Les phénomènes d’accrétion et d’éjection se retrouvent au sein d’une grande diversité d’objets astrophysiques : des étoiles en formation jusqu’aux noyaux actifs de galaxies (AGNs). Les microquasars sont composés d’un objet compact de masse stellaire, accrétant la matière d’une étoile compagnon et partageant de nombreuses propriétés avec les AGNs. Ils représentent des environnements idéaux pour l’étude du couplage accrétion/éjection du fait de la proximité des systèmes, des niveaux de luminosité atteints et des temps caractéristiques d’évolution relativement courts.Leur émission gamma de haute énergie (HE) demeure cependant peu contrainte. Nous nous attachons ici à caractériser ce rayonnement avec le télescope spatial Fermi/LAT dans les microquasars et tentons de le mettre en évidence pour d’autres classes de binaires afin de déterminer les conditions nécessaires à la production d’une telle émission. Le satellite Fermi surveille continûment le ciel gamma et est idéal pour l’étude des phénomènes transitoires. Nous avons notamment recherché une émission HE à la suite d’une éruption stellaire exceptionnelle de l’étoile double DG CVn, cependant, l’excès HE éventuellement repéré semble associé à l’activité d’un AGN en arrière-plan. Nous nous sommes également intéressés à la variable cataclysmique SS Cyg dont les sursauts périodiques sont associés à la formation de jets relativistes. Après 26 ans de quiescence, le microquasar V404 Cyg de faible masse s’est réveillé lors d’une éruption spectaculaire. Les études avec Fermi/LAT que nous avons dirigées ont conduit pour la première fois à la détection de V404 Cyg en rayons gamma HE.Les observations radio effectuées avec le VLA de V404 Cyg, alors en quiescence, nous permettent de dévoiler la variabilité du jet à courte échelle temporelle ainsi que le maintien du couplage accrétion/éjection à basse luminosité. Pour finir, nous détaillons les résultats d’une campagne d’observations simultanées radio/rayons X du candidat trou noir GRS 1739−278. Des transitions d’état à faible luminosité sont observées lors de deux courts sursauts successifs, rarement mis en évidence dans les microquasars. Nous discutons l’origine physique de ce comportement en contraste avec ses précédentes éruptions / Accretion and ejection phenomena are encountered in a vast diversity of astrophysical objects: from star formation to active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Microquasars consist of a stellar-mass compact object, which is accreting matter from a companion star and sharing several physical properties with AGNs. They represent ideal laboratories for the study of accretion/ejection coupling due to their proximity, their high luminosity levels and their short evolution time scales.Their high energy gamma-ray emission (HE) remains poorly constrained. We intend here to characterize the HE radiation of microquasars with the Fermi/LAT space teles- cope and try to detect it originating from other binary classes in order to determine the required conditions for HE emission. The Fermi satellite operates in a sky survey mode which enables transient phenomenon studies. We have searched for HE emission after an exceptional stellar flare from the binary star DG CVn. However, the located emission excess around DG CVn seems to be associated with a background AGN activity. We have also considered the cataclysmic variable SS Cyg whose periodic outbursts are associated with relativistic jets. After 26 years in quiescence, the low-mass microquasar V404 Cyg awoke during a spectacular outburst. The Fermi/LAT studies that we conducted led to the first HE gamma-ray detection of V404 Cyg.The V404 Cyg radio observations with the VLA allow us to highlight the jet variability at short time scales in quiescence as well as the continuation of the accretion/ejection coupling at low luminosity. Finally, we detail the results of a simultaneous radio/X-rays observation campaign on the black hole candidate GRS 1739−278. Low luminosity state transitions are observed during two successive short outbursts, that are rarely seen in microquasars. We discuss the physical origin of this behaviour contrasting with its previous outbursts

