The objectives of the thesis were to find the mechanisms that govern compression failures in paperboard and to find the link between manufacturing process and paperboard properties. The thesis also investigates two different test methods and evaluates how suitable they are for paperboard grades. The materials are several commercial board grades and a set of hand-formed dynamic sheets that are made to mimic the construction of commercial paperboard. The method consists of mounting a stereomicroscope on a short-span compression tester and recording the compression failure on video, long-span compression testing and standard properties testing. The observed failure modes of paperboard under compression were classified into four categories depending on the appearance of the failures. Initiation of failure takes place where the structure is weakest and fiber buckling happens after the initiation, which consists of breaking of fiber-fiber bonds or fiber wall delamination. The compression strength is correlated to density and operations and raw materials that increase the density also increases the compression strength. Short-span compression and Long-span compression are not suitable for testing all kinds of papers; the clamps in short-span give bulky specimens an initial geometrical shape that can affect the given value of compression strength. Long-span compression is only suitable for a limited range of papers, one problem with too thin papers are low wavelength buckling.

Deep Mixing involves the introduction of cementitious or specially formulated solutions directly into the ground through the use of purpose built blending injection augers. The system is mainly designed to increase strength and reduce compressibility of treated soil. In the first stage of the research effective mixture ratios and mixture types of stabilizing agents were investigated for soft clays (CL form Eymir lake and kaolinite) by means of unconfined compression (UC) tests on stabilized soils. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values were obtained for 7,28,90 and 365 days of curing time. The ratio of elastic modulus at 50% failure load (E50) to (UCS) of the stabilizing agents were also investigated. In the second part of the research programme, deep mixed model columns with the three column materials and four different column spacings are formed within the large scale consolidation tanks, and the consolidation characteristics of deep mixed improved clay were investigated. Based on the results of large scale consolidation tests on deep mixed columnar improved soft clay, compressibility characteristics of improved soft clay were determined in relation to spacing of columns namely, effective replacement ratio and binder content. The cement content (also UCS) of the column material was found to be the most important parameter for the improvement effects of DMM applications. Validity of the relations for the estimation of bulk compression modulus of soilcrete were discussed. The use of constrained modulus of the soil and the column material were found to be effective in predicting the compression modulus of the soilcrete. Settlement reduction factor versus replacement ratio and cement content relations were determined which may be used for preliminary design works. The stresses on the soil and the columns were backcalculated from the settlement values. The stress ratios were obtained.

L’évolution actuelle du contexte socio-économique oblige les différents acteurs du secteur des travaux publics à s’adapter aux problématiques du développement durable. Dans le domaine des ouvrages en terre, les entreprises doivent proposer des solutions techniques de valorisation des matériaux situés dans l’emprise des projets afin de limiter les emprunts extérieurs et la mise en dépôt des sols non utilisés. Les techniques de traitement des sols constituent une possibilité de valoriser ces matériaux. Cette étude se focalise sur quatre produits de traitement (kaolinite, bentonite, chaux et ciment) ainsi que sur leurs effets sur le comportement hydromécanique et la résistance à l’érosion interne d’un limon fin. Un dispositif d’érosion interne HET optimisé a été spécialement conçu dans le cadre de ce travail pour déterminer les caractéristiques d’érosion des sols traités notamment à la chaux et au ciment. Au-delà de la caractérisation des effets du traitement sur le comportement hydromécanique à court terme des sols, le travail de cette étude s’étend sur la durabilité des traitements et l’évolution du comportent hydromécanique à long terme des sols traités soumis à des sollicitations hydriques de séchage-humidification. Cette étude de la durabilité est effectuée à travers une approche multi-échelle fondée sur des données d’études en laboratoire sur des éprouvettes de sol traité et des investigations in situ sur des ouvrages hydrauliques en sol traité. L’étude montre que les sollicitations hydriques peuvent dégrader les performances du sol traité. Cette dégradation se traduit par une augmentation de la conductivité hydraulique, une diminution de la résistance mécanique et aussi une diminution de la contrainte critique qui exprime une diminution de la résistance à l’érosion interne. La cinétique de perte de performances est conditionnée par la nature du produit de traitement et son dosage utilisé, et aussi par le niveau d’exposition, le nombre et l’intensité des cycles hydriques. Cependant, l’étude in situ montre qu’il est possible de diminuer la cinétique de dégradation des performances de sols à travers des dispositions constructives adaptées. / The current evolution of the social and economic context requires from the different actors of the public works sector to adapt their practices to the challenges of sustainable development. In the field of earthworks, companies must offer technical solutions to reuse the materials located in the vicinity of the projects in order to limit the borrowing materials and unused soils deposits. Soil treatment may allow the reuse of these materials. This study was focused on four treatment products (kaolinite, bentonite, lime and cement) as well as their effects on the hydro-mechanical behavior and internal erosion resistance of a fine silt. An enhanced HET device was designed in the framework of this study to determine the internal erosion characteristics of treated soils especially with lime and cement. Beyond the characterization of treatment effects on short-term hydro-mechanical behavior of soils, the work of this study extends to the durability of treatment and the evolution of long-term hydro-mechanical behavior of treated soils subjected to drying-wetting cycles. This study of sustainability was carried out through a multi-scale approach based on laboratory study data on soil samples and field investigations on hydraulic structures made of treated soil. The study showed that hydraulic conditions variations can decrease the performance of treated soils. These degradations result on an increase in hydraulic conductivity, a decrease of the mechanical strength and also a reduction in the critical shear stress which expresses a decrease of the internal erosion resistance. The kinetic of performance loss depends to the nature of the treatment product and percentage used as well as the exposure level, the number and amplitude of the hydraulic variations. However, the field study showed that it is possible to reduce the kinetic degradation of the soil performance through an appropriate construction design.

