Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdsonAA_DISSERT.pdf: 3674397 bytes, checksum: 68989b5d2aabcb74990cc326c009fbc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / The method "toe-to-heel air injection" (THAITM) is a process of enhanced oil recovery, which is the integration of in-situ combustion with technological advances in drilling horizontal wells. This method uses horizontal wells as producers of oil, keeping vertical injection wells to inject air. This process has not yet been applied in Brazil, making it necessary, evaluation of these new technologies applied to local realities, therefore, this study aimed to perform a parametric study of the combustion process with in-situ oil production in horizontal wells, using a semi synthetic reservoir, with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast basin. The simulations were performed in a commercial software "STARS" (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The following operating parameters were analyzed: air rate, configuration of producer wells and oxygen concentration. A sensitivity study on cumulative oil (Np) was performed with the technique of experimental design, with a mixed model of two and three levels (32x22), a total of 36 runs. Also, it was done a technical economic estimative for each model of fluid. The results showed that injection rate was the most influence parameter on oil recovery, for both studied models, well arrangement depends on fluid model, and oxygen concentration favors recovery oil. The process can be profitable depends on air rate / O m?todo toe-to-heel air injection (THAITM) ? um processo de recupera??o de petr?leo avan?ado, que consiste na integra??o da combust?o in-situ com os avan?os tecnol?gicos na perfura??o de po?os horizontais. Este m?todo utiliza po?os horizontais como produtores de ?leo, mantendo po?os injetores verticais para a inje??o de ar. Este processo ainda n?o foi aplicado no Brasil, tornando necess?rio, avalia??o destas novas tecnologias aplicadas ?s realidades locais, por isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo principal realizar um estudo param?trico do processo de combust?o in-situ com produ??o de ?leo em po?os horizontais, usando um reservat?rio semi sint?tico, com caracter?sticas das encontradas no Nordeste Brasileiro. As simula??es foram realizadas em um programa comercial de processos t?rmicos, denominado STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), da empresa CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Foram realizadas an?lises dos par?metros operacionais: vaz?es de inje??o, configura??o dos po?os e concentra??o de oxig?nio. O estudo de sensibilidade dos fatores foi realizado com a t?cnica de an?lise de planejamento experimental, com uma combina??o de dois e tr?s n?veis (32x22), totalizando 36 simula??es, 18 para cada modelo, em fun??o da produ??o acumulada de ?leo (Np). Tamb?m foi realizada uma estimativa econ?mica de an?lise de custo para cada modelo de fluido. Os resultados mostraram que a configura??o de po?os e a vaz?o de inje??o foram o par?metro que apresentou maior influ?ncia no ?leo recuperado para os dois modelos de fluidos analisados, respectivamente, que a configura??o de po?os ? influenciada pelo modelo de fluido, e que um aumento da concentra??o de oxig?nio favorece a recupera??o de ?leo, no processo estudado. Tamb?m foi encontrado que o processo pode ser rent?vel dependendo da quantidade de ar injetado no processo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HeloizeSP_DISSERT.pdf: 5210676 bytes, checksum: 2206731cf8d9981475df85f8e57f31d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-06 / The occurrence of heavy oil reservoirs have increased substantially and, due to the high viscosity characteristic of this type of oil, conventional recovery methods can not be applied. Thermal methods have been studied for the recovery of this type of oil, with a main objective to reduce its viscosity, by increasing the reservoir temperature, favoring the mobility of the oil and allowing an increasing in the productivity rate of the fields. In situ combustion (ISC) is a thermal recovery method in which heat is produced inside the reservoir by the combustion of part of the oil with injected oxygen, contrasting with the injection of fluid that is heated in the surface for subsequent injection, which leads to loss heat during the trajectory to the reservoir. The ISC is a favorable method for recovery of heavy oil, but it is still difficult to be field implemented. This work had as an objective the parametric analysis of ISC process applied to a semi-synthetic reservoir with characteristics of the Brazilian Northeast reservoirs using vertical production and vertical injection wells, as