Buildings and the cities they make up are in a state of constant change. Temples become churches, palaces become apartment complexes, and railway stations have been turned into hotels and museums. Paris is an example of a city which reuses existing buildings, and on a smaller scale as the city changes over time, buildings are split in half, windows become doors, and row houses become apartments. In its centuries long evolution, Paris has developed into one of the most beautiful cities in the world full of an architecture of reuse and renovation of existing structures. As this process of reuse occurs, the history of a building is revealed as its original materials, structure, and scars are uncovered and celebrated. In the Montmartre House, the building's original vaulted brick structure is exposed. This traditional structure, along with new partitions and rooms, form a modern house in which new and old contrast, enhancing each other and creating a new architecture. The aim is not to reconstruct the old brick building into what it once was, but to use it in conjunction with modern construction methods and materials and continue the subsequent reuse and transformation making this house a reflection of the architectural spirit of Paris itself. / Master of Architecture

Stiffeners are used as a means of providing additional support to columns at beam connection locations. They are added when the strength of the column is exceeded but full moment strength of the beam section is desired. In determining the design of column stiffeners, there are no specifications for determining the distribution of load between the column web and stiffeners. The AISC Load and Resistance Factor Design Specifications provides guidelines for determining the stiffener area but no specifications are given. The actual loads taken by the stiffener and web are therefore not truly known. In this study, experiments were done to determine the load supported by the stiffeners and web when tensile forces are applied to the specimen. The initial stiffener design for the test specimens was based on LRFD guidelines. The actual load distribution between the column web and stiffeners is determined from strain data obtained during testing. This distribution is compared with the assumed loads obtained from the initial LRFD calculations. Finite element analysis is also utilized to confirm the consistency of the results obtained from the experiments. Using this information, a new method is developed which better predicts the distribution of load between the column web and the stiffener. / Master of Science

A elevada introdução de antibióticos no ambiente aquático tem aumentado a preocupação em relação ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos resistentes aos agentes antimicrobianos e seu potencial impacto na biota aquática. Com o objetivo de monitorar a presença, persistência e destinação desses fármacos no meio ambiente, há a necessidade de se desenvolver métodos analíticos altamente sensíveis a baixas concentrações desses antibióticos, na ordem de ng L-1 a μg L-1. Nesse contexto o trabalho tem como objetivo a síntese de sorventes seletivos como polímeros molecularmente impressos (MIP) e polímeros molecularmente impressos com acesso restrito (RAMIP) para a análise de amostras aquosas complexas contendo fluoroquinolonas, empregando extração em fase sólida (SPE) online acoplada por column-switching (CS) à LC-MS/MS. Dois MIPs (MIP1 e MIP2) foram sintetizados utilizando ofloxacino como molécula molde, ácido metacrílico como monômero e, etileno glicol dimetacrilato (MIP1) ou trimetilpropano trimetacrilato (MIP2) como agente de ligação cruzada. O glicerol dimetacrilato e hidroximetil dimetacrilato foram utilizados para promover a formação de uma superfície hidrofílica sobre os MIP1 e MIP2 (RAMIP1 e RAMIP2). Os polímeros sintetizados (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1 e RAMIP2) foram acondicionados em colunas de 21,7 x 2,0 mm e empregados para análise direta das matrizes em um sistema de CS-LC-MS/MS online, para avaliação da seletividade, exclusão de macromoléculas e recuperação relativa do processo. As fases sintetizadas foram recobertas com ácidos húmicos (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) e foram comparadas a fase extratora HLB-AH quanto a seletividade e capacidade de exclusão de proteínas e ácidos húmicos. Os polímeros sintetizados mostraram-se seletivos para a análise de fluoroquinolonas quando comparados com possíveis interferentes, em especial o MIP1 e MIP-AH, com seletividade maior em relação à apresentada