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In this thesis we describe the synthesis of several carbonyl complexes of molybdenum and tungsten, compounds (Cl-ClO). The compounds Cl- C4 are zero valent carbonyl complexes containing N-base ligands prepared by following a common synthetic procedure. Compounds Cl and C2 were metal pentacarbonyl of 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine while C3 and C4 are metal tetracarbonyl complexes of 3, 5- dimethylpyrazole, (M=Mo, W). The compounds C5-C10 are divalent metal carbonyl complexes. Compounds CS and C6 were 3,5-dimethylpyrazole dibromotricarbonyl metal complexes prepared from the dibromotetracarbonyl metal dimers at room temperature while the compounds C7 and C8 were cyclopentadienyl halogenoaryltricarbonyl complexes prepared from the cyclopentadienyl metal dimers. Compounds C9 and ClO were prepared from cyclopentadienyl metal dimers by reacting the [CpM(C0)3r anion with CCl4 to obtain [CpM(C0)3Cl] and further reacted with 3-(1- methylpyrrolidin-2-yl) pyridine. All the compounds, Cl-ClO, were characterized by the standard analytical techniques such as FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR; and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Compound C4 was characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure is depicted as having a distorted octahedral geometry around the metal centre. The compounds Cl-ClO were then tested towards the epoxidation of selected cyclic and straight chain alkenes. The substrates used were cis-cyclooctene (Cyg), 1-octene (C8) cyclohexene (Cy6), 1-hexene (C6) and styrene (Sty). The epoxidation reactions were carried out at a temperature of 55 °C using tertbutylhydroperoxide (TBHP) as the oxidant and dichloroethane (DCE) as the solvent. The metal carbonyl complexes were pre-activated by first reacting them with the oxidant TBHP to obtain the metal-oxo complexes which are the active compounds for epoxidation reactions. The products were analyzed using GC techniques. The compounds, Cl-ClO showed a promising activity towards epoxidation reactions owing to the high conversions obtained by these compounds. For example, conversions of 81% (1-octene), 90% (cis-cyclooctene) were obtained by compound C5, 87% (cis-cyclooctene-compound C3, 95% (cis-cyclooctene-compound · C7) and 69% (ciscyclooctene- compound C4) for an average period of 24 h. The divalent metal carbonyl complexes showed a higher activity but with poor selectivity towards the expected epoxides compared to the zero valent metal carbonyl complexes.

12 N treatments in 2020 and 11 in 2021 were replicated four times over four locations in a randomized complete block design. The first research tested the efficacy of CYG for Mississippi corn (Zea mays L.) production. The optimum N rates were calculated by fitting four models. Differences between the CYG rate and AONR were compared. AONR varied from 134 to 301 kg N ha–1 at different management levels. When we compared the AONR to the CYG rate, the CYG rate over-recommended N in 12 of the 14 possible comparisons. The second study compared different VIs, methods, and sensors at various corn stages to predict in-season yield potential. Relative VI measurements were superior for grain yield prediction. MicaSense best predicted yield at the VT-R1 stages, Crop Circle and SPAD at VT, and GreenSeeker at V10. When VIs were compared, SCCCI outperformed other VIs.

Utilizing data from the Kepler Mission, we analyze a flickering phenomenon in the symbiotic variable star CH Cygni. We perform a spline interpolation of an averaged lightcurve and subtract the spline to acquire residual data. This allows us to analyze the deviations that are not caused by the Red Giant’s semi-regular periodic variations. We then histogram the residuals and perform moment calculations for variance, skewness, and kurtosis for the purpose of determining the nature of the flickering. Our analysis has shown that we see a much smaller scale flickering than observed in the previous literature. Our flickering scale is on the scale of fractions of a percent of the luminosity. Also, from our analysis, we are very confident that the flickering is a product of the accretion disc of the White Dwarf.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir puis d'exploiter des contraintes observationnelles relatives aux étoiles massives et à leurs explosions de supernova. Pour cela, nous nous intéressons à la signature de leur activité de nucléosynthèse et plus particulièrement au rayonnement de décroissance de plusieurs isotopes radioactifs produits et libérés à divers stades de leur existence : le 44Ti, l'26Al et le 60Fe. Grâce au spectromètre haute-résolution SPI embarqué sur l'observatoire spatial INTEGRAL, nous avons pu caractériser l'émission de raies gamma associée à la décroissance de ces trois radio-isotopes.<br />Dans un premier temps, nous nous concentrons sur l'émission de décroissance du 44Ti présent dans le vestige de supernova Cassiopée A. Le but de cette étude est d'obtenir, par une analyse spectrale du signal, une information sur la cinématique de l'ejecta de Cassiopée A. Une telle donnée pourrait alors nous renseigner sur le mécanisme incertain par lequel l'effondrement gravitationnel d'une étoile massive en fin de vie aboutit à une explosion de supernova.<br />Nous nous intéressons ensuite aux raies gamma de la décroissance de l'26Al et du 60Fe. Ces deux isotopes à longue durée de vie s'accumulent dans le milieu interstellaire autour des étoiles massives et donnent lieu à une émission galactique diffuse à 1809 et 1173/1332 keV respectivement. Les observations SPI de cette émission sont confrontées à un modèle de la nucléosynthèse galactique construit à partir des plus récents modèles stellaires. Un travail plus détaillé est alors consacré à la région du Cygne, qui abrite une forte concentration d'étoiles massives proches. Les données SPI obtenues sont comparées aux prédictions théoriques d'un code de synthèse de population et d'une simulation numérique de diffusion de l'26Al à l'intérieur de la superbulle soufflée par l'amas Cyg OB2.

