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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Avalia??o do efeito das vari?veis de processo na descafeiniza??o da erva-mate por extra??o com fluido supercr?tico / Evaluation of the effect of process variables in decaffeination of yerba mate by extraction with supercritical fluid

Franceschini, Gustavo do Nascimento 30 March 2017 (has links)
Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-06-29T13:46:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GUSTAVO_DO_NASCIMENTO_FRANCESCHINI_COMPLETO.pdf: 1349176 bytes, checksum: 447176549ff68fd480d9db42406285d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-29T13:46:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DIS_GUSTAVO_DO_NASCIMENTO_FRANCESCHINI_COMPLETO.pdf: 1349176 bytes, checksum: 447176549ff68fd480d9db42406285d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-30 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The caffeine extraction process of yerba mate presents itself as an economically attractive activity, capable of generating two products with high market value, decaffeinated yerba mate, a differentiated product and natural caffeine, a compound with a growing demand in the current market. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the properties of plant material and the effect of process operating conditions in the caffeine removal from mate through supercritical extraction. To this objective, supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technology was used. The studied characteristics of the plant material were particle size, density and moisture content. After the optimum parameters were defined, the effect of the processing to which yerba mate is submitted was also evaluated, in three different stages: harvesting, zapecado and cancheamento. As for the operating conditions, it was assessed the influence of the porosity and the cosolvent content (ethanol) during the extraction process, with the pressure and operating temperature were set at optimum values for the removal of caffeine. Still, the effect of the mass ratio plant / solvent weight used was also studied. The extracts were analyzed by highperformance liquid chromatography. It was observed that increasing water content present in plant favored removal of caffeine, reaching a final concentration of 0.30% of caffeine (g / 100g), while the use of ethanol as cosolvent during the extraction process yielded in a final concentration of 0.03% (g / 100g) caffeine. For the processing, the zapecada sample presented the best results overall, both in yield of extract obtained and caffeine removal. Regarding the biological activity of the decaffeinated product, it was verified that the infusions of yerba mate decreased the cell viability of different cell lines of esophageal cancer and that this effect was independent of the concentration of caffeine present in the plant. Finally, the mathematical modeling of the extraction curve was performed in order to correlate the variables of the process with the experimental data. / O processo de extra??o de cafe?na da erva-mate apresenta-se como uma atividade economicamente atrativa, capaz de gerar dois produtos com alto valor de mercado, a erva-mate descafeinada, um produto diferenciado e a cafe?na natural, composto com uma crescente demanda no mercado atual. A proposta deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das propriedades do material vegetal e das condi??es operacionais de processo de extra??o na remo??o da cafe?na da erva-mate. Para isto, utilizou-se a tecnologia de extra??o supercr?tica. As propriedades do material vegetal estudadas foram granulometria, densidade e teor de umidade. Ap?s definirem-se os par?metros ?timos, avaliou-se o efeito do processamento da ervamate em tr?s diferentes etapas na melhor condi??o: fresca, sapecada e cancheada. Quanto ?s condi??es de opera??o, avaliou-se a influ?ncia da porosidade e do teor de cossolvente (etanol) durante o processo de extra??o, com a press?o e a temperatura de opera??o sendo fixadas em valores ?timos para a remo??o de cafe?na. Ainda, verificou-se o efeito da raz?o massa de planta/massa de solvente utilizado. Os extratos foram analisados por cromatografia l?quida de alta efici?ncia. Como resultado deste estudo observou-se que o aumento do teor de umidade presente na planta favoreceu a remo??o de cafe?na, atingindo uma concentra??o final de 0,30% de cafe?na (g/100g), enquanto que a utiliza??o de etanol como cossolvente durante o processo de extra??o resultou em uma concentra??o final de 0,03% (g/100g) de cafe?na. Para o processamento, a amostra sapecada apresentou os melhores resultados, tanto em rela??o ao rendimento de extrato obtido como em rela??o ? remo??o de cafe?na. Quanto ? atividade biol?gica do produto descafeinado, verificou-se que as infus?es de erva-mate diminuem a viabilidade celular de diferentes linhagens celulares de c?ncer de es?fago e que este efeito ? independente da concentra??o de cafe?na na planta. Por fim, procedeu-se a modelagem matem?tica da curva de extra??o a fim de correlacionar as vari?veis de processo com os dados experimentais.
2

