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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Matéria orgânica e a sorção de herbicidas em solos sob plantio direto nas regiões tropical e subtropical do Brasil / Organic matter and herbicides sorption in soils under no-tillage in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil

Bonfleur, Eloana Janice 27 June 2014 (has links)
O sistema de plantio direto (SPD) é extensivamente utilizado no Brasil por tratar-se de prática conservacionista, capaz de melhorar a qualidade do solo e diminuir os custos da produção em relação ao plantio convencional. Neste sistema as condições edafoclimáticas distintas e a adoção de diferentes culturas na entressafra sugerem diferenças na distribuição e na qualidade da matéria orgânica de solos (MOS), devido ao tempo de resiliência da palha em cobertura. A interação entre a MOS e os pesticidas já foi bastante estudada, mas apenas parcialmente esclarecida uma vez que a maioria dos estudos considera a MOS como um compartimento homogêneo, ignorando o papel de seus diferentes componentes moleculares. Assim sendo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da composição, distribuição e interação com a fase mineral da MOS na sorção de herbicidas aplicados às culturas de soja e milho, sob sistema plantio direto em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas: tropical (Região Centro-Oeste) e subtropical (Região Sul). Os herbicidas alaclor, bentazon e imazetapir foram selecionados devido às suas importâncias junto a essas culturas e suas propriedades físico-químicas distintas. Para tal, soram amostrados 12 Latossolos, na camada de 0 a 5 cm excluindo a palha de superfície, sendo seis representativos do Estado do Paraná (clima subtropical) e seis representativos do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (clima tropical). A determinação dos atributos físico e químicos, formas de ferro e alumínio, estudo da qualidade da MOS por espectroscopia de Ressonância Nuclear Magnética do 13C e fracionamento físico dos solos foram os métodos utilizados. Foi observado maior acúmulo de carbono orgânico (C.O) nos solos subtropicais devido ao maior teor de óxidos de alumínio de baixa cristalinindade, além da maior precipitação. Para os solos de ambas as regiões, a estabilização da MOS ocorre através da formação de complexos nos agregados tamanho argila ( ~ 50% do teor de C.O). Em relação às interações com a fase mineral, observou-se que os óxidos de alumínio estão relacionados à proteção física da MOS enquanto que os óxidos de ferro parecem participar das reações de decomposição e humificação através da formação de complexos com grupos carboxílicos. Para o alaclor, a presença de formas de alumínio de baixa cristalinidade diminuiu a sua sorção a MOS, entretanto a sorção deste herbicida não foi correlacionada a nenhum grupo funcional. Para o bentazon, foi observada correlação positiva entre a sorção e materiais orgânicos mais decompostos e também, com o alumínio complexado a MOS. Para o imazetapir, houve correlações positivas com as formas de ferro e alumínio e o grupo funcional carboxil. Para os três herbicidas a maior sorção foi observada nos agregados de tamanho silte (53 a 2 ?m) e, de maneira geral, a sorção nos solos tropicais foi maior que nos subtropicais. O efeito da exposição de sítios de carga após o fracionamento físico dos solos foi evidente para o imazetapir incrementando sua sorção em comparação a sorção no solo inteiro o que evidencia a maior quantidade de sítios bloqueados nos solos tropicais. / No-tillage System (NT) is widely used in Brazil due to improve soil quality and reduce production costs compared to conventional tillage. Different climatic conditions and the adoption of different cultures in the offseason suggest differences in the distribution and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) due to the resilience time of straw in coverage in NT. Interactions between SOM and pesticides has been widely studied, but only partially elucidated. In most of studies, the MOS as a homogeneous compartment and there is not the knowledge about the role of its various molecular components. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the composition, distribution and interaction with the mineral phase of SOM on sorption of herbicides applied to soybean and corn under no-tillage in tropical (Central-west) and subtropical (South Region) soils. Alachlor, bentazon and imazethapyr herbicides were selected because of its large use in these cultures and different physicochemical properties. For this, it was sampled 12 soils at 0-5 cm layer excluding the straw surface, six representing the Paraná State (subtropical) and six representative of Mato Grosso de Sul State (tropical). Physical and chemical attributes, iron and aluminum forms, study of quality of SOM by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of 13C and soil physical fractionation methods were used for this purpose. Greater accumulation of organic carbon (OC) was observed in subtropical soils due to higher low crystalline aluminum oxides contents, in addition to lower temperatures and higher moisture in this region. For soils of both regions, the SOM stabilization occurs through the formation of complexes in the clay fraction (~ 50 % of the OC content). Regarding interactions with the mineral phase, it was observed that aluminum oxides are related to physical protection of SOM while iron oxides appear to participate in the decomposition and humification reactions by forming complexes with carboxylic groups. For alachlor, low crystallinity aluminum forms decreased its MOS sorption but sorption of this herbicide was not correlated with any functional group. For bentazon, positive correlation was observed between sorption and more decomposed organic material and with the complexed aluminum in MOS. For imazethapyr, there were positive correlations with iron and aluminum forms and carboxyl functional group. For the three herbicides better sorption was observed in the silt size fractions (53-2 ?m) and in general, sorption in tropical was higher than in subtropical soils. The effect of charge sites exposure after soil physical fractionation was evident for imazethapyr increasing its sorption compared to the whole soil which shows the greatest amount of blocked sites in tropical soils.
2

