendo dois espécimes irradiados e dois não irradiados, em duas fases intraorais de 5 dias cada. Seguindo um protocolo split-mouth, os voluntários imergiram extraoralmente, durante 5 minutos, os dispositivos em ácido cítrico 3x/dia por 5 dias. Uma hora após cada desafio erosivo, um espécime irradiado e um não irradiado foram escovados usando uma escova elétrica e slurry de dentifrício. As variáveis de resposta foram as mesmas empregadas no primeiro experimento. ANOVA a dois critérios revelou que não houve interação significativa entre desafio erosivo-abrasivo e irradiação com laser de CO2 (p=0,614). A irradiação laser não influenciou no desgaste do esmalte (p=0,742). O desgaste do esmalte dos espécimes submetidos a erosão + abrasão não foi diferente daquele verificado quando a erosão foi realizada sozinha (p=0,626), independente do laser de CO2 ter sido aplicado ou não. Pode-se concluir que, em condições intraorais, a irradiação com laser de CO2 não controlou a progressão de lesões de erosão nem de lesões de erosivo-abrasivas no esmalte. / This study, composed of 2 in situ experiments, aimed to evaluate the effect of CO2 laser irradiation to control the progression of erosive lesions and, after, analyze the influence of abrasion on irradiated and eroded surfaces. At the first experiment, 56 slabs of bovine incisors (5x3x2.5mm) had its enamel surface divided in 4 areas: 1. Sound (reference area); 2. Initial erosion; 3. Treatment (irradiated or not with CO2 laser); 4. After in situ phase. The erosive challenge was performed with 1% citric acid (pH 2.3), during 5 minutes, 2x/day, for 2 days. The specimens were divided in 2 groups according to the surface treatment: CO2 laser irradiated (λ = 10.6 m; 0.5 W) and non-irradiated. After a 2-day-lead-in period, 14 volunteers wore an intraoral palatal device containing 2 specimens (irradiated and non-irradiated), in 2 intraoral phases of 5 days each. Following a crossover design, during the first phase, half of the volunteers immersed its device on 100mL of citric acid during 5 minutes, 3x/day, while the other half immersed on deionized water (control). Volunteers were crossed on the challenges on the second phase. The enamel wear was quantitatively determined by an optical profilometer and the morphology of enamel surface was qualitatively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. Three-way ANOVA for repeated measures showed that there was no significant interaction between erosive challenge and CO2 laser irradiation (p=0.419). The erosive challenge significantly increased the enamel wear (p=0.001), regardless of irradiated or not with CO2 laser. There was no difference on the enamel wear of irradiated and non-irradiated specimens (p=0.513). At the second experiment, preparation and selection of bovine enamel specimens, induction of initial erosive lesion and treatments were performed as already described for the first experiment. After a 2-day-lead-in period, 12 volunteers wore and intraoral palatal device containing 2 irradiated and 2 non-irradiated specimens, at two intraoral phases of 5 days each. Following a split-mouth protocol, volunteers immersed the devices extra orally, during 5 minutes, in 1% citric acid, 3x/day for 5 days. One hour after each erosive challenge, one irradiated and one non-irradiated specimen were brushed with an electrical toothbrush and dentifrice slurry. The response variables were the same studied at the first experiment. Two-way ANOVA revealed that there was no significant interaction between erosive-abrasive challenge and CO2 laser irradiation (p=0.614). The laser irradiation did not influence on the enamel wear (p=0.742). The enamel wear presented by the specimens subjected to erosion + abrasion did not differ from that verified when the erosion was performed alone. It can be concluded that, in intraoral conditions, the CO2 laser irradiation did not controlled the progression of erosive lesions or erosive-abrasive lesions on enamel
6

O efeito da incidência do laser de CO2 em ossos / The effect of the CO2 laser incidence in bones

