Cette thèse contribue à une théorie générale de la conception du projet. S’inscrivant dans une demande marquée par les enjeux du développement durable, l’objectif principal de cette recherche est la contribution d’un modèle théorique de la conception permettant de mieux situer l’utilisation des outils et des normes d’évaluation de la durabilité d’un projet. Les principes fondamentaux de ces instruments normatifs sont analysés selon quatre dimensions : ontologique, méthodologique, épistémologique et téléologique. Les indicateurs de certains effets contre-productifs reliés, en particulier, à la mise en compte de ces normes confirment la nécessité d’une théorie du jugement qualitatif. Notre hypothèse principale prend appui sur le cadre conceptuel offert par la notion de « principe de précaution » dont les premières formulations remontent du début des années 1970, et qui avaient précisément pour objectif de remédier aux défaillances des outils et méthodes d’évaluation scientifique traditionnelles. La thèse est divisée en cinq parties. Commençant par une revue historique des modèles classiques des théories de la conception (design thinking) elle se concentre sur l’évolution des modalités de prise en compte de la durabilité. Dans cette perspective, on constate que les théories de la « conception verte » (green design) datant du début des années 1960 ou encore, les théories de la « conception écologique » (ecological design) datant des années 1970 et 1980, ont finalement convergé avec les récentes théories de la «conception durable» (sustainable design) à partir du début des années 1990. Les différentes approches du « principe de précaution » sont ensuite examinées sous l’angle de la question de la durabilité du projet. Les standards d’évaluation des risques sont comparés aux approches utilisant le principe de précaution, révélant certaines limites lors de la conception d’un projet. Un premier modèle théorique de la conception intégrant les principales dimensions du principe de précaution est ainsi esquissé. Ce modèle propose une vision globale permettant de juger un projet intégrant des principes de développement durable et se présente comme une alternative aux approches traditionnelles d’évaluation des risques, à la fois déterministes et instrumentales. L’hypothèse du principe de précaution est dès lors proposée et examinée dans le contexte spécifique du projet architectural. Cette exploration débute par une présentation de la notion classique de «prudence» telle qu’elle fut historiquement utilisée pour guider le jugement architectural. Qu’en est-il par conséquent des défis présentés par le jugement des projets d’architecture dans la montée en puissance des méthodes d’évaluation standardisées (ex. Leadership Energy and Environmental Design; LEED) ? La thèse propose une réinterprétation de la théorie de la conception telle que proposée par Donald A. Schön comme une façon de prendre en compte les outils d’évaluation tels que LEED. Cet exercice révèle cependant un obstacle épistémologique qui devra être pris en compte dans une reformulation du modèle. En accord avec l’épistémologie constructiviste, un nouveau modèle théorique est alors confronté à l’étude et l’illustration de trois concours d'architecture canadienne contemporains ayant adopté la méthode d'évaluation de la durabilité normalisée par LEED. Une série préliminaire de «tensions» est identifiée dans le processus de la conception et du jugement des projets. Ces tensions sont ensuite catégorisées dans leurs homologues conceptuels, construits à l’intersection du principe de précaution et des théories de la conception. Ces tensions se divisent en quatre catégories : (1) conceptualisation - analogique/logique; (2) incertitude - épistémologique/méthodologique; (3) comparabilité - interprétation/analytique, et (4) proposition - universalité/ pertinence contextuelle. Ces tensions conceptuelles sont considérées comme autant de vecteurs entrant en corrélation avec le modèle théorique qu’elles contribuent à enrichir sans pour autant constituer des validations au sens positiviste du terme. Ces confrontations au réel permettent de mieux définir l’obstacle épistémologique identifié précédemment. Cette thèse met donc en évidence les impacts généralement sous-estimés, des normalisations environnementales sur le processus de conception et de jugement des projets. Elle prend pour exemple, de façon non restrictive, l’examen de concours d'architecture canadiens pour