As pastagens são a base da alimentação dos ruminantes na pecuária brasileira. Sistemas de produção em condições pastoris utilizam diversos genótipos forrageiros sob diferentes formas de manejo, no intuito de otimizar respostas produtivas desses sistemas. Algumas decisões quanto ao manejo, no entanto, são tomadas de forma não criteriosa e generalista, tornando o sistema de produção frequentemente propenso a erros na gestão. A intensificação da produção animal em pastagem possibilita o aumento da participação de leguminosas forrageiras no sistema. No entanto, ainda há um limitado entendimento das respostas destas plantas quando submetidas a manejos mais intensificados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar quatro cultivares comerciais de Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Greg., sob duas intensidades de desfolhação e dois intervalos entre desfolhas ao longo da estação de crescimento de dois anos consecutivos. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento analisando-se os cultivares Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte e BRS Mandobi sob quatro manejos de colheita: dois intervalos (28 e 35 dias) associados a duas intensidades de desfolha (5 e 10 cm). Determinou-se a produtividade total por estação de crescimento, acúmulo total de forragem, taxa de acúmulo diário, composição morfológica, ângulo foliar, interceptação luminosa, índice de área foliar, composição química e digestibilidade da forragem, fotossíntese foliar, fotossíntese de dossel e compostos orgânicas de reserva. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Piracicaba - SP, sendo a área experimental total de 0,11 ha. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. À parcela foram alocados as combinações entre cultivares de A. pintoi (Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte e BRS Mandobi) e intervalos entre cortes (28 e 35 dias) em um fatorial 4 x 2. À subparcela foi designado o fator intensidade de desfolhação, na forma de duas alturas de resíduo (5 e 10 cm), tendo o experimento contado com com 3 repetições. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS®. As médias dos tratamentos foram estimadas utilizando-se o LSMEANS e comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O cultivar Belmonte apresentou média de acúmulo total acima de 11,85 Mg MS ha-1 e taxa de acúmulo diário de 41 kg MS ha-1 nos diferentes manejos adotados, sendo o maior desempenho produtivo em relação aos demais cultivares testados. Em geral, o intervalo de 28 dias com intensidade de desfolha de 5 cm, confere maior produtividade total aos cultivares de A. pintoi. Menores produções de folíolos, pecíolos e estolões foram obtidos para o cultivar Amarillo.O perfil nutricional do cultivar Belmonte apresentou maior potencial em função da alta concentração de proteína bruta (277 g kg-1 MS) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (717 g kg-1 MS) em relação a Alqueire-1 e Amarillo e concentrações de fibra em detergente neutro (366 g kg-1 MS) intermediárias comparativamente aos três cultivares. Variações intraespecífica entre os cultivares apresenta pouco efeito sobre os compostos de reservas, sendo estes mais afetados pelas estratégias de manejo adotadas. Carboidratos totais não estruturais estiveram menos concentrados nos órgãos de reserva de Alqueire-1 (196 g kg-1 MO), e a concentração de N total apresentou variação somente entre os cultivares Belmonte (31 g kg-1 MO) e BRS Mandobi (25 g kg-1 MO). Em geral, a concentração de carboidratos totais não estruturais nos órgãos de reserva é maior quando o manejo de intervalos entre desfolha é de 35 dias. Plantas invasoras são mais evidentes em dosséis manejados com intensidade de desfolha de 5 cm. O cultivar Belmonte apresenta características que lhe conferem maior desempenho agronômico, sendo portanto considerado o material mais promissor. / Pastures are the backbone of the brazilian livestock industry. Pasture-based ruminant production systems make use of a diverse base of forage genotypes under various managements, aiming at the optimization of productive responses. Decisions regarding management, however, are often made under an empirical and generalistic standpoint, making these systems prone to failure. The intensification of animal production on pasture makes can be achieved with the increased participation of forage legumes in the system. However, there is still a limited understanding of the responses of these plants when subjected to more intensive management. This work aimed to characterize four commercial cultivars of Arachis pintoi (Krapov. & Greg.), under two harvest intensities and two harvest intervals throughout the summer growing season of