the air flow injection and the wells completions. For the analysis, was used a commercial program for simulation of oil reservoirs using thermal processes, called Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) from Computer Modelling Group (CMG). From the results it was possible to analyze the efficiency of the ISC process in heavy oil reservoirs by increasing the reservoir temperature, providing a large decrease in oil viscosity, increasing its mobility inside the reservoir, as well as the improvement in the quality of this oil and therefore increasing significantly its recovered fraction. Among the analyzed parameters, the flow rate of air injection was the one which had greater influence in ISC, obtaining higher recovery factor the higher is the flow rate of injection, due to the greater amount of oxygen while ensuring the maintenance of the combustion front / A ocorr?ncia de ?leos pesados e ultrapesados v?m aumentando sensivelmente e, devido ? alta viscosidade caracter?stica deste tipo de ?leo, n?o podem ser aplicados os m?todos convencionais de recupera??o. M?todos t?rmicos v?m sendo estudados para recupera??o deste tipo de ?leo, tendo como principal objetivo reduzir a sua viscosidade atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, favorecendo a mobilidade do ?leo e permitindo um aumento no ?ndice de produtividade dos campos. A Combust?o in situ (CIS) ? um m?todo t?rmico de recupera??o em que o calor ? produzido dentro do reservat?rio pela combust?o de parte do ?leo com oxig?nio injetado, contrastando com a inje??o de fluido aquecido ainda na superf?cie para posterior inje??o, o que acarreta perda de calor durante o trajeto ao reservat?rio. A CIS ? um m?todo prop?cio para recupera??o de ?leo pesado, por?m ainda ? complexo de ser implementado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a an?lise param?trica do processo CIS aplicado a um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro utilizando po?os verticais de produ??o e inje??o, assim como a vaz?o de inje??o de ar e as completa??es dos po?os. Para an?lise do m?todo foi utilizado um programa comercial de simula??o de reservat?rios de petr?leo usando processos t?rmicos, denominado Steam, Thermal and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator (STARS) do Computer Modelling Group (CMG). A partir dos resultados obtidos foi poss?vel comprovar a efici?ncia do processo CIS em reservat?rios de ?leo pesado atrav?s do aumento da temperatura do reservat?rio, promovendo uma grande diminui??o na viscosidade do ?leo, aumentando sua mobilidade no interior do reservat?rio, assim como a melhora na qualidade desse ?leo e aumentando assim, significativamente a sua fra??o recuperada. Dentre os par?metros analisados, a vaz?o de inje??o de ar foi a que apresentou maior influ?ncia no processo CIS, obtendo maior fator de recupera??o quanto maior a vaz?o de inje??o, sendo devido a maior quantidade de oxig?nio garantindo a manuten??o da frente de combust?o

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-07-11T17:35:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MirellaLopesDaRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 4193744 bytes, checksum: f2fd7a25cfa4b47013fb029c75d748a3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-18T17:12:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 MirellaLopesDaRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 4193744 bytes, checksum: f2fd7a25cfa4b47013fb029c75d748a3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:12:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MirellaLopesDaRocha_DISSERT.pdf: 4193744 bytes, checksum: f2fd7a25cfa4b47013fb029c75d748a3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Com um n?mero crescente de campos maduros, a recupera??o de ?leo pesado tem se apresentado um dos grandes desafios do setor petrol?fero. O Nordeste Brasileiro, por exemplo, possui in?meros reservat?rio de ?leo pesado que possam vir a ser explorados com a utiliza??o de m?todos t?rmicos. Dentre os tipos de m?todos utilizados para ?leos pesados, destaca-se o m?todo da combust?o in-situ, uma t?cnica no qual o calor ? produzido dentro do reservat?rio, diferente da inje??o de fluido aquecido em que o calor ? gerado na superf?cie e transportado para o reservat?rio. Neste tipo de processo, ? comum utilizar po?os verticais como injetores e produtores. Contudo, m?todos que utilizam po?os horizontais como produtores de ?leo s?o cada vez mais estudados devido ? maior ?rea de contato entre a forma??o e a frente de combust?o. Sendo assim, o objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi estudar as diferentes configura??es de po?os (CIS, THAITM e CAGD) no processo de combust?o in-situ, na recupera??o de ?leo, utilizando um reservat?rio