Matéria orgânica e a sorção de herbicidas em solos sob plantio direto nas regiões tropical e subtropical do Brasil / Organic matter and herbicides sorption in soils under no-tillage in tropical and subtropical regions of Brazil

Eloana Janice Bonfleur 27 June 2014 (has links)
O sistema de plantio direto (SPD) é extensivamente utilizado no Brasil por tratar-se de prática conservacionista, capaz de melhorar a qualidade do solo e diminuir os custos da produção em relação ao plantio convencional. Neste sistema as condições edafoclimáticas distintas e a adoção de diferentes culturas na entressafra sugerem diferenças na distribuição e na qualidade da matéria orgânica de solos (MOS), devido ao tempo de resiliência da palha em cobertura. A interação entre a MOS e os pesticidas já foi bastante estudada, mas apenas parcialmente esclarecida uma vez que a maioria dos estudos considera a MOS como um compartimento homogêneo, ignorando o papel de seus diferentes componentes moleculares. Assim sendo, o objetivo principal deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito da composição, distribuição e interação com a fase mineral da MOS na sorção de herbicidas aplicados às culturas de soja e milho, sob sistema plantio direto em diferentes condições edafoclimáticas: tropical (Região Centro-Oeste) e subtropical (Região Sul). Os herbicidas alaclor, bentazon e imazetapir foram selecionados devido às suas importâncias junto a essas culturas e suas propriedades físico-químicas distintas. Para tal, soram amostrados 12 Latossolos, na camada de 0 a 5 cm excluindo a palha de superfície, sendo seis representativos do Estado do Paraná (clima subtropical) e seis representativos do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul (clima tropical). A determinação dos atributos físico e químicos, formas de ferro e alumínio, estudo da qualidade da MOS por espectroscopia de Ressonância Nuclear Magnética do 13C e fracionamento físico dos solos foram os métodos utilizados. Foi observado maior acúmulo de carbono orgânico (C.O) nos solos subtropicais devido ao maior teor de óxidos de alumínio de baixa cristalinindade, além da maior precipitação. Para os solos de ambas as regiões, a estabilização da MOS ocorre através da formação de complexos nos agregados tamanho argila ( ~ 50% do teor de C.O). Em relação às interações com a fase mineral, observou-se que os óxidos de alumínio estão relacionados à proteção física da MOS enquanto que os óxidos de ferro parecem participar das reações de decomposição e humificação através da formação de complexos com grupos carboxílicos. Para o alaclor, a presença de formas de alumínio de baixa cristalinidade diminuiu a sua sorção a MOS, entretanto a sorção deste herbicida não foi correlacionada a nenhum grupo funcional. Para o bentazon, foi observada correlação positiva entre a sorção e materiais orgânicos mais decompostos e também, com o alumínio complexado a MOS. Para o imazetapir, houve correlações positivas com as formas de ferro e alumínio e o grupo funcional carboxil. Para os três herbicidas a maior sorção foi observada nos agregados de tamanho silte (53 a 2 ?m) e, de maneira geral, a sorção nos solos tropicais foi maior que nos subtropicais. O efeito da exposição de sítios de carga após o fracionamento físico dos solos foi evidente para o imazetapir incrementando sua sorção em comparação a sorção no solo inteiro o que evidencia a maior quantidade de sítios bloqueados nos solos tropicais. / No-tillage System (NT) is widely used in Brazil due to improve soil quality and reduce production costs compared to conventional tillage. Different climatic conditions and the adoption of different cultures in the offseason suggest differences in the distribution and quality of soil organic matter (SOM) due to the resilience time of straw in coverage in NT. Interactions between SOM and pesticides has been widely studied, but only partially elucidated. In most of studies, the MOS as a homogeneous compartment and there is not the knowledge about the role of its various molecular components. Therefore, the aim of this work is to evaluate the effect of the composition, distribution and interaction with the mineral phase of SOM on sorption of herbicides applied to soybean and corn under no-tillage in tropical (Central-west) and subtropical (South Region) soils. Alachlor, bentazon and imazethapyr herbicides were selected because of its large use in these cultures and different physicochemical properties. For this, it was sampled 12 soils at 0-5 cm layer excluding the straw surface, six representing the Paraná State (subtropical) and six representative of Mato Grosso de Sul State (tropical). Physical and chemical attributes, iron and aluminum forms, study of quality of SOM by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of 13C and soil physical fractionation methods were used for this purpose. Greater accumulation of organic carbon (OC) was observed in subtropical soils due to higher low crystalline aluminum oxides contents, in addition to lower temperatures and higher moisture in this region. For soils of both regions, the SOM stabilization occurs through the formation of complexes in the clay fraction (~ 50 % of the OC content). Regarding interactions with the mineral phase, it was observed that aluminum oxides are related to physical protection of SOM while iron oxides appear to participate in the decomposition and humification reactions by forming complexes with carboxylic groups. For alachlor, low crystallinity aluminum forms decreased its MOS sorption but sorption of this herbicide was not correlated with any functional group. For bentazon, positive correlation was observed between sorption and more decomposed organic material and with the complexed aluminum in MOS. For imazethapyr, there were positive correlations with iron and aluminum forms and carboxyl functional group. For the three herbicides better sorption was observed in the silt size fractions (53-2 ?m) and in general, sorption in tropical was higher than in subtropical soils. The effect of charge sites exposure after soil physical fractionation was evident for imazethapyr increasing its sorption compared to the whole soil which shows the greatest amount of blocked sites in tropical soils.
3