two years. An experiment was carried out with the cultivars Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte and BRS Mandobi under four harvest management: two intervals (28 and 35 days) associated with two harvest intensities (5 and 10 cm). The total forage accumulation, daily accumulation rate, plant-part composition, leaf angle, light interception, leaf area index, chemical composition and forage digestibility, leaf photosynthesis, canopy photosynthesis and organic reserve compounds. The experiment was carried out in Piracicaba - SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with split-plot arrangement. To the plots were allocated the combinations between cultivars of A. pintoi (Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte and BRS Mandobi) and harvest intervals (28 and 35 days) in a factorial 4 x 2. To the subplot was designated harvest intensities (5 and 10 cm). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS®. Treatment means were estimated using LSMEANS and compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. Belmonte had mean of total accumulation above 11.85 Mg DM ha-1 and daily accumulation rate of 41 kg DM ha-1 in the different managements adopted, the greatest production of all four entries. In general, the 28 day interval with harvest intensity of 5 cm resulted in greater total yield of all cultivars. The nutritional profile of Belmonte was the best due to the high concentration of crude protein (277 g kg-1 DM) and in vitro digestible of organic matter (717 g kg-1 DM) relative to Alqueire-1 and Amarillo and neutral detergent fiber concentrations (366 g kg-1 DM) as compared to the three cultivars. Intraspecific variations among cultivars had less effect on the reserve compounds, being more affected by the management strategies. Total non-structural carbohydrate concentratin was less in Alqueire-1 roots and stubble (196 g kg-1 OM), and total N concentration differed only between Belmonte (31 g kg-1 OM) and BRS Mandobi (25 g kg-1 OM). In general, the concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates in the reserve organs is greater when intervals between harvest is 35 days. Weeds are more evident in canopies managed with harvest intensity of 5 cm. Belmonte seems to have greater agronomic performance, being therefore considered the most promising material.

As pastagens são a base da alimentação dos ruminantes na pecuária brasileira. Sistemas de produção em condições pastoris utilizam diversos genótipos forrageiros sob diferentes formas de manejo, no intuito de otimizar respostas produtivas desses sistemas. Algumas decisões quanto ao manejo, no entanto, são tomadas de forma não criteriosa e generalista, tornando o sistema de produção frequentemente propenso a erros na gestão. A intensificação da produção animal em pastagem possibilita o aumento da participação de leguminosas forrageiras no sistema. No entanto, ainda há um limitado entendimento das respostas destas plantas quando submetidas a manejos mais intensificados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar quatro cultivares comerciais de Arachis pintoi Krapov. & Greg., sob duas intensidades de desfolhação e dois intervalos entre desfolhas ao longo da estação de crescimento de dois anos consecutivos. Para tanto, foi conduzido um experimento analisando-se os cultivares Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte e BRS Mandobi sob quatro manejos de colheita: dois intervalos (28 e 35 dias) associados a duas intensidades de desfolha (5 e 10 cm). Determinou-se a produtividade total por estação de crescimento, acúmulo total de forragem, taxa de acúmulo diário, composição morfológica, ângulo foliar, interceptação luminosa, índice de área foliar, composição química e digestibilidade da forragem, fotossíntese foliar, fotossíntese de dossel e compostos orgânicas de reserva. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Piracicaba - SP, sendo a área experimental total de 0,11 ha. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas. À parcela foram alocados as combinações entre cultivares de A. pintoi (Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte e BRS Mandobi) e intervalos entre cortes (28 e 35 dias) em um fatorial 4 x 2. À subparcela foi designado o fator intensidade de desfolhação, na forma de duas alturas de resíduo (5 e 10 cm), tendo o experimento contado com com 3 repetições. A análise estatística dos dados foi realizada utilizando-se o procedimento MIXED do SAS®. As médias dos tratamentos foram estimadas utilizando-se o LSMEANS e comparadas pelo teste Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. O cultivar Belmonte apresentou média de acúmulo total acima de 11,85 Mg MS