semissint?tico com caracter?sticas do Nordeste Brasileiro. O m?todo ?toe-to-heel air injection? (THAITM) ? um processo de recupera??o de petr?leo avan?ado, que consiste na integra??o da combust?o in-situ com os avan?os tecnol?gicos na perfura??o de po?os horizontais. Este m?todo utiliza po?os horizontais como produtores de ?leo, mantendo po?os injetores verticais para a inje??o de ar. O processo de drenagem de ?leo por diferencial gravitacional assistida com combust?o (CAGD) ? um sistema integrado, nesta configura??o o po?o injetor horizontal ? perfurado na parte superior de forma??o,com um po?o horizontal produtor na se??o inferior. As simula??es foram realizadas em um programa comercial de processos t?rmicos, denominado ?STARS? (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), da empresa CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Foi realizada uma an?lise da vaz?o de inje??o de ar e verificou-se que cada m?todo possu?a um limite m?ximo de inje??o para o modelo base, mostrando que passando desse limite de inje??o de ar, havia redu??o da produ??o acumulada de ?leo. Foram realizadas an?lises dos par?metros operacionais: vaz?es de inje??o, configura??o e completa??o dos po?os. Na an?lise de sensibilidade foi encontrado que a vaz?o de inje??o de ar apresentou maior influ?ncia no m?todo THAI, j? no m?todo CIS a completa??o dos po?os foi o par?metro mais influente e no CAGD a configura??o de po?os foi o que apresentou maior influ?ncia na fra??o recuperada. Os resultados econ?micos mostraram que o melhor caso obtido foi o m?todo CAGD,pois, apesar de possuir maior custo inicial, foi o que apresentou melhor retorno financeiro quando comparado com os melhores casos do CIS e THAI. / With an increasing number of mature fields, heavy oil recovery has performed one of the great challenges of the oil industry. The Brazilian Northeast, for example, has numerous heavy oil reservoirs are explored with the use of thermal methods. Among the types of methods used for heavy oil, there is the method of in-situ combustion, a technique in which heat is produced within the container, unlike the injection of heated fluid when the heat is generated at the surface and transported to the reservoir. In this type of process, it is common to use vertical wells as injectors and producers. However, methods which use horizontal wells like oil producers are increasingly studied because of greater contact area between the formation and combustion front. Thus, the main objective of this work was to study the different configurations of wells (CIS THAITM and CAGD) in the process of in-situ combustion in oil recovery using a semi-synthetic tank with Brazilian Northeast features. The method "toe-to-heel air injection" (THAITM) is a process of enhanced oil recovery, which is the integration of in-situ combustion with technological advances in drilling horizontal wells. This method uses horizontal wells such as oil producers, keeping vertical injection wells for injecting air. The oil drain process by differential gravitational assisted with combustion (CAGD) is an integrated, in this configuration the horizontal injector well is drilled at the top formation with a horizontal production well in the lower section. The simulations were performed in a commercial program of thermal processes, called "STARS" (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator), the company CMG (Computer Modelling Group). An analysis of the air flow injection was performed and it was found that each method had a maximum injection to the base model, a show that through this air injection limit was reduced cumulative production of oil. Analyses of operating parameters were used: injection flow, configuration and completion of wells. In the sensitivity analysis we found that the air injection flow showed greater influence on THAI method, since the CIS method the completion of the wells was the most influential parameter and CAGD configuration wells showed the greatest influence in the recovered fraction. The economic results have shown that the best case obtained in CAGD method because, despite having higher initial cost showed the best financial return compared to the best cases the CIS and THAI.