Une des limitations du fonctionnement des grandes chaines lasers de puissance telle que le Laser MegaJoule, est la problématique de l’endommagement laser des composants optiques. Différents phénomènes physiques qui dépendent à la fois des propriétés des matériaux, de leurs conditions de fabrication/ préparation et des paramètres d’irradiation laser peuvent conduire à un amorçage de dommages sur la surface ou dans le volume, qui vont croître lors d’irradiations successives. Ce phénomène limite la montée en puissance, affecte la durée de vie des composants optiques et le coût de maintenance des chaînes laser. Il peut également être à l’origine de graves problèmes de sécurité. Pour remédier à cette croissance des dommages et augmenter la durée de vie des composants en silice, un procédé laser dit de «stabilisation » est étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse, l’objectif étant de traiter les dommages pour arrêter leur croissance sous tirs répétés afin de recycler les optiques endommagées. Ce processus consiste en une fusion, suivie d’une évaporation locale, par dépôt d’énergie localisé par un faisceau laser CO2, de la zone fracturée de silice. Nous nous sommes intéressés particulièrement à la stabilisation de dommages laser sur silice par un procédé de micro-usinage par laser CO2 dans le but de traiter des dommages de dimensions millimétriques. Cette technique est basée sur une micro-ablation rapide de la silice durant laquelle le faisceau laser est balayé à la surface du composant afin de former un cratère de forme ajustable (typiquement conique) englobant le site endommagé. Un banc d’expérimentations a ainsi été mis en place à l’Institut Fresnel pour développer et étudier ce procédé. Différents travaux numériques et expérimentaux ont également été menés pour valider et optimiser la technique. Nos travaux ont montré l’efficacité de ce procédé de micro-usinage par laser CO2 pour arrêter la croissance de dommages de plusieurs centaines de microns de largeur et de profondeur. Pour parvenir à cet objectif nous nous sommes appuyés sur la modélisation des phénomènes physiques mis en jeu lors des expériences de stabilisation en utilisant le logiciel de simulation multi-physique COMSOL. D’une part, le modèle thermique, développé au cours de cette thèse, permet de calculer la distribution de température dans le matériau pendant le tir laser avec ou sans mouvement du faisceau. Combinées à une approche thermodynamique, ces simulations thermiques permettent de décrire les transformations de la silice lors de l’irradiation afin de prédire la morphologie des cratères formés dans le verre. D’autre part, la partie mécanique du modèle permet de simuler la position et la valeur des contraintes résiduelles, générées dans le matériau autour du cratère CO2, lors de l’élévation de température suivie du refroidissement rapide. D’autres expériences concernant le traitement de fractures liées au polissage, ou des défauts de fabrication de réseaux de silice sont également traités dans ce manuscrit. / One limitation of the operation of large power lasers chains such as Laser MegaJoule, is the issue of laser damage of optical components. Different physical phenomena which depend on both the properties of materials, their conditions of manufacture / preparation and laser irradiation parameters can lead to damage initiation on the surface or in the volume, which will grow under successive irradiation. This effect limits the output power, affects the lifetime of the optical components and the maintenance cost of the laser. It can also cause serious safety problems. To address this issue and increase the lifetime of fused silica components, a laser process called "stabilization" is studied in this thesis, the aim being to treat the damage sites to stop their growth under repeated pulses for recycling damaged optics. This process consists of melting, followed by local evaporation by localized energy deposition by a CO2 laser beam of the damage site. We focused particularly on the stabilization of silica components by a micromachining process using a CO2 laser in order to treat millimeter size damages. This technique is based on fast micro-ablation of the silica during which the laser beam is scanned on the component surface to form an adjustable form of crater (typically conical) including the damaged site. A bench of experiments has been set up at the Fresnel Institute to develop and study this process. Various numerical and experimental works were also conducted to validate and optimize the technique. Our work has shown the efficiency of this micro-machining process by CO2 laser to stop the growth of damage to several hundred microns wide and deep. To achieve this goal we relied on modeling of physical phenomena involved in stabilization experiments using the COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. First, the thermal model developed in this thesis is used to calculate the temperature distribution in the material during laser irradiation with or without movement of the beam. Combined with a thermodynamic approach, these thermal simulations can describe the transformation of silica during irradiation and predict the morphology of craters formed in the glass. Secondly, the mechanical part of the model can simulate the position and value of residual stress generated in the material around the crater after the temperature rise followed by rapid cooling. Other experiments on the treatment of fractures related to polishing on silica surfaces, or manufacturing defects on silica gratings are covered in this manuscript.