pelas fases comerciais HLB Oasis® e StrataX®. Além disso, foi possível eliminar cerca de 92-100% de proteína quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 44 mg mL-1 de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e de 94-96% quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 6 mg mL-1 de ácido húmico. A eficiência relativa do processo de preparo de amostra apresentada pelos polímeros sintetizados foi comparável à da fase comercial, no entanto o desvio padrão relativo (DPR) apresentado pela fase HLB foi maior. O polímero MIP1-AH apresentou melhor eficiência no processo de extração para a maioria dos analitos quando analisado em matriz de esgoto preparado em laboratório e esgoto sanitário enquanto que as fases MIP2 e RAMIP1 apresentaram um melhor desempenho na extração dos analitos em matriz de efluente de ETE. Em suma, o efeito matriz mostrou-se ainda persistente devido à complexidade das matrizes avaliadas, o que foge à idealidade para que se tenha detecção de fluoroquinolonas em baixíssimas concentrações, como objetivo desse trabalho. Dessa forma, para que o método possa ser utilizado para análise de amostras reais é necessária a compatibilização das matrizes durante a validação do método. / The increased use of antibiotics has led to a higher presence of these molecules into environment. Therefore, there is a raising concern on this matter, since antibiotics may yield microorganisms resistant to their effects. Aiming to monitoring the presence, persistence and destination of these drugs on the environment, there is an urge for the development of highly sensitive analytical methods, capable of detecting at the μg L-1 to the ng L-1 concentration levels. In this fashion, this thesis focuses on the synthesis of selective sorbents such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) and restricted access molecular imprinted polymers (RAMIP) for the analysis of complex water samples containing fluoroquinolones. Additionally, it includes the use of these sorbents by online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC-MS/MS, using a column-switching (CS) setup. Two MIPs (MIP1 and MIP2) were synthesized using ofloxacin as template, methacrylic acid as monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MIP1) or trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (MIP2) as cross-linking agent. The glycerol dimethacrylate and hydroximethyl dimethacrylate were employed to promote the formation of a hydrophilic surface layer on MIP1 and MIP2 (RAMIP1 and RAMIP2). The synthesized polymers (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1, RAMIP2) were packed into 21,7 x 2,0 mm columns and used for the direct analysis of complex water matrices using an online CS-LC-MS/MS system, for the evaluation of the selectivity, macromolecules exclusion and relative process efficiency. The synthesized phases were coated with humic acids (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) and were compared to the extraction phase HLB-AH regarding its selectivity and capability of proteins and humic acid exclusion. The synthesized polymers displayed selectivity for the analysis of fluoroquionolones when compared to the possible interferents, specially the MIP1 and MIP1-AH, with a higher selectivity when compared with the commercial phases Oasis® HLB and Strata X®. Additionally, when percolating an aqueous solution containing 44 mg mL-1 of bovine seric albumin (BSA) it was possible to eliminate ca. 92-100% of the proteins and 94-96% of exclusion was obtained when percolating an aqueous solution containing 6 mg mL-1 of humic acid. The relative process efficiency of sample preparation resulted from the synthesized polymers was comparable to that of the commercial phase, however the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the HLB phase was higher. The polymer MIP1-AH displayed better efficiency for the extraction process for most of the analytes on both sewage matrices, the one prepared on the laboratory and the sanitary one. The phases MIP2 and RAMIP1 presented a better performance for the extraction of analytes in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant. In conclusion, the matrix effect showed to be a persistent effect, given the complexity of the matrices analyzed. This fact is far from an ideal condition of detecting fluoroquinolones in real-life application where they are present at very low concentrations. In this sense, for the application of this method for real samples, a strategy of matrix matching would be needed during the validation of the method.

