La mitose assure la répartition égale du génome. La kinase mitotique Aurora B y joue un rôle majeur en contrôlant la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes de par sa localisation aux centromères et aux microtubules, qui nécessite son ubiquitination par CUL3. Cependant, le mécanisme conduisant la forme ubiquitinée d’Aurora B sur ces structures mitotiques reste à déterminer. Dans ce contexte, j’ai pu identifier la protéine UBASH3B, qui contient un domaine de liaison à l’ubiquitine (UBD) comme un régulateur essentiel de la ségrégation chromosomique, agissant comme un récepteur de l’ubiquitine pour Aurora B. UBASH3B interagit directement avec Aurora B et cette interaction est dépendante de la modification d’Aurora B par l’ubiquitine ainsi que de CUL3. UBASH3B ne régule pas le niveau d’expression d’Aurora B. En revanche, UBASH3B se localise aux fuseaux mitotiques et est à la fois nécessaire et suffisant pour transférer Aurora B aux microtubules. De plus, la redistribution d’Aurora B des centromères vers les microtubules contrôle le déroulement et la fidélité de la ségrégation des chromosomes et donc le contenu correct du matériel génétique des cellules. Ainsi, mes résultats expliquent comment la modification par l’ubiquitine régule la localisation et la fonction d’Aurora B, reliant une voie de signalisation impliquant un récepteur à l’ubiquitine à la mitose. / Mitosis ensures equal segregation of the genome. The major mitotic kinase Aurora B controls fidelity of chromosome segregation by its localization to centromeres and microtubules, which requires CUL3-mediated ubiquitylation. However, it remains unknown how ubiquitylated Aurora B is targeted to mitotic structures. Here, I identify ubiquitin-binding domain (UBD) protein UBASH3B that critically regulates chromosome segregation, acting as ubiquitin receptor for Aurora B. UBASH3B directly binds Aurora B, and this interaction is dependent on CUL3 and on ubiquitin recognition. UBASH3B does not regulate protein levels of Aurora B. Instead, UBASH3B localizes to the mitotic spindle and is both required and sufficient to transfer Aurora B to microtubules. Moreover, redistribution of Aurora B from centromeres to microtubules controls timing and fidelity of chromosome segregation and thereby euploidy of cells. Thus, my findings explain how ubiquitin attachment regulates localization and function of Aurora B, linking receptor-mediated ubiquitin signaling to mitosis.

L’ubiquitination est une modification post-traductionnelle impliquée dans de nombreux mécanismes cellulaires. L’E3-ubiquitine ligase CULLIN 3 (CUL3) est un régulateur essentiel de la progression mitotique, ubiquitinant d’importants régulateurs mitotiques et contrôlant leur localisation subcellulaire. Plus particulièrement, notre travail décrit le rôle de la nouvelle E31 ligase CUL3/KLHL22 dans la régulation de l’activité localisée de Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) et de ce fait dans l’établissement d’une progression mitotique précise. Néanmoins, les mécanismes moléculaires qui régissent la reconnaissance de son substrat par CUL3 demeurent inconnus. L’activité catalytique de PLK1 ne semble pas être nécessaire à son interaction avec KLHL22, mais aussi bien son domaine kinase que Polo-box (PBD) suffisent à co-purifier KLHL22. Des mutations au niveau du motif DFG, situé en amont du domaine kinase,et du tryptophane 414 au sein du PBD semblent influer sur la reconnaissance de KLHL22. Les résultats obtenus montrent les premières indications biochimiques du mode d’interaction du complexe CUL3/KLHL22/PLK1. / Ubiquitination is a post-translational modification involved in many cellular processes. The E3 ubiquitin-ligase based on CULLIN 3 protein (CUL3) is an essential regulator of mitotic division in human cells by ubiquitinating several important mitotic regulators and controlling their subcellular localization. In particular, our work described the role of novel CUL3/KLHL22 E3-ligase in regulation of localized activity of Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) and there by faithful mitotic progression. However, the molecular mechanisms of substrate recognition by CUL3 remain unknown. The catalytic activity of PLK1 may not be required for binding KLHL22 but both the kinase and the Polo-box domains are sufficient to co-purify KLHL22. Mutating the DFG motif within the kinase domain and the tryptophan 414 within the PBD influence the binding to KLHL22. These results provide first insights into molecular mechanisms of CUL3/KLHL22/PLK1complex.

Study of Gordon (PHAII) and Gitelman (GS) syndromes revealed the importance of the WNK pathway and thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl Cotransporter (NCC) in the renal control of blood pressure. PHAII mutations lead to WNK accumulation resulting in the hyperphosphorylation of the downstream effector, SPAK, which overactivates NCC causing salt retention and hypertension. Mutations causing deletion of exon-9 in Cullin-3, which normally ubiquitylates WNKs for degradation, were recently discovered to cause the severest subtype of PHAII (PHA2E) with early onset salt-sensitive hypertension and hyperkalaemia. The reasons for this severity have remained elusive, however clues came from SPAK knock-out mice which recapitulate GS, the phenotypic mirror image of PHAII, typically caused by activation-inhibiting NCC phosphorylation site mutations resulting in salt-wasting and hypotension. As these mice were also discovered to have reduced vascular tone, it suggests the WNK pathway may have extra-renal roles in vascular smooth muscle function and highlights inhibition of SPAK function as a promising anti-hypertensive strategy with multiple sites of action. To address these possibilities the work aimed to phenotype: (1) heterozygous CUL3$^{WT/\Delta403-459}$ mice to investigate a possible vascular contribution to PHAII pathophysiology, (2) homozygous knock-out mice of MO25, a master regulator known to increase SPAK activity up to 100-fold independent of WNKs, and (3) homozygous SPAK$^{L502A/L502A}$ knock-ins, predicted to have disrupted SPAK binding to WNK/NCC, in order to validate SPAK signalling inhibition as a viable anti-hypertensive strategy. In mice, the CUL3$^{\Delta403-459}$ proteins are hyperflexible, hypermodified and ultimately have reduced WNK ubiquitylation. This lead to hypertension, hyperkalaemia, hyperchloraemia with compensated metabolic acidosis and growth retardation, which closely recapitulates human PHA2E. The discovery of increased vascular tone suggests an explanation for the severity of CUL3$^{\Delta}$$^{ex9}$PHAII. In mice, homozygous MO25$\alpha$ knock-out proved embryonically lethal, while homozygous MO25$\beta$ knock-out did not meaningfully alter blood pressure or electrolyte homeostasis. However, the SPAK$^{L502A}$ protein had a decreased ability to bind WNKs and cation-chloride cotransporters NCC and NKCC1/2, serving to reduce their activation. SPAK$^{L502A/L502A}$ mice showed typical features of GS with mild hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypocalciuria and salt-wasting hypotension. The mice also presented with decreased markers of vascular tone potentially due to effects on cardiovascular and neuronal NKCC1. These results show that SPAK binding is crucial for blood pressure control and pharmacological inhibition of this binding is an attractive anti-hypertensive strategy.