Orientadores: Rubens Maciel Filho, André Luiz Jardini Munhoz, Betânia Hoss Lunelli / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T10:23:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Peres_AnaPaulaGimenez_D.pdf: 3966242 bytes, checksum: a5d9efcc4a345b82183bab53e34a3ebd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Dentre as rotas alternativas e novas fontes sustentáveis de energia, a biomassa vem se tornando uma opção com potencial para atender a crescente demanda por energia e combustíveis. Como exemplo de fonte renovável, podemos citar o biodiesel, uma das fontes de energia limpa e alternativa mais promissora, cuja produção mundial vem crescendo anualmente. Neste contexto, a geração de hidrogênio e gás de síntese a partir da glicerina bruta tem sido considerada. O principal objetivo desta Tese foi projetar, fabricar e testar um microrreator para produção de hidrogênio a partir da pirólise da glicerina utilizando Laser de CO2 como fonte de energia. Para o cumprimento deste objetivo, quatro etapas principais foram desenvolvidas. A primeira delas foi a realização de estudos fluidodinâmicos do microrreator para a escolha da geometria mais favorável à distribuição do fluxo entre os microcanais. Nesta etapa foi possível quantificar o fluxo do gás nos microcanais e escolher a geometria de acordo com o menor valor no desvio padrão relativo apresentado pela geometria do microrreator. Contudo, neste trabalho, o modelo de microrreator com microcanais internos apresentado não será aplicado, pois de acordo com o objetivo principal da Tese - produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese a partir da pirólise da glicerina aplicando o laser de CO2 - a radiação do laser deverá atingir diretamente a superfície da amostra (glicerina). Na segunda etapa, através da tecnologia de prototipagem rápida/impressão 3D foi fabricado o protótipo do microrreator e a partir desse protótipo foi fabricado o microrreator a partir do método convencional de usinagem. Na terceira etapa, os parâmetros do laser de CO2, tais como potência, velocidade de varredura e tempo de incidência foram avaliados, através de simulações computacionais. A partir da variável de resposta - geração de calor na amostra - foi possível identificar que a potência do laser de CO2 é a variável com maior influência na geração de calor. Na etapa final, experimentos de pirólise da glicerina foram realizados no microrreator com laser de CO2. Os resultados mostraram significantes conversões para a produção de hidrogênio e gás de síntese. A potência do laser de CO2 foi a variável operacional mais importante. Uma conversão na faixa de 54 a 66 % foi obtida quando uma potência de 60 W foi aplicada / Abstract : Motivated to solve the problems caused by the use of non-renewable fuels, scientists around the world seek ways to develop renewable energy that can reduce these impacts in Earth's atmosphere. Among the alternative routes and new sustainable energy sources, biomass is becoming a potential with option to meet the growing demand for energy and fuel. As a renewable source of one example, biodiesel, one of the sources of clean energy and more promising alternative, whose world production is increasing annually. In this context, the generation of hydrogen and syngas from crude glycerol has been considered. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to design, fabricate and test a microreactor for hydrogen production from glycerol pyrolysis using CO2 laser as a source of energy. To achieve this objective, four main steps were developed. Firstly, studies of the fluid dynamic behavior of microreactor was conducted for choosing the most favorable geometry to flow distribution among microchannels. At this point it was possible to quantify the internal gas flow in the microchannels and to select the geometry with the lowest value in the relative standard deviation. However, in this thesis, the model of microreactor with internal microchannels presented will not be applied, because according to the main objective of the thesis - the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas from pyrolysis of the glycerol applying the CO2 laser - laser radiation should directly reach the surface of the sample (glycerol). In the second step, by rapid prototyping technology/3D printing was made the microreactor of the prototype and from the prototype that was manufactured the microreactor from conventional machining method. In the third step, the CO2 laser parameters such as power, sweep rate and incidence of time were evaluated through computer simulations. From the response variable - heat generation in the sample - we found that the power of the CO2 laser is the variable with the greatest influence on the generation of heat. In the final step, glycerol pyrolysis experiments were performed in the microreactor with CO2 laser. The results showed significant conversions for the production of hydrogen and synthesis gas. The power of the CO2 laser is the most important operational variable. A conversion in the range 54-66% was obtained when an output of 60 W was applied / Doutorado / Engenharia Química / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

The project compares the technology of welding of CO2 laser and fiber laser in terms of engineering study, the welds will be made by same welding conditions on two materials (S235JRG2 a X5CrNi 18-10), by using different protective gases (Helium and Argon). In the terms of literal background research both the technologies and questions of laser welding are described. The geometry of welds is carried out in the experimental part. The final results of the experiment are concluded at the end of the diploma thesis.