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JoemiaLGMM_TESE.pdf: 3140610 bytes, checksum: 8bdf88d29c888d95e74fd24e403e60fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Ceramic substrates have been investigated by researchers around the world and has achieved a high interest in the scientific community, because they had high dielectric constants and excellent performance in the structures employed. Such ceramics result in miniaturized structures with dimensions well reduced and high radiation efficiency. In this work, we have used a new ceramic material called lead zinc titanate in the form of Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, capable of being used as a dielectric substrate in the construction of various structures of antennas. The method used in constructing the ceramic combustion synthesis was Self- Sustained High Temperature (SHS - "Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis") which is defined as a process that uses highly exothermic reactions to produce various materials. Once initiated the reaction area in the reaction mixture, the heat generated is sufficient to become self-sustaining combustion in the form of a wave that propagates converting the reaction mixture into the product of interest. Were analyzed aspects of the formation of the composite Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 by SHS powders and characterized. The analysis consisted of determining the parameters of the reaction for the formation of the composite, as the ignition temperature and reaction mechanisms. The production of composite Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 by SHS performed in the laboratory, was the result of a total control of combustion temperature and after obtaining the powder began the development of ceramics. The product was obtained in the form of regular, alternating layers of porous ceramics and was obtained by uniaxial pressing. 10 The product was characterized by analysis of dilatometry, X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. One of the contributions typically defined in this work is the development of a new dielectric material, nevertheless presented previously in the literature. Therefore, the structures of the antennas presented in this work consisted of new dielectric ceramics based Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 usually used as dielectric substrate. The materials produced were characterized in the microwave range. These are dielectrics with high relative permittivity and low loss tangent. The Ansoft HFSS, commercial program employee, using the finite element method, and was used for analysis of antennas studied in this work / Substratos cer?micos t?m sido investigados por pesquisadores de todo o mundo e tem despertado um grande interesse na comunidade cient?fica, pelo fato de apresentarem altas constantes diel?tricas e um excelente desempenho nas estruturas empregadas. Tais cer?micas resultam em estruturas miniaturizadas, com dimens?es bem reduzidas e de alta efici?ncia de radia??o. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se um novo material cer?mico, chamado de titanato de zinco chumbo, na forma de Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, capaz de ser utilizado como substrato diel?trico na constru??o de diversas estruturas de antenas. O m?todo utilizado na constru??o da cer?mica foi a S?ntese por Combust?o Auto-Sustentada a Alta Temperatura (SHS Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis ) que ? definido como um processo que utiliza rea??es altamente exot?rmicas para produzir os mais diversos materiais. Uma vez iniciada a rea??o numa ?rea da mistura reagente, o calor gerado ? suficiente para tornar a combust?o auto-sustent?vel, na forma de uma onda que se propaga convertendo a mistura reagente no produto de interesse. Foram analisados os aspectos da forma??o do comp?sito Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 por SHS e os p?s obtidos, foram caracterizados. A an?lise consistiu na determina??o dos par?metros da rea??o para a forma??o do comp?sito, como a temperatura de igni??o e os mecanismos de rea??o. A produ??o do comp?sito Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3 por SHS, realizada em laborat?rio, foi resultado de um controle total da temperatura de combust?o e ap?s a obten??o do p? 8 iniciou-se o desenvolvimento das cer?micas. O produto foi obtido na forma de camadas regulares e altern?ncia de porosidades e as cer?micas foram obtidas por prensagem uniaxial. O produto foi caracterizado atrav?s de an?lises de dilatometria, difra??o de raios-X e an?lise de microscopia de varredura eletr?nica. Uma das contribui??es principais deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um novo material diel?trico, n?o obstante apresentado anteriormente na literatura. Portanto, as estruturas das antenas apresentadas neste trabalho foram constitu?das por novas cer?micas diel?tricas ? base de Zn0,8Pb0,2TiO3, geralmente utilizado como substrato diel?trico. Os materiais desenvolvidos foram caracterizados na faixa de micro-ondas. S?o substratos diel?tricos de alta permissividade relativa e baixa tangente de perda. O software comercial empregado, Ansoft HFSS, baseado no m?todo dos elementos finitos, foi utilizado na an?lise das antenas estudadas neste trabalho