José Emilio Fehr Pereira Lopes 21 March 2003 (has links)
O Laser de Alta potência, também denominado, Laser Cirúrgico, tem sido usado em procedimentos médicos, para coagulação e vaporização dos tecidos. O maior problema, hoje encontrado, pela medicina no uso deste Laser, especialmente o laser de CO2, é a destruição térmica, causada pelo acúmulo de energia, convertida em calor, nos tecidos adjacentes, por ele irradiado. Uma vez absorvida esta energia, o tecido acumulará mudanças, que ocorrerão, durante o processo de irradiação e resfriamento. Estas variações poderão ir desde: uma mudança física, química e alterando completamente, os mecanismos biológicos, antes efetuados, pelo tecido irradiado. Este estudo tem como objetivo, analisar tais mudanças, verificando as diferenças morfológicas e geométricas, bem como utilizar experimentação para reconhecer, as zonas limitantes, ao processo de ablação. Para isto, quatro partes iguais de uma mandíbula bovina, foram usadas. Sendo que, cada uma destas, recebeu uma potência, diferente de laser. A cada amostra, foi aplicada a potência escolhida, em cinco diferentes tempos, mantendo uma distância aproximada de 250mm, entre uma aplicação e outra, com uma distância focal de 6mm. Em primeiro, observou-se característica macroscópica da região de interação, utilizando-se de um modelo zonal, para análise. Através de uma análise, mais aprofundada, com o uso de microscopia eletrônica, pode-se notar as variações imprevistas, ocorridas pelo processo de acúmulo e condução térmicos, advindos da ablação. A região de interação foi delineada em zonas de variações, denominadas as mesmas, como: Z I, Z2, e Z3. Sendo que a Z1, é o diâmetro formado pelo ponto de penetração da luz no tecido, ora irradiado.(Cratera). Z2 é o diâmetro envolvendo, a primeira camada de alteração do tecido irradiado, circundante a cratera. Z3, determina todo o diâmetro das alterações, por nós verificadas nas microfotografias. A partir deste ponto, usamos as amostras irradiadas, para calcular a quantidade de material removido, pela ablação. Através de um corte histológico, parafinado, analisamos todas profundidades, dos orifícios de entrada, formadas pela interação, por nós estudadas. Para cada lâmina, foi feita uma medida, da profundidade, formada pela entrada do raio, e pela material removido pela ablação. Tendo-se as medidas dos orifícios das crateras, as profundidades das mesmas, calculamos, aproximadamente, o material removido pela ablação. Considerando para isto, que os orifícios de penetrações, sendo, todos eles, de formatos de circunferências e as profundidades, em formatos Gaussianos. Obtendo, portanto, um formato conforme, para cada cratera. . Obtivemos, a partir do calculo matemático, o volume de massa de material retirado por ablação / The high power lasers are being widely used in surgical procedures, where there are vaporization and coagulation of the soft tissues. For hard tissues, such as, bones and teeth, pulsed lasers are stranded out because they may cause less thermal damage, as an example, the CO2 laser. Termal effects on tissue are recognized as being an accumulation of changes that occur during the entire period of irradiation and ensuing cooling (Mc KENZIE 1990). Located heating is affected by termal conductivity and convection by blood flow. Upon heating tissue experiences an alteration in a variety of physical, chemical and biological mechanism at the scale of chemical, organelle cell and tissue. Changes in tissue geometry and local microcirculation, could be affected. The purpose of these studies was to verify the physical and chemical variation and also reactions during the process of light exposure in the bone parts, especially the laser beam ablation patters. The generation of craters and other abnormal superficial termal damage, and craters that\'s show irregular wall contours. The relation and interaction between medicai CO2 laser beam and animal, human, and other biological tissues. For this experiment, a cattle\' s jaw, of four years old, were chosen for these experimental. Procedure to be described in this paper Those jaws were cut in four different pieces, in an effort, those parts were kept in the same shape and size, so no different variation of depth or length, would make it improper for the studies about to be made. Numbers were put in each different piece, showing in each sample, the time and the potency that were applied in that part. All samples were under favorable conditions (with long pulses and without water spray). Since classical pathology techniques for characterizing thermal damage to tissue are based on the microscopic examination of prepared tissue specimens for evidence of coagulation necrosis (nuclear psychoses, disintegration of organelles, hyalinization of collagen, loss of birefringence in muscle tissue, carbonization, etc.) Once the experimental appliance were done, a different colored circle were clear and optical visible around each bole, In a suggestion of that changes have happened in the material, used indeed. For almost, all the averages of the holes, in the electronic microscope, could be seeing the presence of minimal layer of superficial carbonization in the remaining bone. Therefore, the bone that received irradiation caused by CO2 laser, in a agreement with the proposal methodology, showed a variation of the tissue, that changed as the exposure changed the TIME/POWER. For each different pulse, the samples were analyzed. The tissues response to extreme temperature change in this zone usually consists of immediate coagulation necrosis, coagulation of vessels and macroscopic destruction of the tissue. An intermediary volume Between the necrosis core and the reversibly affected region is referred to as the Marginal Zone\". Therefore in this task, we called each analyzed zone as Z1 for the crater\'s diameter and Z2 for following areas, and finally, Z3 for the total diameter of the affected tissue. . All the measured zones, contains the shift from perfusion increases to coagulation, and the transition from structurally intact cells to dead cells. The most interest, issue that this study, may bring up, is for the clinical for the future\'s procedures because it contains the boundaries between the reversible and the irreversible tissue changes. Very few studies describe the presence and the address the consequences of the ablative aberrations, which can frequently and randomly happen during laser surgery. The knowledge of the different boundaries, of the affected areas, could predict severe impacts on the quality of the final surgical outcome, specially, when precision surgery techniques are required. The results of this discussed experiment shows how important it is to constantly and carefully observe, both the irradiated tissue\'s structure and the beam\'s broadening at the surface during the ablation.
7