This diploma thesis discusses laser cutting and the consecutive surface treatment of cut parts. The theory of laser cutting is described in the first part of this thesis, including laser history and the laser emergence principle. Cut parameters and the influence of the laser cutting on the material are described later on. The next part describes the laser cutting technological possibilities and other laser technology utilization options are outlined. In the last theory part, metal surface treatment used in the experiment is covered. Coating thickness is evaluated in the practical part of this thesis, as well as roughness, microhardness, chemical microanalysis and metalography. The evaluation of the results achieved, and optimal surface treatment execution suggestions are addressed in the last part of this thesis.

Nowadays, Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) have been widely applied in the aerospace and automotive industries. Secondary adhesive bonding, instead of using rivets or bolts in conventional mechanical fastenings, is promising in joining CFRPs because it is simple and applicable for cured parts, widely applied for repairing structures, and of light weight. However, the mechanical performance of secondary bonding is very sensitive to the treatment of CFRP parts. Besides, another concern arises from the fact that secondary bonded specimen often prematurely fails due to delamination and leads to a catastrophic structural collapse. While enhancing the joint strength and toughness is important, limiting the progression of damage is crucial, to ensure confidence in the design and allow enough time for maintenance and repair. Therefore, it is significant to introduce a crack arrest feature into the joints, to slow down (or even stop) the crack growth and achieve progressive failure. In this thesis, we employ advanced surface preparation strategies to enhance the strength, toughness, and safety of adhesively bonded CFRP joints. Globally uniform surface pretreatments, using conventional mechanical abrasion, peel-ply, and pulsed CO2 laser irradiation, are employed at first to improve the mechanical responses of adhesively bonded CFRP joints. Then, to better understand damage mechanisms and guide the joint design, characterizations of surface chemistry, surface energy, and surface morphology are correlated with obtained strength and toughness. Next, trench patterns, ablated by pulsed CO2 laser irradiation, are applied to CFRP substrate to further analyze the role of surface roughness on increased mode I energy release rate. Finally, a novel surface patterning strategy is proposed to achieve superior toughness enhancement in adhesively bonded CFRP joints to improve the joint safety. Such surface preparation strategy is assessed through 2D numerical models and realized experimentally by patterning of pulsed CO2 laser irradiation, illustrating its potential in toughening the joint and successfully delaying the crack propagation.