Structural changes during cellulose composite processing

Halonen, Helena January 2012 (has links)
Two approaches for creating a new all-cellulose composite material have been studied: the biosynthesis of compartmentalised bacterial cellulose fibril aggregates and the compression moulding of commercial chemical wood pulps processed with only water. The objective was to study the structural changes during processing and the complexity of relating the mechanical properties of the final biocomposites to the nanoscale structure was highlighted. Solid-state CP/MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy was utilised to determine both the fibril aggregate width and the content of the different crystalline cellulose forms, cellulose I and cellulose II. Using this method, the quantities of hemicellulose present inside the fibre wall and localised at the fibre surfaces could be determined. The formation of cellulose fibrils was affected by the addition of hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) to a culture medium of Acetobacter aceti, and the fibrils were coated with a thin layer of HEC, which resulted in loose bundles of fibril aggregates. The HEC coating, improved the fibril dispersion in the films and prevented fractures, resulting in a biocomposite with remarkable mechanical properties including improved strength (289 MPa), modulus (12.5 GPa) and toughness (6%). The effect of press temperature was studied during compression moulding of sulphite dissolving-grade pulps at 45 MPa. A higher press temperature yielded increases in the fibril aggregation, water resistance (measured as the water retention value) and Young’s modulus (12 GPa) in the final biocomposite. The high pressure was important for fibril aggregation, possibly including cellulose-cellulose fusion bonds, i.e., fibril aggregation in the fibre-fibre bond region. The optimal press temperature was found to be 170°C because cellulose undergoes thermal degradation at higher temperatures. The effect of hemicellulose was studied by comparing a softwood kraft paper-grade pulp with a softwood sulphite paper and a softwood sulphite dissolving-grade pulp. A significant fibril aggregation of the sulphite pulps suggested that the content and distribution of hemicellulose affected the fibril aggregation. In addition, the hemicellulose structure could influence the ability of the hemicellulose to co-aggregate with cellulose fibrils. Both sulphite pulp biocomposites exhibited Young’s moduli of approximately 12 GPa, whereas that of the kraft pulp was approximately half that value at 6 GPa. This result can be explained by a higher sensitivity to beating in the sulphite pulps. The effect of mercerisation, which introduces disordered cellulose, on the softwood sulphite dissolving-grade pulp was also studied under compression moulding at 170°C and 45 MPa. The mechanisms causing an incomplete transformation of cellulose I to II in a 12 wt% NaOH solution were discussed. The lower modulus of cellulose II and/or the higher quantity of disordered cellulose likely account