ha-1 e taxa de acúmulo diário de 41 kg MS ha-1 nos diferentes manejos adotados, sendo o maior desempenho produtivo em relação aos demais cultivares testados. Em geral, o intervalo de 28 dias com intensidade de desfolha de 5 cm, confere maior produtividade total aos cultivares de A. pintoi. Menores produções de folíolos, pecíolos e estolões foram obtidos para o cultivar Amarillo.O perfil nutricional do cultivar Belmonte apresentou maior potencial em função da alta concentração de proteína bruta (277 g kg-1 MS) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (717 g kg-1 MS) em relação a Alqueire-1 e Amarillo e concentrações de fibra em detergente neutro (366 g kg-1 MS) intermediárias comparativamente aos três cultivares. Variações intraespecífica entre os cultivares apresenta pouco efeito sobre os compostos de reservas, sendo estes mais afetados pelas estratégias de manejo adotadas. Carboidratos totais não estruturais estiveram menos concentrados nos órgãos de reserva de Alqueire-1 (196 g kg-1 MO), e a concentração de N total apresentou variação somente entre os cultivares Belmonte (31 g kg-1 MO) e BRS Mandobi (25 g kg-1 MO). Em geral, a concentração de carboidratos totais não estruturais nos órgãos de reserva é maior quando o manejo de intervalos entre desfolha é de 35 dias. Plantas invasoras são mais evidentes em dosséis manejados com intensidade de desfolha de 5 cm. O cultivar Belmonte apresenta características que lhe conferem maior desempenho agronômico, sendo portanto considerado o material mais promissor. / Pastures are the backbone of the brazilian livestock industry. Pasture-based ruminant production systems make use of a diverse base of forage genotypes under various managements, aiming at the optimization of productive responses. Decisions regarding management, however, are often made under an empirical and generalistic standpoint, making these systems prone to failure. The intensification of animal production on pasture makes can be achieved with the increased participation of forage legumes in the system. However, there is still a limited understanding of the responses of these plants when subjected to more intensive management. This work aimed to characterize four commercial cultivars of Arachis pintoi (Krapov. & Greg.), under two harvest intensities and two harvest intervals throughout the summer growing season of two years. An experiment was carried out with the cultivars Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte and BRS Mandobi under four harvest management: two intervals (28 and 35 days) associated with two harvest intensities (5 and 10 cm). The total forage accumulation, daily accumulation rate, plant-part composition, leaf angle, light interception, leaf area index, chemical composition and forage digestibility, leaf photosynthesis, canopy photosynthesis and organic reserve compounds. The experiment was carried out in Piracicaba - SP. The experimental design was completely randomized with split-plot arrangement. To the plots were allocated the combinations between cultivars of A. pintoi (Alqueire-1, Amarillo, Belmonte and BRS Mandobi) and harvest intervals (28 and 35 days) in a factorial 4 x 2. To the subplot was designated harvest intensities (5 and 10 cm). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS®. Treatment means were estimated using LSMEANS and compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. Belmonte had mean of total accumulation above 11.85 Mg DM ha-1 and daily accumulation rate of 41 kg DM ha-1 in the different managements adopted, the greatest production of all four entries. In general, the 28 day interval with harvest intensity of 5 cm resulted in greater total yield of all cultivars. The nutritional profile of Belmonte was the best due to the high concentration of crude protein (277 g kg-1 DM) and in vitro digestible of organic matter (717 g kg-1 DM) relative to Alqueire-1 and Amarillo and neutral detergent fiber concentrations (366 g kg-1 DM) as compared to the three cultivars. Intraspecific variations among cultivars had less effect on the reserve compounds, being more affected by the management strategies. Total non-structural carbohydrate concentratin was less in Alqueire-1 roots and stubble (196 g kg-1 OM), and total N concentration differed only between Belmonte (31 g kg-1 OM) and BRS Mandobi (25 g kg-1 OM). In general, the concentration of total non-structural carbohydrates in the reserve organs is greater when intervals between harvest is 35 days. Weeds are more evident in canopies managed with harvest intensity of 5 cm. Belmonte seems to have greater agronomic performance, being therefore considered the most promising material.

No description available.