The use of optical fiber sensors is increasing widely in industry, civil, medicine, defense and research. Among different categories of these sensors is the Extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer (EFPI) sensor which is inherently simple and requires only modest amount of interface electronics. These advantages make it suitable for many practical applications. Investigating a cost-effective, reliable and repeatable method for optical fiber sensor fabrication is challenging work. In this thesis, a system for controlled fabrication of Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors is developed and presented as the first attempt for the long-term goal of automated EFPI sensor fabrication. The sensor fabrication control system presented here implements a real-time control of a carbon dioxide (CO₂) laser as sensor bonding power, an optical fiber white light interferometric subsystem for real-time monitoring and measurement of the air gap separation in the Fabry-Perot sensor probe, and real-time control of a piezoelectric (PZT) motion subsystem for sensor alignment. The design of optoelectronic hardware and computer software is included. A large number of sensors are fabricated using this system and are tested under high temperature and high pressure. This system as a prototype system shows the potential in automated sensor fabrication. / Master of Science

This research explored a Digital Laser Dye (DLD) patterning process as an alternative coloration method within a textile design practice context. An interdisciplinary framework employed to carry out the study involved Optical Engineering, Dyeing Chemistry, Textile Design and Industry Interaction through collaboration with the Society of Dyers and Colourists. In doing so, combined creative, scientific and technical methods facilitated design innovation. Standardized polyester (PET) knitted jersey and plain, woven fabrics were modified with CO2 laser technology in order to engineer dye onto the fabric with high-resolution graphics. The work considered the aesthetic possibilities, production opportunities and environmental potential of the process compared to traditional and existing surface design techniques. Laser-dyed patterns were generated by a digital dyeing technique involving CAD, laser technology and dye practices to enable textile coloration and patterning. An understanding of energy density was used to define the tone of a dye in terms of colour depth in relation to the textile. In doing so, a system for calibrating levels of colour against laser energy in order to build a tonal image was found. Central to the investigation was the consideration of the laser beam spot as a dots-per-inch tool, drawing on the principles used in digital printing processes. It was therefore possible to utilise the beam as an image making instrument for modifying textile fibres with controlled laser energy. Qualitative approaches employed enabled data gathering to incorporate verbal and written dialogue based on first-hand interactions. Documented notes encompassed individual thought and expression which facilitated the ability to reflect when engaged in practical activity. As such, tacit knowledge and designerly intuition, which is implicit by nature, informed extended design experiments and the thematic documentation of samples towards a textile design collection. Quantitative measurement and analysis of the outcomes alongside creative exploration aided both a tacit understanding of, and ability to control processing parameters. This enabled repeatability of results parallel to design development and has established the potential to commercially apply the technique. Sportswear and intimate apparel prototypes produced in the study suggest suitable markets for processing polyester garments in this way.

Neste trabalho, descrevemos a construção de uma armadilha óptica de dipolo, tipo Quest, para átomos de Rydberg utilizando um laser de CO2 de alta potência. A amostra aprisionada apresenta aproximadamente 3 × 106 átomos de 85Rb numa densidade 4 × 1011 átomos/cm3, em temperaturas da ordem 30 µK. O tempo de vida da armadilha é da ordem de 200 ms. Neste sistema, observamos a fotoionização dos estados de Rydberg devido ao laser de CO2 em 10, 6 µm, contudo fomos incapazes de quantificá-lo. Além disso, medimos o tempo de vida do estado 37D do Rb na armadilha de dipolo, o resultado foi compatível ao encontrado na literatura. Em suma, o sistema esta operante para experimentos mais complexos. / In this work, we describe the implementation of a QUEST dipole trap for Rydberg atoms using a CO2 high power laser. The trapped atomic sample has approximately 3 × 106 85Rb atoms, at a density of 4 × 1011 atoms/cm3 and a temperature of about 30 µK. The trap lifetime is about 200 ms. We observed photoionization of the Rydberg states due to the CO2 laser at 10, 6 µK, however we were unable to quantify it. Furthermore, we measured the 37D state lifetime of the Rb in the dipole trap, the experimental result was in agreement with the literature. In summary, the system is fully operating for more complex experiments.

