Background: Coworking is an office-environment where you share a common space with other companies and entrepreneurs, it encourage to cooperation and social interaction. The concept has grown the past few years and this way of working is mainly appreciated among small businesses and entrepreneurs. Coworking as a workspace concept is a new phenomenon which makes existing research limited. Therefore this study hopes to fill some existing information gaps concerning Coworking. Purpose: The purpose with this report is to contribute with more knowledge to the subject and identify the most common target groups using Coworking in the area of Stockholm. The research also seeks to compare thoughts with Coworking-operators and their members, to find out if this new concept is a trend or something that will prevail. Method: Both a qualitative and a quantitative research approach has been used to obtain the results. The methods used are semi-structured interviews with five Coworking-operators and a survey with closed questions addressed to members of the workspaces. By using both qualitative and quantitative methods, called triangulation, it enhances the reliability and validity of the study. Delimitation: The study is limited geographical to Stockholm city. Results and conclusion: Both members and operators within Coworking have a positive attitude towards these types of offices. They feel that the environment increases their productivity and their social contact. It is widely spoken about the network and its importance for Coworking, but from the results members value location and interior standard higher. Future studies: It would be interesting to make a similar study in a few years when the market is more established and see if the operators think different about Coworking. Studies that compare Coworking members with workers who use more traditional office spaces are also of interest in order to see how they look at productivity and office space, and the connection between them. / Bakgrund: Coworking är en typ av kontorsmiljö där man delar samma utrymme med andra företag och entreprenörer, vilket uppmuntrar till samarbete och social interaktion. Det har på den senaste tiden vuxit fram som ett alternativ till de traditionella kontorslösningarna och har framförallt uppskattats av entreprenörer och små företag. Coworking är som kontorslösning ett nytt fenomen vilket betyder att det finns begränsat med forskning. Denna studie hoppas att fylla igen några existerande informationsluckor gällande Coworking. Syfte: Syftet med rapporten har varit att inbringa större kunskap om ämnet och identifiera den huvudsakliga målgruppen som utnyttjar detta sätt att arbete i Stockholm. Undersökningen vill även jämföra tankarna angående Coworking mellan Coworking-operatörerna och deras medlemmar för att finna ifall Coworking är en trend eller ej. Metod: Både ett kvalitativt och ett kvantitativt tillvägagångssätt har använts för att erhålla rapportens resultat. De använda metoderna är semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem Coworking-operatörer och en enkätstudie med stängda frågor riktad till Coworking-medlemmar. Genom att använda både kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder, en så kallad triangulering, förstärks studiens tillförlitlighet och validitet. Avgränsning: Studien är avgränsad geografiskt till Stockholms stad. Resultat och slutsats: Både medlemmar och coworkingoperatörer har en positiv inställning till denna typ av kontorslösning. De känner att denna arbetsmiljö bidrar till en ökad produktivitet och även ökad social kontakt. De pratas mycket om nätverket och dess betydelse för Coworking, men av resultaten att döma så är medlemmarnas värderingar generellt mer fokuserade på traditionellt viktiga attribut som läge och standard. Framtida forskning: Att genomföra en liknande studie om några år då marknaden har hunnit etablera sig och fått mer uppmärksamhet av allmänheten vore intressant för att se om företag har ändrat sitt tänk gällande Coworking. Även undersökningar som jämför företag som arbetar i Coworking-miljöer med de som inte gör det i fråga om produktivitet och utveckling vore värt att undersöka vidare.

In Norway, first generation immigrant adolescents are overrepresented in out-of-home care by Child Welfare Services (CWS). More than Norwegians, immigrant adolescents themselves take the initiative to contact CWS. In this, immigrant girls seek more CWS help than boys. In this paper, a light is shone upon the lives of immigrants who were once in out-of-home care. The studies presented point to a large impact of migration and family breakdown. Many depict a chaotic family situation with a single mother, large household responsibilities and family relations filled with generational conflicts and violence. The immigrants describe an overall positive out-of-home care experience yet are hesitant to recommend others to take the same step. The possible influence of the child-centric focus of Norwegian CWS workers is discussed. As well as the need for prevention measures such as building a support network for immigrant mothers and organizing school support for immigrant adolescents. This paper concentrates on the need to put the overrepresentation of first generation immigrant adolescents on the policy agenda. More studies are to be carried out to point out the most appropriate and least harmful care for immigrant adolescents.

Recently, research has postulated that stuttering is a motor disorder that results from brain abnormalities within the central nervous system. Based on evidence of numerous irregularities within various motor systems, it has been suggested that other motor domains may be comprised. In particular, research in individuals who stutter has found fine, gross, and visual-spatial motor impairment. These studies, though, are dated, have numerous methodological concerns, or yielded contradictory results. Thus, this study investigated whether motor skills in children who stutter (CWS) were compromised. Fine motor skills are important in a school environment because students are required to utilize these skills to complete various assignments and projects, such as cutting and folding paper. Gross motor skills are equally as important as children use these skills to move around their environment. Visual-spatial motor skills are vital for children as they are often required to copy notes off of the board. Deficits in any of these areas may have potentially harmful effects on school performance. Thus, in a school setting, school psychologists are a valuable asset, as they are trained to consult and work with "at risk" populations to prevent long-term problems. Given the potential motor deficits in CWS, school psychologists can intervene and provide appropriate accommodations to remediate any motor deficits. Participants included 12 CWS and 12 children who do not stutter (CWNS). Participants were recruited from a large urban school district and were administered the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (Bruininks & Bruininks, 2005; BOT-2). Parents completed a demographic questionnaire. One Way Analyses of Variance (ANOVAs) were calculated to compare group means. Results indicated that CWS performed poorer on all but one motor area. Given these results, when a child is identified with a disfluency problem, a broader consideration of issues that may be facing the child is warranted. In particular, school psychologists are in a position to intervene and provide appropriate services to an "at risk" population (i.e., CWS) by conducting a brief motor assessment to identify motor strengths and weaknesses. If warranted, school psychologists can provide accommodations and services to address any identified weaknesses in motor areas.

Abstract Background: There has been minimal research conducted on the unique experiences of Black youth who transition out of the child welfare system, and as well as the factors that contribute to their success or failure to accessing housing. Purpose: The purpose of study is to explore the needs and experiences of Black youth using Critical Race theory, BlackCrit and Social Capital theory to better understand their experience accessing safe, affordable housing within the Greater Toronto Area after transitioning out of child welfare. Methods: Five Black youth were recruited using site sampling and snow-ball sampling to participate in an arts-based and narrative study. The data was then analyzed in a constant comparative method. Findings: The findings from this study suggest the following things: The emotional roller coaster of being in care, the importance of community and sense of family, youth voices in decision-making process, unpreparedness for independent living, the unawareness of housing options, youth definition of good housing, more resources are needed prior to departure of child welfare. Implications and Recommendations for Change: In light of the findings in this study, a number of recommendations are proposed for improving outcomes for Black youth leaving care and their access to housing. Below is a summary of recommendations: A. To focus on building and providing genuine relationships through a caring adult and permanency for Black youth in care B. Centralize and value the voices of Black youth in care throughout their post-care planning, policy development and research C. To address and respond to the unique experiences that Black youth with disabilities face within the housing market when preparing them for independence outside of the CWS D. To apply a Housing first Youth approach It is my hope that this information will be used to support policy changes and program development in child welfare and the rental housing market that can result in more successful outcomes for Black youth. / Thesis / Master of Social Work (MSW)

Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization.  Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug.  Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.