Oilseed rape has become an important weed in arable rotations and a feral plant of field margins, soil dumps and roadsides. Seed persistence in the soil following induced secondary dormancy is thought to perpetuate these weed and feral populations. Potential variation between cultivars has been suggested in previous work in the extent of secondary dormancy and other germination traits, and in underlying genetic heterogeneity. The aim of this work was to quantify in more detail inter- and intra- cultivar variation in germination traits for six oilseed rape cultivars, to confirm that variation was consistent in laboratory and field, and to ascertain whether there is a genetic base to this variation. The cultivars are Askari, Bristol, Gazelle, Libravo, Martina and Rocket, selected on the basis of their suspected heterogeneity. Laboratory germination tests were conducted at 4°C, 10°C and 19°C on a thermal plate and confirmed substantial inter-cultivar variation in germination rate, induction of secondary dormancy and the temperature stimuli required for dormancy break. The phenotypic traits were quantified by mathematical parameters and cultivars ranked in order of decreasing heterogeneity. DNA analysis was made on leaf tissue of early, middle and late germinating phenotypes using two simple sequence repeat primers. There was heterogeneity and phenotypic variability generally, but a direct association between phenotype and genotype was found only in the cultivar Martina. Field emergence trials revealed non-linearity in emergence and a strong similarity between laboratory germination and field emergence curves. Cultivar heterogeneity was found to be similar for emergence rate and post-winter emergence. Again there was evidence of an association between heterogeneity in emergence and genetic heterogeneity in the DNA markers. The results suggest that standard seed testing should be carried out at low temperatures to detect any hidden variability in germination. Plant breeders should be cautious about introducing variability into new breeding lines as this might increase the potential persistence of feral populations and the risk of gene transfer to later.

This study aimed to investigate the response of lentil genotypes to different water regimes, providing guide lines, through partitioning the variation, for a selection program for adaptation to irrigated conditions. The research was divided into two main areas; 1) The overall variation in the crop was partitioned into genotypic, environmental and genotype-environmental components in an analysis of adaptation over seasons, irrigation regimes and locations; 2) The genotypic variation was partitioned into its various genetic components in an inheritance study using the dial lei mating system. Pronounced progress should be expected from selection for number of pods/plant, 100 seed weight and straw yield/plant traits, which showed high estimates of h(^2)(_b.s), C.G.V. and G.S. The two former traits correlated strongly and positively with seed yield, which allowed their use in indirect selection for seed yield. The 35 genotypes used in this study showed wide genetic diversity, allowing selection of high yielding genotypes under irrigation. Environmental variation in water supply, temperature and soil type was found to exert a profound effect on variation in characters measured. This suggests the possibility of raising yield levels through improved management practices. In this study, irrigation repeated twice increased seed yield by 19% over no irrigation, at the same location, and increased the yield by 300% in comparison with a dry location. Seed protein quality was influenced by environments and genotypes. Electrophoretic studies showed that the number and position of the bands could be used to identify genotypes. Four genotypes showed response to irrigation and could be recommended as promising entries. An anatomical study showed that large air spaces formed in the roots of a responsive genotype:, which could be used as a selection criterion for positive response to irrigation. Seed yield/plant exhibited 31.8% heterosis and showed a predominant role of non-additive genetic variance. Due to the significance of the non-additive effect, the superior F(_1)'s may be expected to throw out desirable transgressive segregants, provided that the complementary genes and epistatic effects included in the non-additive component are coupled in the same direction to maximize seed yield. Five F(_2) crosses showed superiority in seed yield and SCA effects. These crosses should be carried forward in lentil breeding programs.