Ataque corrosivo ao cimento Portland petrol?fero classe G: estudos sobre os efeitos da carbonata??o

Costa, Bruno Leonardo de Sena 15 January 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-02-21T21:14:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-22T20:55:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T20:55:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoLeonardoDeSenaCosta_TESE.pdf: 4089487 bytes, checksum: fcfd3987ed1c7e1dfaa97685067e032e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-15 / Neste trabalho o fen?meno da carbonata??o do cimento Portland ? investigado por diferentes abordagens, por?m convergindo para o mesmo objetivo: aprofundar o conhecimento dos processos e os efeitos do CO2 na matriz ciment?cia. Esse fen?meno ocorre atrav?s de rea??es qu?micas entre o ?cido carb?nico, formado pela rea??o do CO2 com a ?gua, e alguns produtos hidratados do cimento. Em subsuperf?cie, devido ao incremento de temperatura e press?o o meio se torna mais danoso, sendo assim, na ?rea de petr?leo e g?s, principalmente a cimenta??o, tem um grande interesse por esta problem?tica. Frente ao exposto, neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos e publicados tr?s artigos intitulados: [Artigo I] Efeitos do di?xido de carbono no cimento Portland: uma rela??o entre a sedimenta??o est?tica e a carbonata??o, [Artigo II] Carbonata??o em cimento Portland para po?os de petr?leo: influ?ncia do tempo de hidrata??o antes do contato com o CO2 e [Artigo III] Estudo sobre a carbonata??o em uma matriz de cimento Portland classe G em ambientes supercr?tico e saturado. No primeiro estudo foi proposto um modelo para o comportamento da sedimenta??o e da carbonata??o ocorrido em uma pasta inst?vel, onde a sedimenta??o est?tica baseia-se na mec?nica dos fluidos. No segundo estudo foram investigadas tr?s pastas com a mesma formula??o, por?m curadas durante per?odos de tempos de 8 horas, 7 dias e 28 dias antes do contato com o CO2. Os resultados mostraram processos distintos, mas com efeitos similares de carbonata??o ao final. E no ?ltimo estudo as amostras foram expostas ao mesmo tempo em CO2 supercr?tico e saturado. As an?lises mostraram resultados significativamente distintos, onde as amostras expostas ao meio saturado sofreram um ataque 35% superior ?quelas submetidas ao CO2 supercr?tico. Este trabalho apresenta estudos que buscam promover uma maior compreens?o da fenomenologia da a??o do CO2 e ao mesmo tempo dar subs?dios para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias que combatam a carbonata??o. / In this study the phenomenon of Portland cement carbonation is investigated by different approaches, but converging towards the same objective: to deepen the knowledge of the processes and the effects in the cement matrix. The phenomenon occurs through chemical reactions between carbonic acid, formed by the reaction of CO2 with water, and some hydrated products of cement. In subsurface due to the increase of temperature and pressure the medium becomes more damaging, being therefore, in the area of oil and gas, mainly cementing, has a great interest by this problematic. In view of the above, in this study three articles were developed and published entitled: [Article I] Effects of carbon dioxide in Portland cement: a relation between static sedimentation and carbonation, [Article II] Carbonation in oil well Portland cement: Influence of hydration time prior to contact with CO2 and [Article III] Study of carbonation in a class G Portland cement matrix at supercritical and saturated environments. In the first study, a model was proposed for sedimentation and carbonation behavior in an unstable slurry, the static sedimentation based on fluid mechanics. In another study, three slurries of the same formulation were investigated, but were cured for periods of 8 hours, 7 days and 28 days before CO2 contact. The results showed distinct processes, but with similar carbonation effects at the end. In addition, in one last study samples were exposed at the same time in supercritical and saturated CO2. The analyzes showed significantly different results, where the samples exposed to the saturated medium suffered a 35% higher attack. This work presents studies that seek to promote a greater understanding of phenomenology and give subsidies for the development of technologies that combat carbonation.
3