for the decrease in Young’s modulus in the mercerised biocomposites (6.0 versus 3.9 GPa). / Två metoder för att skapa ett nytt kompositmaterial baserat på enbart cellulosa har studerats, biosyntes av fibrillaggregat bestående av bakteriecellulosa och varmpressning av kommersiella träfiberbaserade massor med vatten som den enda processkemikalien. Målet var att studera de strukturella förändringarna som sker under tillverkningsprocessen. Även komplexiteten i att relatera strukturen på nanonivå till de mekaniska egenskaperna hos de slutliga biokompositerna belystes. Med fastfas CP/MAS 13C NMR-spektroskopi var det möjligt att bestämma både fibrillaggregattjockleken och mängden av cellulosakristallformerna; cellulosa I och cellulosa II. Det var också möjligt att bestämma mängden hemicellulosa dels närvarande inuti fiberväggen och dels mängden lokaliserad på fiberytor. Tillsats av hydroxyetylcellulosa (HEC) i odlingsmediet för Acetobacter aceti påverkade bildandet av cellulosafibriller som blev belagda med ett tunt skikt av HEC, vilket också resulterade i löst bundna fibrillaggregat. HEC-beläggningen förbättrade fibrilldispersionen i filmerna och minskade sprickbildningen, vilket gav en biokomposit med mycket goda mekaniska egenskaper med kombinerad hög styrka (289 MPa), styvhet (12.5 GPa) och seghet (6%). Effekten av presstemperatur vid varmpressning (45 MPa tryck) studerades på sulfit dissolvingmassor. Högre presstemperatur gav ökad fibrillaggregering, ökat vattenmotstånd (mätt som vattenretentionsvärde) och högre styvhet (12 GPa) för biokompositen. Det höga trycket var också viktigt för fibrillaggregeringen, som troligen omfattar cellulosa-cellulosa samkristallisation dvs. fibrillaggregering i fiber-fiber-bindningsregionen. Den optimala presstemperaturen föreslogs vara 170° C pga. termisk nedbrytning av cellulosa vid högre temperaturer. Effekten av hemicellulosa studerades genom att jämföra sulfat pappersmassa med sulfit pappersmassa och sulfit dissolvingmassa. Mängden och fördelningen av hemicellulosa föreslogs ligga till grund för skillnaden i fibrillaggregering, som var mera uttalad i sulfitmassorna. Även hemicellulosans struktur kan påverka förmågan hos hemicellulosa att sam-aggregera med cellulosafibriller. Biokompositerna baserade på sulfitmassorna hade en styvhet på ca. 12 GPa, medan sulfatmassan bara hade hälften av den nivån ca. 6 GPa, vilket förklarades av sulfitmassornas högre känslighet för malning. Även effekten av mercerisering av sulfit dissolvingmassa varmpressad vid 170° C och 45 MPa studerades. Mercerisering introducerar oordnad cellulosa och mekanismerna som endast ger en partiell omvandling av cellulosa I till II i en 12 vikt% NaOH-lösning diskuterades. Den sämre styvheten hos den merceriserade biokompositen (6.0 resp. 3.9 GPa) förklaras troligen genom cellulosa II kristallens lägre styvhet och/eller den högre mängden av oordnad cellulosa. / <p>QC 20121106</p> / Wallenberg Wood Science Center / Biomime
4

Aplicação da espectroscopia de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) à toxicologia forense