No description available.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Lack of technical knowledge and proper soybean cultivars are barriers for organic farmers to take advantage of increased organic soybean demand in Manitoba from domestic and international markets. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the performance of 12 early season non-GM food grade soybean cultivars under organic management in southern Manitoba. Cultivars were seeded on four organic farms and one transition to organic farm in southern Manitoba in 2014 and 2015. The mean cultivar yield ranged from 1384 to 1807 kg ha-1, with a mean of 1536 kg ha-1. Cultivars ‘Savanna’ and ‘Toma’ were high performers, but exhibited low stability across sites. Partial Least Squares Regression Analysis indicated that soybean mature height, and biomass at R5 positively contributed to final grain yield. Early height positively contributed to biomass at R5 but negatively affected final grain yield. Soil nitrate content negatively contributed to final grain yield. Weed competitiveness was of particular interest in this study. Contrary to previous reports, cultivars that exhibited early season vigour often resulted in lower yields, biomass accumulation, and increased weed presence as compared to other cultivars. / October 2016

In response to environmental concerns about NO3- leaching research has shifted toward the increased incorporation of nitrogen-fixing legumes, such as red clover, into agroecosystems to promote tighter cycling of nitrogen (N). Although more sustainable than fertilized systems, red clover still has the potential to contribute to leaching. The objective of this study was to ascertain the contribution of red clover to soil NO3- when grown in mixture with bluegrass. Soil solute samples were collected at 15 and 45 cm depth using ceramic suction lysimeters from two experimental pastures in Nova Scotia in 2009. The concentration of NO3--N in the soil solute of bluegrass-red clover mixtures was 10 to 25 times higher in Truro, and 5 to 16 times greater in Nappan, compared to the corresponding unfertilized pure bluegrass stand. Neither sub-surface irrigation nor two distinct red clover cultivar mixtures were found to significantly alter NO3- leaching patterns.

The overarching goal of this research was to investigate the effect of cultivar and environment on the physicochemical and functional properties of pea protein isolates using a structure-function approach. Six pea cultivars (Agassiz, CDC Golden, CDC Dakota, CDC Striker, CDC Tetris, Cooper) were collected from two years (2011, 2012) over two locations in Saskatchewan (Saskatoon and Rosthern) from two field replicates. Pea protein isolates were prepared from defatted flours by alkaline extraction (pH 9.0) followed by isoelectric precipitation (pH 4.5), and then neutralized to pH 7.0 prior to freeze-drying. Samples were evaluated for composition (amino acid profile, legumin/vicilin ratio), surface characteristics (zeta potential, surface hydrophobicity), and functional properties (nitrogen solubility, oil holding capacity, foaming capacity, foam stability, emulsion stability). In addition, samples were assessed for seed weight and colour, and compared against the functional characteristics of six commercially produced protein isolates (whey, wheat, egg, pea, and two soy ingredients). The extracted pea protein isolates had protein contents of ~91% (d.b.), as well as isolate and protein yields of ~18% and ~72%, respectively. Although cultivars exhibited a range of legumin/vicilin ratios from 0.36 (Agassiz) to 0.79 (CDC Golden), such differences were not reflected in their amino acid profiles. Differences amongst cultivars, as well as significant cultivar × environment interactions, were found for only surface hydrophobicity (195-267 a.u.), solubility (63-75%), and foaming capacity (167-244%). No differences in either cultivar or environment were observed in other surface (zeta potential = ~-24 mV) or functional (oil holding capacity = ~3.2 g/g; foam stability = ~75%; emulsion stability = ~96%) properties. All functional properties were significantly correlated with legumin/vicilin ratio and/or surface hydrophobicity. However, such relationships were weak (r = -0.19 to -0.20, and r = 0.17 to 0.32). The strongest correlation was observed between the legumin/vicilin ratio and surface hydrophobicity at r = 0.63 for the pea protein isolates. Meanwhile, zeta potential did not display a significant correlation to any property tested. In comparison to commercial protein isolates, the pea protein isolates behaved most similarly to soy except for solubility. Whey and egg were superior in solubility and the foaming properties, whereas wheat and the commercial pea protein product underperformed in almost all functionality tests. These findings suggest that while inherent protein material source may be important to functional behaviours, the method of extraction could pose even greater effects. This was observed between the laboratory- and commercially-prepared pea protein isolates, which at minimum differed in processing (defatting) and method of drying (freeze- vs. spray-dried). Coupled with the weak correlations between physicochemical and functional properties, findings overall indicate that method of protein isolate production play a more significant role in protein functional characteristics than cultivar, environment, or composition. Findings also suggest that secondary processors may not need to specify either cultivar or environment of their raw materials, thus creating advantages in their feedstock sourcing.