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaFGM.pdf: 2684798 bytes, checksum: 4d672e17bab00bdd5d88eb70b9c57edf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-30 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / Many studies on environmental ecosystems quality related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been carried out routinely due to their ubiquotus presence worldwide and to their potential toxicity after its biotransformation. PAH may be introduced into the environmet by natural and anthropogenic processes from direct runoff and discharges and indirect atmospheric deposition. Sources of naturally occurring PAHs include natural fires, natural oil seepage and recent biological or diagenetic processes. Anthropogenic sources of PAHs, acute or chronic, are combustion of organic matter (petroleum, coal, wood), waste and releases/spills of petroleum and derivatives (river runoff, sewage outfalls, maritime transport, pipelines). Besides the co-existence of multiples sources of PAH in the environmental samples, these compounds are subject to many processes that lead to geochemical fates (physical-chemical transformation, biodegradation and photo-oxidation), which leads to an alteration of their composition. All these facts make the identification of the hydrocarbons sources, if petrogenic, pyrolytic or natural, a challenge. One of the objectives of this study is to establish tools to identify the origin of hydrocarbons in environmental samples. PAH diagnostic ratios and PAH principal component analysis were tested on a critical area: Guanabara Bay sediments. Guanabara Bay is located in a complex urban area of Rio de Janeiro with a high anthropogenic influence, being an endpoint of chronic pollution from the Greater Rio and it was the scenario of an acute event of oil release in January 2000. It were quantified 38 compounds, parental and alkylated PAH, in 21 sediment samples collected in two surveys: 2000 and 2003. The PAH levels varied from 400 to 58439 ng g-1. Both tested techniques for origin identification of hydrocarbons have shown their applicability, being able to discriminate the PAH sources for the majority of the samples analysed. The bay sediments were separated into two big clusters: sediments with a clear pattern of petrogenic introduction of hydrocarbons (from intertidal area) and sediments with combustion characteristics (from subtidal region). Only a minority of the samples could not display a clear contribution of petrogenic or pyrolytic input. The diagnostic ratios that have exhibited high ability to distinguish combustion- and petroleum-derived PAH inputs for Guanabara Bay sediments were Phenanthrene+Anthracene/(Phenanthrene+Anthracene+C1Phenanthrene); Fluorantene/(Fluorantene+Pyrene); Σ (other 3-6 ring PAHs)/ Σ (5 alkylated PAH series). The PCA results prooved to be a useful tool for PAH source identification in the environment, corroborating the diagnostic indexes. In relation to the temporal evaluation carried out in this study, it was not verified significant changes on the class of predominant source of the samples. This result indicates that the hydrocarbons present in the Guanabara Bay sediments are mainly related to the long-term anthropogenic input and not directly related to acute events such as the oil spill of January 2000. This findings were similar to various international estuarine sites. Finally, this work had a complementary objective of evaluating the level of hydrocarbons exposure of the aquatic organisms of Guanabara Bay. It was a preliminary study in which a quantification of 12 individual biliar metabolites of PAH was performed in four demersal fish representing three different families. The analysed metabolites were 1-hydroxynaphtalene, 2-hidroxinaphtalene, 1hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1hydroxypyrene, 3-hidroxibiphenil, 3- hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxychrysene, 9hydroxyfluorene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrene. The metabolites concentrations were found to be high, ranging from 13 to 177 ?g g-1, however they were similar to worldwide regions under high anthropogenic input. Besides the metabolites established by the used protocol, it was possible to verified high concentrations of three other compounds not yet reported in the literature. They were related to pyrolytic PAH contribution to Guanabara Bay aquatic biota: 1-hydroxypyrine and 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrine isomers / In?meros estudos da qualidade de ecossistemas naturais em rela??o a contamina??o de hidrocarbonetos polic?ciclos arom?ticos (HPA) t?m sido desenvolvidos continuadamente face a sua presen?a ub?quoa em todo o planeta e ao seu