A elevada introdução de antibióticos no ambiente aquático tem aumentado a preocupação em relação ao desenvolvimento de microrganismos resistentes aos agentes antimicrobianos e seu potencial impacto na biota aquática. Com o objetivo de monitorar a presença, persistência e destinação desses fármacos no meio ambiente, há a necessidade de se desenvolver métodos analíticos altamente sensíveis a baixas concentrações desses antibióticos, na ordem de ng L-1 a μg L-1. Nesse contexto o trabalho tem como objetivo a síntese de sorventes seletivos como polímeros molecularmente impressos (MIP) e polímeros molecularmente impressos com acesso restrito (RAMIP) para a análise de amostras aquosas complexas contendo fluoroquinolonas, empregando extração em fase sólida (SPE) online acoplada por column-switching (CS) à LC-MS/MS. Dois MIPs (MIP1 e MIP2) foram sintetizados utilizando ofloxacino como molécula molde, ácido metacrílico como monômero e, etileno glicol dimetacrilato (MIP1) ou trimetilpropano trimetacrilato (MIP2) como agente de ligação cruzada. O glicerol dimetacrilato e hidroximetil dimetacrilato foram utilizados para promover a formação de uma superfície hidrofílica sobre os MIP1 e MIP2 (RAMIP1 e RAMIP2). Os polímeros sintetizados (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1 e RAMIP2) foram acondicionados em colunas de 21,7 x 2,0 mm e empregados para análise direta das matrizes em um sistema de CS-LC-MS/MS online, para avaliação da seletividade, exclusão de macromoléculas e recuperação relativa do processo. As fases sintetizadas foram recobertas com ácidos húmicos (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) e foram comparadas a fase extratora HLB-AH quanto a seletividade e capacidade de exclusão de proteínas e ácidos húmicos. Os polímeros sintetizados mostraram-se seletivos para a análise de fluoroquinolonas quando comparados com possíveis interferentes, em especial o MIP1 e MIP-AH, com seletividade maior em relação à apresentada pelas fases comerciais HLB Oasis® e StrataX®. Além disso, foi possível eliminar cerca de 92-100% de proteína quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 44 mg mL-1 de albumina sérica bovina (BSA) e de 94-96% quando percolada uma solução aquosa de 6 mg mL-1 de ácido húmico. A eficiência relativa do processo de preparo de amostra apresentada pelos polímeros sintetizados foi comparável à da fase comercial, no entanto o desvio padrão relativo (DPR) apresentado pela fase HLB foi maior. O polímero MIP1-AH apresentou melhor eficiência no processo de extração para a maioria dos analitos quando analisado em matriz de esgoto preparado em laboratório e esgoto sanitário enquanto que as fases MIP2 e RAMIP1 apresentaram um melhor desempenho na extração dos analitos em matriz de efluente de ETE. Em suma, o efeito matriz mostrou-se ainda persistente devido à complexidade das matrizes avaliadas, o que foge à idealidade para que se tenha detecção de fluoroquinolonas em baixíssimas concentrações, como objetivo desse trabalho. Dessa forma, para que o método possa ser utilizado para análise de amostras reais é necessária a compatibilização das matrizes durante a validação do método. / The increased use of antibiotics has led to a higher presence of these molecules into environment. Therefore, there is a raising concern on this matter, since antibiotics may yield microorganisms resistant to their effects. Aiming to monitoring the presence, persistence and destination of these drugs on the environment, there is an urge for the development of highly sensitive analytical methods, capable of detecting at the μg L-1 to the ng L-1 concentration levels. In this fashion, this thesis focuses on the synthesis of selective sorbents such as molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) and restricted access molecular imprinted polymers (RAMIP) for the analysis of complex water samples containing fluoroquinolones. Additionally, it includes the use of these sorbents by online solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to LC-MS/MS, using a column-switching (CS) setup. Two MIPs (MIP1 and MIP2) were synthesized using ofloxacin as template, methacrylic acid as monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (MIP1) or trimethylpropane trimethacrylate (MIP2) as cross-linking agent. The glycerol dimethacrylate and hydroximethyl dimethacrylate were employed to promote the formation of a hydrophilic surface layer on MIP1 and MIP2 (RAMIP1 and RAMIP2). The synthesized polymers (MIP1, MIP2, RAMIP1, RAMIP2) were packed into 21,7 x 2,0 mm columns and used for the direct analysis of complex water matrices using an online CS-LC-MS/MS system, for the evaluation of the selectivity, macromolecules exclusion and relative process efficiency. The synthesized phases were coated with humic acids (MIP1-AH, MIP2-AH, RAMIP1-AH, RAMIP2-AH) and were compared to the extraction phase HLB-AH regarding its selectivity and capability of proteins and humic acid exclusion. The synthesized polymers displayed selectivity for the analysis of fluoroquionolones when compared to the possible interferents, specially the MIP1 and MIP1-AH, with a higher selectivity when compared with the commercial phases Oasis® HLB and Strata X®. Additionally, when percolating an aqueous solution containing 44 mg mL-1 of bovine seric albumin (BSA) it was possible to eliminate ca. 92-100% of the proteins and 94-96% of exclusion was obtained when percolating an aqueous solution containing 6 mg mL-1 of humic acid. The relative process efficiency of sample preparation resulted from the synthesized polymers was comparable to that of the commercial phase, however the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the HLB phase was higher. The polymer MIP1-AH displayed better efficiency for the extraction process for most of the analytes on both sewage matrices, the one prepared on the laboratory and the sanitary one. The phases MIP2 and RAMIP1 presented a better performance for the extraction of analytes in effluents of a wastewater treatment plant. In conclusion, the matrix effect showed to be a persistent effect, given the complexity of the matrices analyzed. This fact is far from an ideal condition of detecting fluoroquinolones in real-life application where they are present at very low concentrations. In this sense, for the application of this method for real samples, a strategy of matrix matching would be needed during the validation of the method.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

This paper presents a non-linear finite element model (FEM) used to predict the behaviour of slender concrete filled steel tubular (CFST) columns with elliptical hollow sections subjected to axial compression. The accuracy of the FEM was validated by comparing the numerical prediction against experimental observation of eighteen elliptical CFST columns which carefully chosen to represent typical sectional sizes and member slenderness. The adaptability to apply the current design rules provided in Eurocode 4 for circular and rectangular CFST columns to elliptical CFST columns were discussed. A parametric study is carried out with various section sizes, lengths and concrete strength in order to cover a wider range of member cross-sections and slenderness which is currently used in practices to examine the important structural behaviour and design parameters, such as column imperfection, non-dimension slenderness and buckling reduction factor, etc. It is concluded that the design rules given in Eurocode 4 for circular and rectangular CFST columns may be adopted to calculate the axial buckling load of elliptical CFST columns although using the imperfection of length/300 specified in the Eurocode 4 might be over-conservative for elliptical CFST columns with lower non-dimensional slenderness.

Thesis (MEng) -- Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Distillation is one of the most widely used processes for the separation of fluids with different volatilities. Due to the popularity of this process it is often assumed that the hydrodynamic behaviour inside distillation columns is well-defined. However, this is not always the case and this study therefore endeavoured to provide additional insight into the topic through a systematic investigation into the hydrodynamics and the capacity limitations of a sieve tray distillation column. The objective of the study was to measure and evaluate the effects of the following variables on entrainment and weeping: - Fluid flow rate (gas and liquid). - Plate geometry (i.e. hole diameter and fractional hole area). - Liquid properties (i.e. surface tension, viscosity and density). - Gas properties (i.e. viscosity and density). The hydrodynamic effects were evaluated at zero mass transfer in a pilot-scale tray column, by passing pure liquids and gases in counter current configuration. The pilot column was rectangular in shape with internal dimensions of 175 mm by 635 mm. A chimney tray was used to capture the weeping liquid, while a de-entrainment tray was used in combination with a mist eliminator pad to capture the entrained liquid. The fractional hole areas for the sieve trays under investigation were 7%, 11% and 15% and the hole diameters were 3.2 mm (⅛ in.), 6.4 mm (¼ in.) and 12.7 mm (½ in.). The experimental liquids were ethylene glycol, butanol, water and silicone oil, while the gases were air and carbon dioxide (CO2). These experimental measurements produced over 10 000 data points for entrainment and over 7 000 data points of weeping. The results were repeatable and the entrainment values compared