Orientador: Raquel Gonçalves / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:01:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trinca_AlexJulio_M.pdf: 4149749 bytes, checksum: 34fcccdf02d4f1b0b171e121e4eb5ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: é praticamente toda exportada em sua forma in natura sem que a ela seja agregado valor de beneficiamento. Um dos problemas enfrentados pela indústria moveleira é o fato da madeira não ser submetida à classificação, dificultando a elaboração de projetos e a certificação da qualidade do móvel confeccionado a partir deste material. Nesse contexto as empresas moveleiras brasileiras buscam parâmetros para composição e certificação de seu produto, sendo atualmente a norma brasileira ¿Projeto de Estruturas de Madeira¿ ¿ NBR 7190/97, o único instrumento norteador para a caracterização de propriedades da madeira. No entanto, nesse setor as dificuldades para a obtenção de corpos-de-prova nas dimensões especificadas por esse texto normativo têm gerado dúvidas quanto aos resultados de caracterização de propriedades, de maneira que este trabalho teve como objetivo principal verificar se os valores do módulo de elasticidade e da tensão de ruptura no ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras podem ser considerados estatisticamente equivalentes, desde que sejam mantidas a proporcionalidade da dimensão do corpo-de-prova. Para isso adotou-se, como alternativa ao corpo-de-prova proposto pela NBR 7190/97, a dimensão 0,03 m x 0,03 m x 0,09 m. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando-se 7 diferentes espécies de madeira com densidades variadas, buscando-se, com essa amostragem, a generalização dos resultados. Como objetivo secundário se buscou avaliar a influência das dimensões do corpo-de-prova e da freqüência do transdutor na velocidade de propagação de ondas de ultra-som na direção longitudinal. As espécies adotadas foram: Cerejeira (Torresea sp), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba) , Cabreúva-vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apuleia leiocarpa), Eucalipto grandis ( Eucalyptus grandis) e Pinus elliotti (Pinus elliottii). Todos os corpos-de-prova foram ensaiados com aproximadamente 12% de umidade e os ensaios foram realizados em ambiente controlado (21° C ± 1°C). Os resultados permitiram concluir que a hipótese foi verdadeira para todas as espécies estudadas quando se considera a tensão de ruptura / Abstract: Most of the exported wood in Brazil is unprocessed, without any aggregated value. To change this scenario technology for wood processing and qualification are required. One of the problems faced by the furniture industry refers to the non classification of the wood, which cause difficulties to projects elaboration and quality certification of the furniture made from this material. In this context the Brazilian Industries of furniture seek for parameters to certificate its products, and the NBR 7190/97 standard ¿Project of Structures of Wood " is, nowadays, the only instrument for the characterization of wood properties. However, for the furniture industry it is very difficult to obtaining the dimensions specified by the standard. This research had as main objective to verify if the means values of the modulus of elasticity and rupture in compression parallel to the grain can be considerate statistically equal, when smaller specimen are used, if the proportionality is maintained. For that it was adopted, as alternative to the specimen proposed by NBR 7190/97, the dimension 0.03 x 0.03 x 0.09 m. For the experiments there were used 7 different species with varied densities. The secondary objective was to evaluate the influence of the specimen size and of the transducer frequency in the speed of ultrasound wave propagation in the longitudinal direction. The adopted species were: Cerejeira (Amburana cearensis), Perobinha (Paratecoma peroba), Cabreúva vermelha (Myroxylon peruiferum), Angico-preto (Anadenanthera macrocarpa), Garapeira (Apulleia leiocarpa), Eucalyptus grandis, (Eucalyptus grandis) and Pinus ellioti (Pinus elliottii). All specimens were tested with approximately 12% moisture content and were accomplished in controlled atmosphere (21° C ± 1°C). The results allowed concluding that the hypothesis was true for all the studied species when the rupture in compression parallel to the grain was considered. For the module of elasticity this hypothesis was not confirmed for two species, from the seven evaluated (garapeira e eucalipto). Although, the mean difference between the results obtained in the tests using both specimens size was 10%, smaller then the maximum allowed variability in mechanical tests (18%). For the ultrasonic velocity propagation four species did not presents statistical variation with the modification of the size of the specimens - cerejeira, garapeira, pinus and eucalyptus while for the perobinha, angico and cabreúva the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation could not be considered statistically equal when the dimension of the specimens was modify. On average (considering all the studied species) the relationship among the ultrasonic wave velocity propagation (VLL) in normalized specimen and in proposed specimen was 0.99, being respectively the maximum and the lower relationships of 1.02 and 0.93. The velocity of wave propagation presents larger variations for values of length of wave percolation/wave length (L/?) up to 3, being more constant above that limit. It was also possible to verify, for the studied species, that the velocity of wave propagation