bâtiments publics. La conclusion souligne la nécessité d'une nouvelle forme de « prudence réflexive » ainsi qu’une utilisation plus critique des outils actuels d’évaluation de la durabilité. Elle appelle une instrumentalisation fondée sur l'intégration globale, plutôt que sur l'opposition des approches environnementales. / This thesis is a contribution to the general theory of design thinking. In the prevalent demand for a sustainable development, the main objective of this research is the construction of a theoretical model of design thinking that contextualizes standard sustainability evaluation tools. The basis of these normative tools is analyzed in four dimensions: ontological, methodological, epistemological and teleological. Indications of potential counter-productive effects of these norms for design thinking confirm the need for a theory of qualitative judgment. Our central hypothesis revolves around the benefits of the underlying conceptual framework of the ‘precautionary principle’ for design thinking, the first formulations of which goes back to the early seventies in Germany, and was in fact created as a way to address the failures of traditional scientific evaluation tools or methods. The thesis comprises five parts. Beginning with a historical perspective, a review of classical models of design thinking, specifically focuses on the evolving approaches for addressing sustainable development. Theories of “green design” coming from the early sixties, theories of ecological design of the seventies and eighties are finally converging on the developing theories of “sustainable design” formulated in the early nineties. The underlying theories of the precautionary principle are then reviewed and explored for the specific context of design within the perspective of sustainability. Current methods of standard risk assessment methods are compared to a precautionary approach, revealing their conceptual limits for design thinking. A preliminary theoretical model for design thinking is then constructed adopting the theories underlying the precautionary principle. This model represents a global vision for judging the design project in a context of sustainability, rather than on traditional approaches for risk assessment, which are purposive and instrumental. The precautionary principle is further explored for the specific context of architectural design. This exploration begins with a historical perspective of the classical notion of ‘prudence’ for guiding architectural judgment. In light of the contemporary issues related to sustainability, we then examine the challenges of judging architectural projects given the increasing international prominence of such standard evaluation methods (i.e. Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, LEED). The thesis proposes a reinterpretation of design thinking as proposed by Donald A. Schön is introduced such that the use of tools, like LEED can be contextualized. This exercise reveals an epistemological barrier, which shall be taken into consideration when reformulating the theoretical model. In accordance with a constructivist epistemology, a new theoretical model is therefore confronted to the study and illustration of three contemporary Canadian architectural competitions adopting the standard evaluation method LEED. A preliminary set of ‘tensions’ identified in the judgment process and design thinking is further categorized into their conceptual counterparts. These are: (1) analogical/logical conceptualization; (2) epistemological/methodological uncertainty; (3) interpretive/analytic comparability; and (4) universal/contextual relevance of the proposal. These conceptual tensions are considered as vectors that come into correlation with the theoretical model, enriching it, yet without validating it, in the positivist sense of the word. These confrontations with the real, help better define the epistemological barrier identified above. This thesis therefore highlights the often underestimated impact of environmental standards on the judgment process and design thinking, with particular, albeit non restrictive, reference to contemporary Canadian architectural competitions for public buildings. It concludes by stressing the need for a new form of “reflective prudence” in design thinking along with a more critical use of current evaluation tools for sustainability founded on a global integration rather than on the opposition of environmental approaches.