potencial t?xico ap?s a biotransforma??o. A introdu??o dos HPA no meio ambiente pode ocorrer atrav?s de processos naturais e antropog?nicos, atrav?s de despejos e/ou drenagens e deposi??o atmosf?rica indireta. Fontes naturais de HPA incluem queimadas naturais, exsuda??es de ?leo e processos biog?nicos recentes. Fontes antropog?nicas de HPA, advindas de eventos cr?nicos ou agudos, s?o a combust?o incompleta de ?leo combust?vel automotivo e industrial, a queima intencional de madeira e planta??es, os despejos dom?sticos e industriais, as drenagens pluviais urbanas, os efluentes da ind?stria petrol?fera, os derrames acidentais de ?leo e derivados. Al?m da coexist?ncia de m?ltiplas fontes destes hidrocarbonetos nas amostras ambientais, os HPA est?o sujeitos a v?rios processos geoqu?micos que conduzem ? altera??o de sua composi??o qu?mica ao longo do tempo, tornando a identifica??o das fontes contaminantes, se petrog?nica, pirol?tica ou natural, um verdadeiro desafio. Desta forma, um dos objetivos deste estudo foi estabelecer ferramentas que possibilitem a determina??o das fontes de hidrocarbonetos no meio ambiente. Foram utilizadas raz?es diagn?sticas e an?lise de componentes principais de HPA, tendo sido quantificados 38 compostos, incluindo os HPA parentais e alquilados, em 21 amostras de sedimento da Ba?a de Guanabara, coletadas nos anos de 2000 e 2003. A Ba?a de Guanabara ? um ecossistema estuarino com elevada influ?ncia antropog?nica, que recebe polui??o cr?nica da regi?o metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro e que foi cen?rio de um derrame de ?leo em janeiro de 2000. As concentra??es de HPA nos sedimentos estudados apresentaram-se na faixa de 400 a 58439 ng g-1. Ambas as t?cnicas de diferencia??o de fontes de HPA testadas, raz?es diagn?sticas e an?lise de componentes principais, demonstraram sua aplicabilidade, permitindo a diferencia??o das fontes de HPA para a maioria dos sedimentos da ba?a, que foram divididos em dois grandes grupos: sedimentos com padr?es de introdu??o de hidrocarbonetos predominantemente petrog?nicos e sedimentos com caracter?sticas de combust?o. Apenas uma minoria de amostras n?o apresentou com nitidez a natureza de sua contamina??o. As raz?es que apresentaram maior capacidade em diferenciar as fontes de HPA foram Fluoranteno / (Fluoranteno + Pireno), (Fenantreno + Antraceno) / (Fenantreno + Antraceno + C1Fenantreno) e o ?ndice pirol?tico, Σ (HPA parentais de 3-6 an?is) /Σ (5 s?ries de HPA alquilados). Na avalia??o temporal realizada neste estudo n?o foram verificadas varia??es significativas na natureza das fontes contaminantes predominantes na ba?a, revelando que os hidrocarbonetos presentes est?o correlacionados principalmente com os aportes cr?nicos e n?o diretamente com eventos agudos como o derrame de ?leo ocorrido em janeiro de 2000. Este estudo teve como segundo objetivo a avalia??o preliminar do n?vel de exposi??o a que os organismos aqu?ticos da Ba?a de Guanabara est?o submetidos, atrav?s da quantifica??o de 12 metab?litos individuais de HPA presentes em bile de peixe de quatro esp?cies demersais representativas de tr?s fam?lias diferentes. Os metab?litos analisados foram 1-hidroxinaftaleno, 1-hidroxifenantreno, 9hidroxifenantreno, 2-hidroxinaftaleno, 2-hidroxifenantreno, 1-hidroxipireno, 3hidroxibifenila, 3-hidroxifenantreno, 1-hidroxicriseno, 9-hidroxifluoreno, 4hidroxifenantreno, 3-hidroxibenzo(a)pireno. As concentra??es encontradas nas esp?cies de peixes analisadas mostraram-se elevadas, na faixa de 13 a 177 ?g g1, por?m similares ?s encontradas em algumas regi?es de grande influ?ncia antropog?nica, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. Al?m dos metab?litos estabelecidos pela metodologia utilizada, foi poss?vel quantificar tr?s compostos, ainda n?o reportados na literatura, em concentra??es relevantes. Estes metab?litos, relacionados a contribui??o pirol?tica de HPA aos organismos aqu?ticos da Ba?a de Guanabara, s?o is?meros de 1-hidroxipireno e de 3-hidroxibenzo(a)pireno

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HumbertoSC_DISSERT.pdf: 7792135 bytes, checksum: 5204c60825f60e9f74c5f24e46e8aa4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-29 / Nearly 3 x 1011 m3 of medium and light oils will remain in reservoirs worldwide after conventional recovery methods have been exhausted and much of this volume would be recovered by Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. The in-situ combustion (ISC) is an EOR method in which an oxygen-containing gas is injected into a reservoir where it reacts with the crude oil to create a high-temperature combustion front that is propagated through the reservoir. The High Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) method is a particular