High mass loss rates in evolved stars make them the major contributors to recycling processed material back into the interstellar medium. This mass loss creates large circumstellar shells, rich in molecular material. This dissertation presents millimeter and submillimeter studies of the end stages of low mass and high mass stars in order to probe their molecular content in more detail. In low mass stars, the molecular material is carried on into the planetary nebula (PN) stage. Observations of CS, HCO⁺, and CO in planetary nebulae (PNe) of various post-asymptotic giant branch ages have shown that molecular abundances in these objects do not significantly vary with age, as previously thought. More detailed observations of the slightly oxygen-rich PN NGC 6537 resulted in the detection of CN, HCN, HNC, CCH, CS, SO, H₂CO, HCO⁺ and N₂H⁺, as well as numerous ¹³C isotopologues. Observations of the middle-aged PN M2-48 showed the presence of CN, HCN, HNC, CS, SO, SO₂, SiO, HCO⁺, N₂H⁺, and several ¹³C isotopologues. These observations represent the first detections of CS, SO, SO₂, and SiO in any planetary nebula. The implications of these observations are discussed. A 1 mm spectral survey of the supergiant star NML Cygni has been carried out with the Arizona Radio Observatory Submillimeter Telescope resulting in the observation of 102 emission features arising from 17 different molecules and 4 unidentified features. The line profiles observed in this circumstellar shell are asymmetric and vary between different molecules, akin to what has been seen in another supergiant, VY Canis Majoris. The non-LTE radiative transfer code ESCAPADE has been used to model molecular abundances in the various asymmetric outflows of VY Canis Majoris, showing just how chemically and kinematically complex these supergiant circumstellar envelopes really are.

In this work, we analyze the data from 1.5 m telescope of Tubitak National Observatory (TUG) for two objects V2275 Cyg and RW UMi. After applying aperture and PSF photometry to the CCD data, we derive the light curve of the objects. Also we apply discrete Fourier transform and Scargle time series analysis to obtain power spectrum and search for periodicities in their power spectra in which both systems show interesting properties. We discover large variations in V2275 Cyg due to irradiation effects on the secondary, with an orbital period Porb = 0.316&plusmn / 0.007 day. We also detect a very short orbital period for RW UMi Porb = 1.96&plusmn / 0.073h and also a spin period Pspin = 1.29&plusmn / 0.036h in the presence of several beat frequencies. These results (if con&amp / #64257 / rmed) lead us to say that RW UMi can be an intermediate of polar system.

We present results from a study of the eclipsing, colliding-wind binary V444 Cyg that uses a combination of X-ray and optical spectropolarimetric methods to describe the 3D nature of the shock and wind structure within the system. We have created the most complete X-ray light curve of V444 Cyg to date using 40 ks of new data from Swift, and 200 ks of new and archived XMM-Newton observations. In addition, we have characterized the intrinsic, polarimetric phase-dependent behavior of the strongest optical emission lines using data obtained with the University of Wisconsin's Half-Wave Spectropolarimeter. We have detected evidence of the Coriolis distortion of the wind-wind collision in the X-ray regime, which manifests itself through asymmetric behavior around the eclipses in the system's X-ray light curves. The large opening angle of the X-ray emitting region, as well as its location (i.e. the WN wind does not collide with the O star, but rather its wind) are evidence of radiative braking/inhibition occurring within the system. Additionally, the polarimetric results show evidence of the cavity the wind-wind collision region carves out of the Wolf-Rayet star's wind.

The blue hypergiant Cyg OB2 12 (B3Ia+) is a representative member of the class of very massive stars in a poorly understood evolutionary stage. We obtained its high-resolution X-ray spectrum using the Chandra observatory. PoWR model atmospheres were calculated to provide realistic wind opacities and to establish the wind density structure. We find that collisional de-excitation is the dominant mechanism depopulating the metastable upper levels of the forbidden lines of the He-like ions Si xivand Mg xii. Comparison between the model and observations reveals that X-ray emission is produced in a dense plasma, which could reside only at the photosphere or in a colliding wind zone between binary components. The observed X-ray spectra are well-fitted by thermal plasma models, with average temperatures in excess of 10 MK. The wind speed in Cyg OB2 12 is not high enough to power such high temperatures, but the collision of two winds in a binary system can be sufficient. We used archival data to investigate the X-ray properties of other blue hypergiants. In general, stars of this class are not detected as X-ray sources. We suggest that our new Chandra observations of Cyg OB2 12 can be best explained if Cyg OB2 12 is a colliding wind binary possessing a late O-type companion. This makes Cyg OB2 12 only the second binary system among the 16 known Galactic hypergiants. This low binary fraction indicates that the blue hypergiants are likely products of massive binary evolution during which they either accreted a significant amount of mass or already merged with their companions.