Cinzas volantes e ze?litas sint?ticas na composi??o da pasta de cimento classe G e degrada??o por CO2 em condi??es de armazenamento geol?gico de carbono

Ledesma, Roger Braun 15 January 2018 (has links)
Submitted by PPG Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais (engenharia.pg.materiais@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-03T11:34:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Roger vers?o biblioteca.pdf: 9741593 bytes, checksum: 510807346e33704b6f1650648b1f1b19 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sheila Dias (sheila.dias@pucrs.br) on 2018-05-14T11:17:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Roger vers?o biblioteca.pdf: 9741593 bytes, checksum: 510807346e33704b6f1650648b1f1b19 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-14T11:48:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 disserta??o Roger vers?o biblioteca.pdf: 9741593 bytes, checksum: 510807346e33704b6f1650648b1f1b19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-15 / Developing technologies for the capture and geological storage of CO2 has been a constant challenge of the scientific community in the search for solutions that can reduce the environmental impacts caused by the release of this gas into the atmosphere. However, its storage in depleted oil wells has been shown to be a very important point, since the materials applied in wells can suffer degradation in the presence of CO2 in the supercritical state and at high pressures. The objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of the class G cement paste used in cementation of wellbore under conditions of geological carbon storage with replacement of part of the cement by pozoanic materials such as fly ash from the fossil fuel burning of the Candiota Thermoelectric Plant, and synthetic zeolites (4A-1 e 4A-2). The contents of the pozalanas used in substitution of the cement were 5% and 10% in weight. The medium in which samples were submitted for degradation tests was CO2 saturated water at 15 MPa pressure and 90 ?C for 7 and 14 days. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), XRay Diffraction (XRD) and compressive strength tests were the characterization techniques used in this work. The results showed that the use of fly ash increased the compressive strength of the samples after 14 days, mainly for higher percentage of cement replacement by this material (10%), but its chemical degraded layer increased. In case of zeolites 4A-1 use, a lower compressive strength was observed compared to the standard paste, but the degraded layer was reduced. When zeolites 4A-2 were used significant loss of compressive strength was observed from 7 to 14 days, mainly for the proportion of the mixture of 10% and its degraded layer also reduced. / Desenvolver tecnologias para a captura e armazenamento geol?gico de CO2 tem sido um desafio constante da comunidade cient?fica na busca de solu??es que possam reduzir os impactos ambientais provocados pela libera??o desde g?s na atmosfera. Por?m, seu armazenamento em po?os depletados de petr?leo tem se mostrado o ponto mais desafiador, pois os materiais aplicados nestes po?os podem sofrer degrada??o na presen?a de CO2 em estado supercr?tico e em altas press?es. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho da pasta de cimento classe G, utilizada na cimenta??o e tamponamento dos po?os, em condi??es de armazenamento geol?gico de carbono com substitui??o de parte do cimento por materiais pozol?nicos. O material utilizado foi as cinzas volantes, oriundas da queima de carv?o mineral da Usina Termoel?trica de Candiota, e ze?litas 4A comerciais sint?ticas (4A-1 e 4A-2). Os teores utilizados das pozalanas em substitui??o ao cimento foram 5% e 10% em massa. O meio em que foram submetidas as amostras foi de ?gua saturada com CO2 a 15 MPa de press?o a 90? C por 7 e 14 dias. A Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV), a Difra??o de Raios X (DRX) e o teste de resist?ncia ? compress?o foram as t?cnicas de caracteriza??o utilizadas neste trabalho. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o uso de cinzas volantes aumentou aos 14 dias a resist?ncia ? compress?o das amostras, principalmente para maior a porcentagem de substitui??o do cimento por este material (10%), por?m a camada alterada quimicamente aumentou. Quando utilizadas as ze?litas 4A-1, notou-se uma menor resist?ncia ? compress?o que a pasta padr?o, mas a camada degradada reduziu. No caso das ze?litas 4A-2, foi constatada a perda significativa de resist?ncia ? compress?o dos 7 para 14 dias, principalmente para a amostra contendo 10% dessa zeolita, sendo que a camada alterada quimicamente tamb?m reduziu.

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