Soares de Araújo Filho, Vanduir January 2006 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5189_1.pdf: 2087717 bytes, checksum: 1718a5a73d49c7021a82fe893f78dbfe (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / A Ressonância Magnética Nuclear (RMN) e a Cromatografia em fase gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS) fornecem informações sobre a estrutura química de substâncias, bem como, sobre a constituição qualitativa e quantitativa de amostras sem a necessidade de padrões de análise ou pré-tratamento de amostras. Uma jovem estudante de 19 anos morreu de forma súbita após inalar um aerossol cujo componente principal, o 1-1-dicloro-1-fluoretano (HCFC-141b), foi identificado por meio de RMN e GC/MS. Nas vísceras e no sangue da vítima não foram detectados venenos, álcool ou outras drogas. Os resultados dos exames necroscópico, toxicológico e microscópico não excluem a hipótese de morte por inalação do HCFC-141b e estabelecem dois mecanismos de morte como viáveis: asfixia e arritmia cardíaca. As análises realizadas e os dados do inquérito policial suportam probabilisticamente a hipótese de morte por arritmia cardíaca fatal que pode ter ocorrido de forma associada com asfixia. Algumas técnicas de RMN como ¹H, ¹³C, Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT), Cross-Polarization and Magic Angle Spinning (CP/MAS) and Dipolar Dephasing (DD) foram usadas para caracterizar amostras de cocaína. Os deslocamentos químicos dos espectros obtidos foram atribuídos por meio de Heteronuclear Correlation (HETCOR) e Heteronuclear Multiple Bond Correlation (HMBC). As amostras foram primariamente caracterizadas por espectrometria de massas cujos espectros foram comparados com dados obtidos na literatura. Os resultados obtidos indicam que ¹H, ¹³C e DEPT são técnicas bastante eficientes para caracterização de amostras ilícitas de cocaína no estado líquido e que por meio de CP/MAS e CP/MAS/DD RMN é possível distinguir o crack do cloridrato de cocaína de uma maneira não destrutiva. Portanto, a RMN é uma excelente ferramenta para caracterização de amostras ilícitas de cocaína
5

Synthèse et caractérisation de nanocomposites polymères / hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL)

Illaik, Abdallah 29 September 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Cette thèse présente un travail de synthèse et caractérisation de nanocomposites polymères en utilisant comme charge les hydroxydes doubles lamellaires (HDL). Dans la première partie, nous avons caractérisé la charge réactive résultante de l'intercalation des tensio-actifs monomères tels que le sulfopropylméthacrylate (SPMA), le 4[12(methacryloylamino)dodecanoylamino]benzènesulfonate (MADABS) et le 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonique (AMPS). De même, des autres phases hybrides obtenues à partir de poly(SPMA) et poly(AMPS) ont été caractérisées. La polymérisation in-situ est réalisée dans le cas de SPMA et AMPS par les spectroscopies (IR et RMN13 C CP-MAS). Pour les nancomposites polymères obtenus à partir de la dispersion des charges HDL hybrides, une structure intercalée a été observée dans le cas de SPMA et MADABS et une autre non miscible dans le cas de AMPS. Des résultats rhéologiques intéressants sont trouvés : dans le cas de SPMA quelque soit la nature des phases hybrides, par la formation d'un réseau de type gel structuré entre la charge et le polymère. Les résultats de rhéologie et de TEM montrent que la nature physico-chimique de la charge est un facteur déterminant dans la dispersion et la structuration du réseau de percolation de charge. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons caractérisé (DRX, IR, et RMN) la charge fonctionnelle résultante de l'intercalation des colorants tels que : -acid Orange 6 (C12 H9 O5 N2 S Na), direct yellow 50 (C35 H28 N6 O13 S4 Na4), red 75 (C33 H16 O15 N8 S4 Na4), acid green 25 (C28 H22 N2 O8 S2 Na2) et Evan blue (C34 H28 N6 O16 S4) ; Trypan blue (Niagara blue) (C34 H28 N6 014 S4). La carte de densité électronique a montré un arrangement en position inclinée dans l'espace interlamellaire d'un angle de 35° selon l'axe est proposé avant le traitement hydrothermal et en position parallèle après traitement pour le Yellow dans l'espace interfeuillet de l'HDL. L'effet protecteur de la structure HDL est montré puisqu'une stabilité en température des propriétés optiques est observée. Une amélioration des propriétés rhéologiques pour les nanocomposites formés est observée dans le cas de Orange et Niagara par rapport au polystyrène seul. Ceci est expliqué par des interactions de type friction entre les chaînes de PS et les molécules colorantes présentes en surfaces des cristallites, la structure des PS nanocomposites restant apparemment non miscible.
6

Contribution à la compréhension des modifications moléculaires et macromoléculaires intervenant lors du traitement thermique du bois : Effet sur la réactivité chimique et sur la durabilité du matériau / Contribution to the comprehension of the molecular and macromolecular modifications occurring during the wood heat treatment : Effect on the chemical reactivity and the durability of the material