As tecnologias contemporâneas são elementos centrais da nossa sociedade, e sua consolidação como instrumentos transformadores e capacitores das ações cotidianas influenciaram e ainda influenciam diversas áreas de atividades humanas. Dentre diversas mudanças, esta investigação procurou destacar as exigências criadas para a educação, com enfoque no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de matemática por meio da robótica. Para isso, esta pesquisa propôs analisar o ambiente de aprendizagem constituído por meio da preparação e participação de alunos nos campeonatos de robótica. No processo de produção de informação adotamos como metodologia de pesquisa a de caráter qualitativo, em um delineamento baseado nos parâmetros da observação participante, na qual utilizamos fotos, filmagens, documentos produzidos pelos alunos e entrevista. Assim sendo, por um período de dois anos, acompanhamos alunos, com idade entre 10 e 16 anos, que cursavam o Ensino Fundamental II de uma escola municipal na cidade de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, em suas atividades de preparação e participação em competições de robótica, das quais destacamos suas produções e elaboração de estratégia de organização. No processo de análise das informações consideramos dois momentos: o primeiro, relacionado aos estudos e reflexões sobre o processo de produção de conhecimento envolvendo a organização de estratégias para preparação e participação em competições de robótica; e o segundo momento, que compreende o processo de produção de conhecimentos pelos estudantes relacionados às exigências dos campeonatos de robótica, destacando a criação de um projeto escrito, numa perspectiva científica, dentro dos moldes de campeonatos de robótica e no processo de montagem, programação e simulação de robôs. No desenvolvimento da análise das informações desta investigação apresentamos algumas dificuldades no processo de consolidação deste ambiente de aprendizagem, tais como: aquisição de materiais na escola pública; formação e/ou capacitação de professores em robótica; relacionar as atividades desenvolvidas com robótica e as aulas de matemática em sala de aula e desenvolver a prática de pesquisar dos alunos. Entretanto, esse ambiente de aprendizagem possibilitou que os alunos desenvolvessem sua autonomia e criatividade quando realizavam construções de maquetes e trabalhavam com mídias sociais. A montagem e programação de robôs evidenciou o processo de autoria e de produção coletiva dos estudantes da escola pública. / Contemporary technologies are central elements of our society and its consolidation as transformative instruments and capacitors of everyday actions have influenced and still influence diverse areas of human activities. Among several changes, this investigation sought to highlight the demands created for education, focusing on the process of teaching-learning of mathematics through robotics. For this, this research proposed to analyze the learning environment constituted through preparation and participation of students in the robotics championships. In the process of information production, we adopted qualitative research methodology, in a design based on the parameters of participant observation, in which we use photos, filming, documents produced by students and interviews. Thus, for a period of two years, we accompanied students, aged between 10 and 16, who were attending Elementary School II of a municipal school in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, in their activities of preparation and participation in robotics competitions, of which we highlight his productions and elaboration of organizational strategy. In the process of informations analysis we consider two moments: the first, related to the studies and reflections on the process of knowledge production involving the organization of strategies for preparation and participation in robotics competitions; And the second moment, which comprises the process of knowledge producing by the students related to the requirements of the robotics championships, highlighting the production of a scientific research within the molds of robotics championships and on the process of assembly, programming and simulation of robots. In the development of analyzing the information of this investigation we present some difficulties in the process of consolidation of this learning environment, such as: acquisition of materials in the public school; training and/or improvement of teacher in robotics; to relate the activities developed with robotics and to the classes of mathematics in the classroom and to develop the practice of researching the students. However, this learning environment made it possible for students to develop their autonomy and creativity when constructing mock-ups and working with social media. The assembly and programming of robots evidenced the process of authorship and collective production of public school students. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Cette thèse a été effectuée sous le couvert d’une convention CIFRE issue d’une collaboration entre la Société Cryantal (Lognes, France) et les laboratoires universitaires C3S (EA 4660) et MOVE (EA 6314) de Franche-Comté et de Poitiers. Elle a été articulée autour du développement d’une nouvelle technologie de chambre de Cryothérapie Corps Entier (CCE). Le travail mené au cours de ces quatre années a eu pour objectifs : 1) L’identification des besoins technologiques et méthodologiques à partir d’études conduites sur le terrain et de l’analyse de la littérature scientifique ; 2) Le développement d’un prototype de chambre CCE à partir des besoins identifiés ; 3) La validation technologique du prototype en vue de son industrialisation ; 4) D’apporter des perspectives d’évolutions futures pour le développement du prototype afin qu’il devienne une chambre CEE commercialisable. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, la thèse a été divisée en deux parties distinctes.La première partie met en évidence les applications pratiques et les besoins technologiques afin d’identifier les limites et avantages des différentes méthodes et techniques utilisées en vue du développement d’un nouveau prototype de chambre CCE. Les études conduites sur le terrain dans les conditions réelles de compétition ont montré que la CCE n’était pas vécue comme une contrainte importante par les athlètes et qu’elle leur permettait d’améliorer la qualité de leur sommeil perçu. Nous avons également montré que des individus avec un indice de masse corporel moins élevé supportaient moins bien les expositions au froid extrême en cabine comparé à ceux possédant un indice de masse corporel plus important. La revue de littérature scientifique a mis en évidence le manque crucial de données valides concernant les températures d’exposition dans les chambres et cabines. Elle pointe également pour la première fois, l’ensemble des protocoles d’expositions utilisés à ce jour dans les domaines d’applications relatifs aux pathologies traumatiques et de récupération physique. Elle crée le lien indispensable entre les différents domaines d’utilisation de la CCE et les différentes technologies utilisées.La seconde partie expose l’ensemble du développement technologique du prototype de la nouvelle chambre CCE, sa validation et son optimisation pour pouvoir prétendre à sa commercialisation. Elle comporte une étude scientifique de validation technologique du prototype de chambre de CCE basé sur la variation de la température cutanée des individus exposés. Les résultats ont montré que les variations de température cutanée engendrées par l’exposition avec la nouvelle technologie étaient similaires aux variations rapportées avec les autres technologies existantes. Les mesures préliminaires réalisées sur le prototype ont permis d’apporter des perspectives d’évolutions futures en vue de la commercialisation de la chambre. / This thesis has been completed as part of a CIFRE agreement between the research and development department of the Cryantal Company (Lognes, France) and the C3S (EA4660) and MOVE (EA6314) laboratories from the Universities of Franche-Comté and Poitiers. The aim of the thesis was the development of a new technology of whole-body Cryotherapy (WBC) chamber. The various studies that we conducted centred on : – the identification of technological and methodological requirements from field studies and the analysis of scientific literature; – the development of a WBC chamber prototype according to the identified requirements; – the technological validation of the prototype to its industrialization; and – the evolution of the prototype toward a marketable version. The thesis was divided into two parts. The first part highlights the practical applications and the technological requirements to identify the limits and the advantages of the existing methodologies and technologies in order to develop a new WBC chamber device. Studies performed in the field during competitions showed that WBC is well tolerated by athletes and can be used during heavy competition periods and/or during training periods. We also demonstrated that female athletes with lower body-mass indexes seem to be much more sensitive to cold than female athletes with higher body-mass indexes. The literature review reported a lack of data concerning the actual temperature inside the WBC chamber and cabin. The lack of methodological information for the exposure protocol was also pointed out. It creates the link between the field of application of the WBC and the different technology used. The second part presents the technological development of the new WBC chamber prototype, its validation, and its optimisation in order to be commercialized. This part includes a validation study of the prototype based on the effects of a 3-minute exposure on the skin temperature decrease of exposed individuals. The results showed a similar decrease to those observed with other WBC existing technologies. This is certainly due to the homogeneity of the temperature of exposure and the new technology developed. Preliminary measurements of the prototype allowed for the prospect of the commercialization of this new WBC chamber.

Актуальность магистерского исследования детерминирована необходимостью решения на государственном уровне проблемы воспитания патриотизма как основы консолидации общества и укрепления государства. Проблема связана с необходимостью противодействия фальсификации российской истории, разрушению системы традиционно-нравственных ценностей российской молодежи. Достижение данной цели предполагает решение задач совершенствования системы воспитания детей и молодежи, формирования социально активной личности гражданина и патриота. Приоритетным направлением государственной молодежной политики является создание условий для повышения гражданской ответственности за судьбу страны, обеспечение национальной безопасности и устойчивого развития социума. С целью актуализации потенциала молодого поколения необходимо осуществлять поддержку молодежных проектных инициатив. Проектный подход в государственной молодежной политике рассматривается и как образовательная технология и как инструмент воспитательной деятельности. Целью работы является совершенствование технологий военно-патриотического воспитания. Задачи, решенные в диссертации: анализ концепций военно-патриотического воспитания, проблем и перспектив системы военно-патриотического воспитания; изучение потенциала проектной деятельности молодежных организаций и Федерального агентства по делам молодежи «Росмолодежь» в военно-патриотическом воспитании; Разработка социального проекта патриотического воспитания «Бал Героев Отечества». Объект исследования – военно-патриотическое воспитание «Росмолодежи», предмет – проектные