Design of a Double Discharge TEA CO2 Laser

McClare, Robert 11 1900 (has links)
<p> This report deals with the design of an electrode system which utilizes the double dis- charge technique to achieve a Uniform discharge between two continuous electrodes with the intent of using this electrode system as the excitation unit for a TEA CO2 laser. The particular electrode configuration dealt with in this report involves a continous cathode and a similar continuous anode which has a set of rounded tip, rod, preionization electrodes set into holes in it. Also included in this report is a preliminary measure of the gain of the resultant double discharge TEA CO2 laser. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)
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Studium laserové směsi v širokém tlakovém rozsahu / Study of laser mixture in the large pressure region

Morávek, Matěj Jan January 2012 (has links)
This work studies discharge plasma in a mixture of gases, similar to that used in the so-called CO2-lasers. This mixture consists of CO2, N2 and He. The effect of the mixture composition and discharge parameters (especially pressure, in the range of 266 Pa - 100 kPa) on the distribution of energy in the vibrational levels of nitrogen was examined. This is important parameter for modelling of the discharge plasma. The effect of the mixture composition on the degree of dissociation of the CO2 molecules was also studied. The relative concentration of CO was applied to find the conditions leading to a minimal dissociation of the carbon dioxide. Measurements of radial profiles were also made. Results from two discharge tubes made from different materials were compared. Two types of discharge were utilized to acquire a wide pressure range - low pressure DC glow discharge in the range of 266 Pa to 1330 Pa and dielectric barrier discharge in the range of 5 kPa to 100 kPa. Both discharges are used in commercial CO2-lasers. We observed a descending dependence of the vibrational temperature on the pressure and a big step caused by increased occurrence of standing ionizing waves in the mixtures with low nitrogen ratio. Vibrational temperature in the DBD was markedly lower than in the DC GD, because of the...
9

Laser surface treatment of nylon 6,6 for the modification of wettability characteristics and subsequent enhancement of osteoblast cell response