Foi estudada a dissociação multifotônica do éter dietílico induzida por absorção de luz infravermelha, proveniente de um laser de CO2, tipo TEA.Na irradiação com a linha P(20) da banda 0001-0200 (1046 cm -1 ), os produtos observados por análise espectroscópica infravermelha e cromatografia em fase gasosa foram:H2,CO,CH4,C2H2,C2H4, C2H6, CH3CHO e C2H5OH.A eficiência de dissociação foi proporcional às pressões iniciais de éter a uma potência fixa e crescente em função da potência do laser a uma pressão fixa. A eficiência com relação ao comprimento de onda do laser seguiu aproximadamente o espectro de absorção I.V. do éter, sugerindo que a dissociação seja iniciada por um processo de absorção multifotônica ressonante. 0 estudo da variação do rendimento individual dos produtos em função da potência apresentou um comportamento crescente para todos os produtos, enquanto que a variação do rendimento individual dos mesmos em função da pressão inicial de éter para CO e CH4 foram crescentes e para C2H6, CH3CHO e C2H5OH foram decrescentes; o comportamento do C2H4 foi linear e quase constante, o que sugere que ele se forme por dissociação unimolecular do éter, enquanto que a formação de CO, CH4 e C2H6deve envolver processos colisionais. Na irradiação de misturas de éter com argônio, neônio, hidrogênio, hélio e N20, os rendimentos individuais absolutos cairam, possivelmente porque tais gases agem como desativadores de moléculas de éter excitadas pelo laser, por transferência de energia V-T. Adicionando-se ao éter um captador de radicais, no caso NO, foi verificado apenas um pequeno aumento no rendimento relativo de CH4 em detrimento do C2H6. Na irradiação o do sistema éter/oxigênio foi observada a quebra dielétrica do sistema, tratando-se este fenômeno de uma verdadeira combustão, uma vez que o processo todo é desencadeado com apenas um pulso do laser para pressões acima de 40,0 Torr de 02,sendo CO2o produto principal. Entretanto, abaixo do limiar de quebra dielétrica o rendimento individual dos produtos foi crescente com o aumento do número de pulsos e também em função do aumento da pressão de 02, exceto o etanol que neste último estudo decresceu. Neste caso, os produtos observados foram os mesmos que no éter puro, exceto pequena quantidade de CO2. Em síntese, o C2H4 e C2H5OH devem se formar da dissociação unimolecular do éter, ao passo que H2 , CO, CH4 , C2H2 , C2H6 e CH3CHO são obtidos, em sua maior parte, através de reações que envolvem processos colisionais, radicalares ou não. / The photodissociation of diethyl ether induced by infrared multiphoton absorption from focused radiation of a TEA CO2 laser was investigated. After irradiating with the P(20) line of the 0001-0200 band (1046 cm-1) the decomposition products were analyzed by IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, ethane, acetaldehyde and ethanol were detected. The overall decomposition efficiency was proportional to the initial pressure for a fixed irradiation energy, and increases with pulse energy at constant sample pressure. The decomposition efficiency was also observed to be wavelength dependent and followed, roughly, the IR absorption spectrum profile suggesting a resonant multiphoton absorption initiated reaction. Individual product yields were found to increase by increasing pulse energies. The variation of the initial ether pressure showed increasing yields for CO and CH4, and decreasing yields for C2H6, CH3 CHO and C2H5OH. The C2H4 yield was almost constant with sample pressure, suggesting that it is formed through unimolecular decomposition, while the formation of CO, CH4 and C2H6 must involve collisional processes. The use of argon, helium, neon, hydrogen, and nitrous oxide as buffer gases decreases the absolute product yields, probably due to the deactivation of excited molecules via collisional V-T energy transfer. The use of a free radical scavenger, nitric oxide,indicated a small increase for CH4 yield and a decrease for C2H6. When irradiating ether/oxygen mixtures, a strong reaction initiated by dielectric breakdown was observed. This phenomenon occurs with one laser pulse when the oxygen pressure is above 40 Torr, and is practically a true combustion, resulting in the formation of CO2 as the major product and traces of CO. However, under the threshold for dielectric breakdown the products yields increase when increasing the number of pulses and 02 pressure. In this case the products are the same as in neat ether, except for small quantities of CO2.