denomination of the air injection process applied in light oil reservoirs, for which the combustion reactions are dominant between 150 and 300?C and the generation of flue gas is the main factor to the oil displacement. A simulation model of a homogeneous reservoir was built to study, which was initially undergone to primary production, for 3 years, next by a waterflooding process for 21 more years. At this point, with the mature condition established into the reservoir, three variations of this model were selected, according to the recovery factors (RF) reached, for study the in-situ combustion (HPAI) technique. Next to this, a sensitivity analysis on the RF of characteristic operational parameters of the method was carried out: air injection rate per well, oxygen concentration into the injected gas, patterns of air injection and wells perforations configuration. This analysis, for 10 more years of production time, was performed with assistance of the central composite design. The reservoir behavior and the impacts of chemical reactions parameters and of reservoir particularities on the RF were also evaluated. An economic analysis and a study to maximize the RF of the process were also carried out. The simulation runs were performed in the simulator of thermal processes in reservoirs STARS (Steam, Thermal, and Advanced Processes Reservoir Simulator) from CMG (Computer Modelling Group). The results showed the incremental RF were small and the net present value (NPV) is affected by high initial investments to compress the air. It was noticed that the adoption of high oxygen concentration into the injected gas and of the five spot pattern tends to improve the RF, and the wells perforations configuration has more influence with the increase of the oil thickness. Simulated cases relating to the reservoir particularities showed that smaller residual oil saturations to gas lead to greater RF and the presence of heterogeneities results in important variations on the RF and on the production curves / Aproximadamente 3 x 1011 m3 de ?leos m?dios e leves restar?o nos reservat?rios ao redor do mundo ap?s a aplica??o dos m?todos convencionais de recupera??o e grande parte desse volume seria recuper?vel com o uso de m?todos especiais. A combust?o in-situ (CIS) ? um m?todo de recupera??o avan?ada de petr?leo no qual um g?s que cont?m oxig?nio ? injetado no reservat?rio onde reage com o ?leo cru para criar uma frente de combust?o de alta temperatura que se propaga pelo reservat?rio. O m?todo HPAI (High Pressure Air Injection) ? uma denomina??o particular do processo de inje??o de ar aplicado em reservat?rios de ?leos leves, onde as rea??es de combust?o s?o dominantes entre 150 e 300?C e a gera??o de flue gas ? o principal fator de deslocamento do ?leo. Um modelo de simula??o de fluxo de um reservat?rio homog?neo foi constru?do para o estudo, o qual foi inicialmente submetido ? produ??o prim?ria, por 3 anos, e em seguida, ao processo de inje??o de ?gua por mais 21 anos. Nesse ponto, com a condi??o madura estabelecida no reservat?rio, foram selecionadas tr?s varia??es desse modelo, de acordo com o fator de recupera??o (FR) obtido, para o estudo da t?cnica de combust?o in-situ (HPAI). Em seguida realizou-se uma an?lise de sensibilidade sobre o FR de par?metros operacionais pr?prios do m?todo: vaz?o de inje??o de ar por po?o, concentra??o de oxig?nio no g?s injetado, esquema de inje??o de ar e configura??o dos canhoneados dos po?os. Essa an?lise, para um per?odo adicional de at? 10 anos produ??o, foi efetuada com o aux?lio da t?cnica de planejamento composto central. O comportamento do reservat?rio e os impactos de par?metros envolvendo as rea??es qu?micas e de particularidades de reservat?rio sobre o FR tamb?m foram avaliados. Adicionalmente foram elaborados uma an?lise econ?mica e um estudo de maximiza??o do FR do processo. As simula??es foram realizadas com o simulador de processos t?rmicos em reservat?rios STARS (Steam, Thermal and Advanced Process Reservoir Simulation) da CMG (Computer Modelling Group). Os resultados mostraram que os FR incrementais foram baixos e que o valor presente l?quido (VPL) ? impactado negativamente pelos elevados investimentos iniciais para compress?o do ar. Observou-se que a ado??o de maiores concentra??es de oxig?nio no g?s injetado e do esquema de inje??o de ar tipo five spot tende a favorecer o FR, e que a configura??o dos canhoneados dos po?os apresenta influ?ncia crescente com o aumento da espessura porosa com ?leo do reservat?rio. Casos simulados referentes ?s particularidades de reservat?rio indicaram que menores satura??es residuais de ?leo ao g?s levam a FR maiores e que a exist?ncia de heterogeneidades resulta em varia??es consider?veis nos FR e nas curvas de produ??o