Waugh, David G. January 2010 (has links)
The control of cell adhesion to synthetic polymers is a key factor in tissue engineering, resting on the ability to direct specific cell types to adhere and proliferate in order to stimulate tissue reconstruction. But often the surface properties are compromised for the sake of the bulk properties, leading to surfaces that do not support sufficiently the level of bioactivity required and accordingly the polymeric biomaterial will fail clinically. Laser treatment offers a unique means of enhancing the osteoblast cell response of the surface of a polymeric biomaterial, whilst keeping the already sufficient bulk properties intact. To this end, infra-red (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) lasers have been employed to modify the wettability characteristics of nylon 6,6, as wetting is often the primary factor dictating the adhesion and bonding potential of materials, as a route to enhancing the surface in terms of osteoblast cell response. What is more, modifying wettability characteristics in this way is a highly attractive means of estimating the biofunctionality of a polymer. IR (CO2) and UV (F2 and KrF excimer) lasers were employed to carry out two different processes: laser whole area irradiative processing and laser-induced patterning. With both CO2 and the excimer lasers changes in the wettability characteristics could be effected with subsequent enhancement of osteoblast cell response. This was also the case with both laser-induced patterning and laser whole area irradiative processing. Essentially, an approach has been established whereby the osteoblast cell response on the surfaces of laser treated nylon 6,6 can be predicted through the laser-induced wettability characteristics modification, particularly for the laser whole area irradiative processed nylon 6,6. This ultimately allows one to determine the osteoblast cell response of the laser surface treated nylon 6,6 surfaces directly from the laser operating parameters. In concurrence with established wetting theory the laser whole area irradiative processing of the nylon 6,6 surfaces caused increased surface roughness, increased surface oxygen content, increased polar component, γP , and increased total surface energy, γT ; thereby generating surfaces displaying reduced contact angle, θ, making the nylon 6,6 surfaces more hydrophilic. The laser-induced patterned samples differed from current theory insofar as the nylon 6,6 surfaces became less hydrophilic due to an increase in θ despite an increase in surface roughness, an increase in surface oxygen content, an increase in γP and an increase in γT . This phenomena can be explained by the transition in wetting regimes from a Wenzel regime to a mixed-state wetting regime. Nevertheless, collation of the wettability characteristics results revealed that θ was a strong correlative decreasing function of both γP and γT , indicating that surface energy played a large role in determining the wetting nature of the nylon 6,6. It was found that for all laser whole area irradiative processed nylon 6,6 surfaces the osteoblast cell response was an increasing correlative and therefore predictive function of θ and was a decreasing function of γP . To an extent, the surface oxygen content and surface roughness could be used indirectly to foretell the osteoblast cell response of the nylon 6,6 surfaces. This is on account of the CO2 and KrF excimer laser whole area irradiative processing bringing about increased surface toxicity, which above a certain level hindered the osteoblast cell response. For the laser-induced patterned nylon 6,6 samples there did not appear to be any particular correlative trend between the modified surface parameters and osteoblast cell response. This can be accounted for by the transition in wetting regimes. Another important factor is that cell morphologies were modulated over all samples which suggests that varying surface parameters on account of laser surface treatment gave rise to variations in cell signaling. It was determined that θ, γP and γT all had very strong correlative relationships with the cytotoxicity. The cytotoxicity reduced upon an increase in θ until a minimum constant was achieved, whereas the cytotoxicity remained constant at low γP and γT until a point at which the cytotoxicity began to increase. These results are noteworthy as they allow one to deduce that, with constant cytotoxicity levels, the osteoblast cell response appeared to be modulated by the wettability characteristics. But once the cytotoxicity increased, the toxicity began to dominate and so negated the identified positive wettability characteristic correlations with osteoblast cell response. Practically, the surface roughness and surface oxygen content could be implemented indirectly to estimate the cytotoxicity. Increase in cytotoxicity was the result of the laser processing with higher fluences generating excessive melting. As a result of this, it is possible to deduce that there was a maximum threshold fluence, beyond which the toxicity of the nylon 6,6 began to dominate, giving rise to a less enhanced osteoblast cell response. On account of the correlative trends which have been identified between the laser surface treatment, wettability characteristics and osteoblast cell response of nylon 6,6 it is likely for one to have the ability to estimate the osteoblast cell response in vitro. This is significant as it indicates that laser surface modification of polymeric materials could have tremendous potential for application within the field of regenerative medicine.
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Processo de fabricação de mini e microdispositivos fluídicos por ablação a laser de dióxido de carbono / A fabrication process of mini- and microfluidic device using carbon dioxide laser

Costa, Eric Tavares da 03 December 2009 (has links)
Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um processo de fabricação de mini e microdispositivos fluídicos baseado na utilização de um equipamento de usinagem a laser de CO2 para criação de relevos sobre base de poli(metacrilato de metila) e na selagem térmica contra igual material. Inicialmente, o equipamento laser foi detalhadamente caracterizado, o que possibilitou elaborar métodos para a construção de microcanais de forma mais eficiente e com menores chances de defeitos. Tipicamente, os canais apresentaram seção transversal triangular em torno de 200 &#181;m de largura e 100 &#181;m de profundidade, sendo possível, no entanto, criar canais com outras características. A etapa de selagem entre a tampa e a base que apresentou melhores resultados consiste em pressurização acima de 6 kgf·cm-2 e aquecimento a 110 ºC durante 45 minutos, seguido de resfriamento por 1 h. Os microcanais selados por esta técnica, resistiram a pressões superiores a 3,5·kgf·cm-2. O processo desenvolvido se mostrou adequado para a criação de protótipos, sendo também suas principais características: (1) a facilidade de incorporação de regiões de grandes dimensões (como reservatórios) em conjunto com os microcanais, (2) número reduzido de etapas de produção e (3) boa uniformidade química da parede interna dos canais, o que é particularmente interessante para microdispositivos aplicados à Química Analítica / A microfabrication process based machining using CO2 laser on poly(methyl methacrylate) and thermal sealing is described. Initially, the laser equipment was characterized in detail, which allowed developing strategies for the construction of microchannels more efficiently and less failure-prone. Typically, the channels had a triangular cross section around 200 &#181;m in width and 100 &#181;m in depth. It is possible, however, create channels with other features. The sealing step that showed better results consists in to pressurize at 6 kgf·cm-2 and heating at 110 °C during 45 minutes, followed by natural cooling for 1 h. The microchannels sealed by using this procedure resisted pressures above 3.5 kgf·cm-2. The process proved to be adequate for prototyping and also has other main features: (1) easiness of incorporation of large regions (such as reservoirs) together with the microchannel; (2) reduced number of manufacturing steps and (3) good chemical uniformity of the inner wall of the channel, which is particularly interesting for microdevices applied to Analytical Chemistry.

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