increases with the increase of the transducer frequency. Key words: modulus of elasticity of wood; compression strength parallel to the fiber; ultrasonic wave velocity; dynamic constant / Mestrado / Construções Rurais e Ambiencia / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden verschiedene Methoden zur Bestimmung von Sintertemperaturen für Brennstoffaschen vorgestellt und verglichen, mit dem Ziel die Agglomerationsneigung von Aschen zu charakterisieren. Es wurden Untersuchungen an drei ausgewählten Kohleaschen unter inerten, oxidierenden und reduzierenden Bedingungen durchgeführt. Die Methoden Erhitzungsmikroskopie (ASV), Hochtemperatur-Röntgendiffraktometrie (HT-RDA), Thermogravimetrische Differenz-kalorimetrie (TG-DSC), Thermodynamische Gleichgewichtsberechnungen (GGW), Elektrochemische Impedanzspektroskopie (EIS), Untersuchung der Schereigenschaften (SV) und die Bestimmung der Kaltdruckfestigkeit (KDF) wurden angewendet. Die Kombination der Untersuchungen ließ eine umfangreiche analytische Charakterisierung der Sintervorgänge zu. Unter der Berücksichtigung einer guten Vergleichbarkeit hinsichtlich der ermittelten Sintertemperaturen, stellt die EIS eine Alternative zur etablierten aber zeitaufwändigen Bestimmung der KDF dar. In Abhängigkeit von der Aschezusammensetzung, der Korngröße und der Gasatmosphäre, ist bereits ab einer Temperatur von 650 °C eine Agglomeration von Aschepartikeln möglich.

The importance of fire safety design has been realised due to the ever increasing loss of properties and lives caused by structural failures during fires. In recognition of the importance of fire safety design, extensive research has been undertaken in the field of fire safety of buildings and structures especially over the last couple of decades. In the same period, the development of fire safety engineering principles has brought significant reduction to the cost of fire protection. However the past fire research on steel structures has been limited to heavier, hot-rolled structural steel members and thus the structural behaviour of light gauge cold-formed steel members under fire conditions is not well understood. Since cold-formed steel structures have been commonly used for numerous applications and their use has increased rapidly in the last decade, the fire safety of cold-formed steel structural members has become an important issue. The current design standards for steel structures have simply included a list of reduction factors for the yield strength and elasticity modulus of hot-rolled steels without any detailed design procedures. It is not known whether these reduction factors are applicable to the commonly used thin, high strength steels in Australia. Further, the local buckling effects dominate the structural behaviour of light gauge cold-formed steel members. Therefore an extensive research program was undertaken at the Queensland University of Technology to investigate the local buckling behaviour of light gauge cold-formed steel compression members under simulated fire conditions. The first phase of this research program included 189 tensile coupon tests including three steel grades and six thicknesses to obtain the accurate yield strength and elasticity modulus values at elevated temperatures because the deterioration of the mechanical properties is the major parameter in the structural design under fire conditions. The results obtained from the tensile tests were used to predict the ultimate strength of cold-formed steel members. An appropriate stress-strain model was also developed by considering the inelastic mechanical characteristics. The second phase of this research was based on a series of more than 120 laboratory experiments and corresponding numerical analyses on cold-formed steel compression members to investigate the local bucking behaviour of the unstiffened flange elements, stiffened web elements and stiffened web and flange elements at elevated temperatures up to 800°C. The conventional effective design rules were first simply modified considering the reduced mechanical properties obtained from the tensile coupon tests and their adequacy was studied using the experimental and numerical results. It was found that the simply modified effective width design rules were adequate for low strength steel members and yet was not adequate for high strength cold-formed steel members due to the severe reduction of the ultimate strength in the post buckling strength range and the severe reduction ratio of the elasticity modulus to the yield strength at elevated temperatures. Due to the inadequacy of the current design rules, the theoretical, semi-empirical and empirical effective width design rules were developed to accurately predict the ultimate strength of cold-formed steel compression members subject to local buckling effects at elevated temperatures. The accuracy of these new design methods was verified by comparing their predictions with a variety of experimental and numerical results. This thesis presents the details of extensive experimental and numerical studies undertaken in this research program and the results including comparison with simply modified effective width design rules. It also describes the advanced finite element models of cold-formed steel compression members developed in this research including the appropriate mechanical properties, initial imperfections, residual stresses and other significant factors. Finally, it presents the details of the new design methods proposed for the cold-formed steel compression members subject to local buckling effects at elevated temperatures.