Nguila-Inari, Gildas 13 November 2008 (has links)
La réactivité chimique du bois traité thermiquement a été étudié vis à vis de différents réactifs tels que des anhydrides d’acides et des isocyanates. Les résultats obtenus indiquent une forte diminution de la réactivité du bois traité thermiquement comparativement au bois non traité. Cette baisse de réactivité s’explique par une dégradation importante des hémicelluloses lors du traitement thermique conduisant à une diminution de la quantité de groupements hydroxyle libres susceptibles de réagir avec les réactifs utilisés. Suite à cette étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’utilisation de la spectroscopie XPS pour suivre l’évolution de la composition chimique du bois au cours du traitement thermique. Utilisée dans le cas d’éprouvettes de hêtre traitées thermiquement ou non, cette technique a permis de mettre en évidence une forte diminution du rapport O/C traduisant la formation de produits de carbonisation à l’intérieur du bois. Appliquée à des résineux comme le pin ou l’épicéa, la spectroscopie XPS n’a pas permis d’obtenir des résultats exploitables du fait de problèmes liés à la migration des extractibles lipophiles à la surface des échantillons durant l’analyse. La formation de produits de carbonisation résultant de la dégradation des polysaccharides a par la suite été confirmée par analyses chimiques et par RMN du solide. L’évolution du taux de carbonisation du bois a finalement été évalué par analyse élémentaire en fonction de différentes conditions de traitement. L’étude de la composition centésimale du bois met en évidence une forte corrélation entre l’évolution des pourcentages de carbone et d’oxygène et la perte de masse causée par les réactions de thermodégradation lors du traitement. / The chemical reactivity of heat treated wood was studied using various reagents such as acid anhydrides and isocyanates. The results indicate an important decrease of the reactivity of heat treated wood compared to untreated one. This decrease of reactivity is explained by an important degradation of hemicelluloses during the heat treatment leading to a reduction in the quantity of free hydroxyl groups able to react with the reagents used. Evolution of the chemical composition of wood during the heat treatment was then investigated using XPS spectroscopy. This method indicated an important decrease of O/C ratio of heat treated beech wood attributed to the formation of carbonization products inside the wood structure. Applied to softwood species, like the pine or the spruce, XPS spectroscopy do not allow to obtain useable results because of the migration of lipophilic extractives on the surface of the samples during the analysis. The formation of carbonization products resulting from the degradation of polysaccharides was confirmed by chemical analyses and CP/MAS 13C NMR. Formation of carbonization products was finally investigated by micro-analysis on samples subjected to different heat treatment conditions. Centesimal composition of wood highlight a strong correlation between the evolution of the carbon and oxygen percentages and the loss of mass caused by the reactions of thermodegradation during the treatment.
7

Characterisation of amorphous pharmaceutical materials

Grazier, Jeffery N. January 2013 (has links)
Small quantities of amorphous content can have a profound influence on the properties of a material, however their instability means that quantifying amorphous content over time is important for proving the stability of a drug. Quantifying amorphous content in α-lactose monohydrate by solid state 13C CP MAS NMR, has been carried out by use of proton saturation recovery relaxation and differentiating between spectra by partial least squares (PLS), however these techniques have not proved sensitive on their own, this work investigates their sensitivity in combination. Crystalline α-lactose monohydrate and a rapidly quenched melt were combined to create a set of calibration mixes, whose spectra were recorded using proton saturation recovery relaxations ranging from 2 to 60 seconds. This technique showed a limit of detection of 0.17% (LOD = intercept + 3xSy/x), with a relaxation delay of 15 s and was able to recognise amorphous materials generated by spray and freeze drying. The atmospheric effects on the proton saturation recovery relaxation times of different amorphous lactose preparations were investigated. This found that an oxygen atmosphere reduced the relaxation times, of amorphous lactose that was prepared from a rapidly quenched melt. The loss of moisture from spray dried and freeze dried samples to less than 1% removed the significance of this effect. Lactose is an important excipient in pharmaceuticals and a key ingredient of confectionary, very little research has been carried out in to the quantification of the isomers of different preparations of amorphous lactose. This work quantifies the isomer content by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionisation Detection (GC-FID) using a DB-17 15m 0.53mm 1.00 μm column and derivatisation with N- (trimethylsilyl)imidazole.

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