reasonably well with previous data produced by Nutter (1971) and Uys (2012). The differences between entrainment for the different liquids were more significant in the spray regime than in the froth regime, and butanol was entrained more readily than silicone oil, ethylene glycol and water. Fluids that caused a larger spray layer in the dispersion zone produced more entrainment. Entrainment increased with decreasing liquid density, decreasing liquid surface tension and decreasing liquid viscosity. The more unstable the dispersion layer, the higher the entrainment. The liquid density strongly influenced weeping, i.e. weeping increased with increasing liquid density. On the other hand, gases with higher densities – and thus with a higher mass flow rates at similar volumetric flow rates through the sieve tray – displayed less weeping and more entrainment than less dense gases, because of an increased upward drag force on the fluids. When considering tray geometry and when operating in the spray regime, the magnitude of entrainment increased with decreasing fractional hole area, while the dependency of entrainment on fractional hole area was more prominent at lower fractional hole areas. When operating in the froth regime – typically above 23 m3/(h.m) – the fractional hole area had a relatively small influence on the magnitude of entrainment, while the cross-flowing liquid rate dominated related effects. In the spray regime, i.e. typically below 23 m3/(h.m), the entrainment increased with increasing sieve tray hole diameter, while hole diameter had a relatively small influence on entrainment at higher liquid flow rates between 23 and 60 m3/(h.m). However, at even higher liquid flow rates in the froth regime, i.e. above 60 m3/(h.m), the effect of hole diameter on the entrainment became more prominent again, with increased entrainment for smaller hole diameters. The effect of hole diameter on weeping differed with changing fluid combinations and the 12.7 mm hole size caused notably less weeping than the 3.2 mm and 6.4 mm trays at higher liquid flow rates. It is believed that weeping occurred preferentially at so-called localised high pressure zones on the sieve tray. At high gas and liquid flow rates, the resultant extended dispersion layer allows minimal intimate contact between the plate and the liquid (minimising such localized high-pressure zones). In effect, the liquid ‘jumps’ over the entire flow path length in the test rig, thus resulting in low weeping rates at high gas and liquid rates. The effects of fractional hole area and hole diameter on entrainment and weeping can be correlated with combinations of well-known hydrodynamic dimensionless numbers, such as the Weber number (We), Froude number (Fr) and Reynolds number (Re). Within the limitations of this study, the flow-Froude number was shown to be the most useful dimensionless number, since it displayed a monotonic relationship with magnitude of entrainment for different combinations of fluid systems and tray configurations. Furthermore, both the construction number and fluid density ratio could be used in a sensible manner to correlate some of the effects of tray geometry on entrainment. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Distillasie word wêreldwyd op groot en klein skaal toegepas as ʼn metode om chemiese komponente van mekaar te skei, gebasseer op hul verskil in vlugtigheid. Die hidrodinamiese gedrag van vloeistowwe en hul damp binne ʼn distillasiekolom beïnvloed die effektiwiteit van die skeidingsproses. Hierdie studie beoog dus om bykomende insig te verskaf tot die hidrodinamika en kapasiteitsbeperkings van ʼn plaat-distilleerkolom. Die doelwit van die studie was om die invloed van die volgende veranderlikes op die meesleuring en deurdripping van vloeistowwe te ondersoek: - Gas- en vloeistof vloeitempo. - Plaatgeometrie (i.e. gatdeursnit en fraksionele deurvloei-area). - Vloeistofeienskappe (i.e. oppervlakspanning, viskositeit en digtheid). - Gaseienskappe (i.e. viskositeit en digtheid). Die hidrodinamiese studie is uitgevoer in ʼn reghoekige plaatkolom met interne afmetings van 175 mm x 635 mm. Die vloeistof en gasfases is in kontak gebring op ʼn teenstroom basis, met geen massa-oordrag wat plaasvind nie. ʼn Skoorsteenplaat het die vloeistof opgevang wat deurdrip terwyl ʼn ekstra plaat aan die bokant van die kolom die meegesleurde vloeistof opgevang het. Hierdie ekstra plaat is gebruik tesame met ʼn mis-elimineerder om al die meegesleurde vloeistof op te vang. Plate met verskillende deurvloei-areas (7%, 11% en 15%) en gat deursnitte (3.2 mm, 6.4 mm en 12.7 mm) is gebruik in die ondersoek. Die vloeistowwe wat gebruik is, sluit in etileen glikol, butanol, water en silikon olie. Lug en koolstofdioksied is as gasse gebruik. Die eksperimentele