технологии военно-патриотического воспитания. Методы исследования: теоретический анализ нормативной, правовой информации и научной литературы по теме патриотического исследования; количественно-качественный анализ проектных инициатив молодежи. Новизной диссертационного исследования является выделение в военно-патриотическом воспитании широкого, социально-педагогического компонента, обеспечивающего глубокое понимание каждым молодым человеком своей роли и места в служении Отечеству, и специфического, в большей степени нацеленного на подготовку к конкретной деятельности, определяемой спецификой военной службы. Актуализация потенциала современной российской молодежи осуществляется в рамках Всероссийского конкурса молодежных проектов и Всероссийской молодежной форумной кампании. Традиционный метод анализа, выявляющий суть проекта, иллюстрирует превалирование проектов военно-патриотического воспитания, разработанных на основе специфического компонента. Более широкий социально-педагогический компонент представлен минимально в выигравших проектах. Представляется перспективным и необходимым разработку проектов более широкой направленности в рамках военно-патриотического воспитания. Теоретические разработки могут быть использованы для научного обоснования программ военно-патриотического воспитания молодежи, подготовки проектных заявок на грантовые конкурсы социально значимых инициатив. Разработанный проект может быть использован для организации культурно-досуговой деятельности как технологии формирования ценностных ориентаций в военно-патриотическом воспитании в разных молодежных группах. / The relevance of the master's study is determined by the need to solve at the state level the problem of the upbringing of patriotism as the basis for the consolidation of society and the strengthening of the state. The problem is related to the need to counter the falsification of Russian history, the destruction of the system of traditional moral values of Russian youth. Achieving this goal involves solving the problems of improving the system of upbringing of children and youth, forming a socially active personality of a citizen and patriot. The priority direction of state youth policy is to create conditions for increasing civil responsibility for the fate of the country, ensuring national security and sustainable development of society. In order to actualize the potential of the young generation, it is necessary to support youth project initiatives. The project approach in state youth policy is considered both as an educational technology and as an instrument of upbringing activity. The aim of the work is to improve the technology of military-patriotic upbringing. Tasks solved in the dissertation: analysis of the concepts of military-patriotic upbringing, problems and prospects of the system of military-patriotic upbringing; the study of the potential of the project activities of youth organizations and the Federal Agency for Youth Affairs "Rosmolodezh" in military-patriotic upbringing; Development of a social project of patriotic upbringing "Ball of Heroes of the Fatherland". The object of study is the military-patriotic upbringing of Rosmolodezh, the subject is the project technology of military-patriotic upbringing Research methods: theoretical analysis of regulatory, legal information and scientific literature on the topic of patriotic research; quantitative and qualitative analysis of youth project initiatives. The novelty of the dissertation research is the allocation in the military-patriotic upbringing of a broad, socio-pedagogical component that provides each young man with a deep understanding of his role and place in serving the Fatherland, and a specific one, more aimed at preparing for a specific activity determined by the specifics of military service. The potential of modern Russian youth is actualized within the framework of the All-Russian contest of youth projects and the All-Russian youth forum campaign. The traditional method of analysis, revealing the essence of the project, illustrates the prevalence of military-patriotic education projects developed on the basis of a specific component. A wider socio-pedagogical component is represented minimally in the winning projects. It seems promising and necessary to develop projects of a broader orientation within the framework of military-patriotic upbringing. Theoretical developments can be used to scientifically substantiate military-patriotic youth upbringing programs, to prepare project applications for grant competitions for socially significant initiatives. The developed project can be used to organize cultural and leisure activities as a technology for the formation of value orientations in military-patriotic upbringing in different youth groups.

My graduation theses under the title "Past and present Elementary school of Jaroslav Jezek in the context of teaching Czech language" thesis deals with the early education and teaching of visually impaired children in the Private institution for blind children and sick eyes and further it describes the current characteristics and principles of teaching visually impaired children at the elementary school of Jaroslav Jezek. The graduation theses is divided into five chapters. The first chapter deals with the history of education and teaching visually impaired children in the Czech lands. The second chapter summarizes the principles and specifics of teaching and further highlights the importance of touch and compensatory aids during the class. The third chapter follows the influence of reading and the spoken word for children with visual impairments. The fourth chapter deals with the current concept of teaching the Czech language. The fifth chapter is dedicated to competitions and cultural events, in which children at Elementary school of Jaroslav Jezek participate. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)