Foi estudada a dissociação multifotônica do éter dietílico induzida por absorção de luz infravermelha, proveniente de um laser de CO2, tipo TEA.Na irradiação com a linha P(20) da banda 0001-0200 (1046 cm -1 ), os produtos observados por análise espectroscópica infravermelha e cromatografia em fase gasosa foram:H2,CO,CH4,C2H2,C2H4, C2H6, CH3CHO e C2H5OH.A eficiência de dissociação foi proporcional às pressões iniciais de éter a uma potência fixa e crescente em função da potência do laser a uma pressão fixa. A eficiência com relação ao comprimento de onda do laser seguiu aproximadamente o espectro de absorção I.V. do éter, sugerindo que a dissociação seja iniciada por um processo de absorção multifotônica ressonante. 0 estudo da variação do rendimento individual dos produtos em função da potência apresentou um comportamento crescente para todos os produtos, enquanto que a variação do rendimento individual dos mesmos em função da pressão inicial de éter para CO e CH4 foram crescentes e para C2H6, CH3CHO e C2H5OH foram decrescentes; o comportamento do C2H4 foi linear e quase constante, o que sugere que ele se forme por dissociação unimolecular do éter, enquanto que a formação de CO, CH4 e C2H6deve envolver processos colisionais. Na irradiação de misturas de éter com argônio, neônio, hidrogênio, hélio e N20, os rendimentos individuais absolutos cairam, possivelmente porque tais gases agem como desativadores de moléculas de éter excitadas pelo laser, por transferência de energia V-T. Adicionando-se ao éter um captador de radicais, no caso NO, foi verificado apenas um pequeno aumento no rendimento relativo de CH4 em detrimento do C2H6. Na irradiação o do sistema éter/oxigênio foi observada a quebra dielétrica do sistema, tratando-se este fenômeno de uma verdadeira combustão, uma vez que o processo todo é desencadeado com apenas um pulso do laser para pressões acima de 40,0 Torr de 02,sendo CO2o produto principal. Entretanto, abaixo do limiar de quebra dielétrica o rendimento individual dos produtos foi crescente com o aumento do número de pulsos e também em função do aumento da pressão de 02, exceto o etanol que neste último estudo decresceu. Neste caso, os produtos observados foram os mesmos que no éter puro, exceto pequena quantidade de CO2. Em síntese, o C2H4 e C2H5OH devem se formar da dissociação unimolecular do éter, ao passo que H2 , CO, CH4 , C2H2 , C2H6 e CH3CHO são obtidos, em sua maior parte, através de reações que envolvem processos colisionais, radicalares ou não. / The photodissociation of diethyl ether induced by infrared multiphoton absorption from focused radiation of a TEA CO2 laser was investigated. After irradiating with the P(20) line of the 0001-0200 band (1046 cm-1) the decomposition products were analyzed by IR spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, acetylene, ethane, acetaldehyde and ethanol were detected. The overall decomposition efficiency was proportional to the initial pressure for a fixed irradiation energy, and increases with pulse energy at constant sample pressure. The decomposition efficiency was also observed to be wavelength dependent and followed, roughly, the IR absorption spectrum profile suggesting a resonant multiphoton absorption initiated reaction. Individual product yields were found to increase by increasing pulse energies. The variation of the initial ether pressure showed increasing yields for CO and CH4, and decreasing yields for C2H6, CH3 CHO and C2H5OH. The C2H4 yield was almost constant with sample pressure, suggesting that it is formed through unimolecular decomposition, while the formation of CO, CH4 and C2H6 must involve collisional processes. The use of argon, helium, neon, hydrogen, and nitrous oxide as buffer gases decreases the absolute product yields, probably due to the deactivation of excited molecules via collisional V-T energy transfer. The use of a free radical scavenger, nitric oxide,indicated a small increase for CH4 yield and a decrease for C2H6. When irradiating ether/oxygen mixtures, a strong reaction initiated by dielectric breakdown was observed. This phenomenon occurs with one laser pulse when the oxygen pressure is above 40 Torr, and is practically a true combustion, resulting in the formation of CO2 as the major product and traces of CO. However, under the threshold for dielectric breakdown the products yields increase when increasing the number of pulses and 02 pressure. In this case the products are the same as in neat ether, except for small quantities of CO2.