data het goeie herhaalbaarheid getoon en is vergelykbaar met die gepubliseerde data van Nutter (1971) en Uys (2012). Meer as 10 000 data punte is gemeet vir vloeistofmeesleuring en meer as 7 000 vir deurdripping. Die verskil in hoeveelheid meesleuring tussen die vloeistowwe, soos ondersoek in hierdie studie, was mees beduidend in die spoei-regime. Butanol is die meeste meegesleur, gevolg deur silikon olie en dan etileen glikol. Water is die minste meegesleur is. Vloeistowwe wat ʼn groter sproeivolume in die dispersielaag bo die plaat gevorm het, is die meeste meegesleur. Meesleuring het toegeneem met ʼn afname in digtheid, oppervlakspanning en viskositeit van die vloeistof. ʼn Onstabiele dispersielaag bo die plaat het meer meesleuring tot gevolg gehad. Vloeistofdeurdripping is sterk beïnvloed deur vloeistofdigtheid, i.e. deurdripping het sterk toegeneem met digtheid. Gasse met ʼn hoër digtheid veroorsaak weer ʼn afname in deurdripping a.g.v. die hoër opwaartse sleurkragte wat ʼn gas met hoë digtheid op die vloeistof uitoefen. In die sproei-regime (tipies by vloeistofvloeitempos laer as 23 m3/(h.m) is gevind dat meesleuring toeneem met ʼn afname in fraksionele deurvloei-area. Meesleuring se afhanklikheid van fraksionele deurvloei-area was meer beduidend by laer fraksionele deurvloei-areas. In die skuim-regime (tipies by vloeistofvloeitempos hoër as 23 m3/(h.m)) was die afhanklikheid van meesleuring op fraksionele deurvloei-area relatief klein. In die sproei-regime is gevind dat meesleuring toeneem met ʼn toename in gat deursnit, terwyl dieselfde veranderlike ʼn minder beduidende invloed op meesleuring getoon het by hoër vloeistofvloeitempos (tussen 23 en 60 m3/(h.m)). By vloeitempos hoër as 60 m3/(h.m) het meesleuring weer begin toeneem met ʼn afname in gat deursnit. By hoë vloeistofvloeitempos het die plaat met 12.7 mm gat deursnit aansienlik minder deurdripping getoon as plate met 3.2 mm en 6.4 mm deursnitte. Daar word vermoed dat deurdripping hoofsaaklik plaasvind by lokale hoëdruk gebiede op die plaat. By hoër vloeistof- en gasvloeitempos beslaan die dispersielaag ʼn groter volume en is daar dus minder gebiede van digte vloeistofkontak met die plaat, wat ʼn afname in die lokale drukgebiede veroorsaak. Dit lei tot ʼn afname in deurdripping by hoër gas- en vloeistofvloeitempos. Die invloed van fraksionele deurvloei-area en gatdeursnit op meesleuring en deurdripping korreleer goed met kombinasies van welbekende hidrodinamiese dimensielose getalle, i.e. die Webergetal (We), die Froudegetal (Fr) en die Reynoldsgetal (Re). Die vloei-Froudegetal is mees bruikbaar om die invloed van vloeistof-en-gas kombinasies en kolomuitleg op meesleuring te korreleer. Die konstruksiegetal asook die digtheidsverhoudings tussen vloeistof en gas kan op ʼn sinvolle manier aangewend word om van die invloede van plaatgeometrie op meesleuring te beskryf.

An oscillating water column (OWC) wave energy converter (WEC) is a device designed to extract energy from waves at sea by using the water to move trapped air and thus drive an air turbine. Because the incident waves and the force caused by the power take-off (PTO) interact, control of the power take off (PTO) system can increase the total energy converted. A numerical model was developed to study the interaction of an OWC with the water and other structures around it. ANSYS AQWA is used here to find the effects on the water surface in and around the central column of a five-column, breakwater-mounted OWC. For open OWC structures, coupled modes were seen which lead to sensitivity to incident wave period and direction. The frequency-domain displacements of the internal water surface of the central column were turned into a force-displacement, time-domain model in MATLAB Simulink using a state space approximation. The model of the hydrodynamics was then combined with the thermodynamic and turbine equations for a Wells turbine. A baseline situation was tested for fixed turbine speed operation using a wave climate for a region off the north coast of Devon. A linear feedforward controller and a controller based on maximising turbine efficiency were tested for the system. The linear controller was optimised to find the combination of turbine speed offset and proportional constant that gave maximum energy in the most energy abundant sea state. This increased the converted energy by 31% in comparison to the fixed speed case. For the turbine efficiency control method, the increase was 36%. Energy conversion increases are therefore clearly possible using simple controllers. If increased converted energy is the only criterion for controller choice, then the turbine efficiency control is the best method, however the control action involves using very slow turbine speeds which may not be physically desirable.