<p>The present investigation is devoted to studies on porcine members of the cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) and CYP8B1 subfamilies, which are involved in bile acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. </p><p>Hyocholic acid is considered to fulfil the requirements for trihydroxy bile acids in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) in the absence of cholic acid. Hyocholic acid is a 6α-hydroxylated product of chenodeoxycholic acid and the enzyme catalyzing the 6α-hydroxylation was cloned and found to be an atypical member of the CYP4A subfamily. The primary structure of this porcine enzyme, designated CYP4A21, shows about 75% overall sequence identity to members of the CYP4A subfamily expressed in rabbit and man. Divergent amino acids in a “signature sequence” in the active site of all hitherto known CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, were found to be important determinants for the 6α-hydroxylase activity of CYP4A21. </p><p>Two homologous CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, designated CYP4A24 and CYP4A25, expressed in pig liver and kidney were cloned. These two cDNAs encode proteins of 504 amino acids similar to CYP4A21. The overall identity between CYP4A24 and CYP4A25 is 97% compared to 94% identity to CYP4A21. Whereas CYP4A21 clearly deviates regarding structural features and catalytic activity it is more difficult to establish whether CYP4A24 and CYP4A25 are distinct enzymes or allelic variants of a single enzyme. </p><p>Cloning of the CYP4A21 gene showed a conserved organization compared to CYP4A genes in other species. A segment of the CYP4A24 gene was also cloned and comparison with the CYP4A21 gene revealed an extensive sequence identity also within introns as well as within the proximal promoter regions. This indicates that CYP4A21 and CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases have a common origin and evolved by gene duplication. The CYP4A21 and CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, however, show distinct patterns of expression.</p><p>The key enzyme in cholic acid biosynthesis, CYP8B1, was markedly expressed in fetal pig liver compared to livers from young pigs. The opposite was shown for the expression of CYP4A21. An apparently conserved pig CYP8B1 gene was cloned and was intronless, similar to CYP8B1 genes from other species. The pig gene encoded a protein of 501 amino acids with 81% identity to CYP8B1 expressed in rabbit and man. Unlike other CYP8B1 genes, the pig promoter lacked a TATA-box. This might offer one explanation for the unusual expression pattern, which appears to be restricted to pig fetal life.</p>

The present investigation is devoted to studies on porcine members of the cytochrome P450 4A (CYP4A) and CYP8B1 subfamilies, which are involved in bile acid biosynthesis and fatty acid metabolism. Hyocholic acid is considered to fulfil the requirements for trihydroxy bile acids in the domestic pig (Sus scrofa) in the absence of cholic acid. Hyocholic acid is a 6α-hydroxylated product of chenodeoxycholic acid and the enzyme catalyzing the 6α-hydroxylation was cloned and found to be an atypical member of the CYP4A subfamily. The primary structure of this porcine enzyme, designated CYP4A21, shows about 75% overall sequence identity to members of the CYP4A subfamily expressed in rabbit and man. Divergent amino acids in a “signature sequence” in the active site of all hitherto known CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, were found to be important determinants for the 6α-hydroxylase activity of CYP4A21. Two homologous CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, designated CYP4A24 and CYP4A25, expressed in pig liver and kidney were cloned. These two cDNAs encode proteins of 504 amino acids similar to CYP4A21. The overall identity between CYP4A24 and CYP4A25 is 97% compared to 94% identity to CYP4A21. Whereas CYP4A21 clearly deviates regarding structural features and catalytic activity it is more difficult to establish whether CYP4A24 and CYP4A25 are distinct enzymes or allelic variants of a single enzyme. Cloning of the CYP4A21 gene showed a conserved organization compared to CYP4A genes in other species. A segment of the CYP4A24 gene was also cloned and comparison with the CYP4A21 gene revealed an extensive sequence identity also within introns as well as within the proximal promoter regions. This indicates that CYP4A21 and CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases have a common origin and evolved by gene duplication. The CYP4A21 and CYP4A fatty acid hydroxylases, however, show distinct patterns of expression. The key enzyme in cholic acid biosynthesis, CYP8B1, was markedly expressed in fetal pig liver compared to livers from young pigs. The opposite was shown for the expression of CYP4A21. An apparently conserved pig CYP8B1 gene was cloned and was intronless, similar to CYP8B1 genes from other species. The pig gene encoded a protein of 501 amino acids with 81% identity to CYP8B1 expressed in rabbit and man. Unlike other CYP8B1 genes, the pig promoter lacked a TATA-box. This might offer one explanation for the unusual expression pattern, which appears to be restricted to pig fetal life.

Cytochrom P450 (CYP)-Enzyme hydroxylieren und epoxydieren Arachidonsäure (AA) zu bioaktiven Metaboliten wie 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraensäure (20-HETE) und Epoxyeicosatriensäuren (EETs). Diese CYP-abhängigen Eicosanoide fungieren als Mediatoren bei der Regulation der Gefäß-, Nieren- und Herzfunktion. Hauptziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Identität der 20-HETE bildenden CYP-Isoformen in der Mausniere aufzuklären. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt war die Bestimmung von Veränderungen im Metabolismus CYP-abhängiger Eicosanoide in Tiermodellen des akuten Nieren- und Herzversagens. Zur Identifizierung der 20-HETE bildenden CYP-Isoform wurde die Substrat- und Wirkungsspezifität von Cyp4a10, Cyp4a12a, Cyp4a12b und Cyp4a14, sowie ihre geschlechts- und stammspezifische Expression charakterisiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass Cyp4a12a die 20-HETE Synthase der Mausniere ist. Cyp4a12a wird durch Androgene induziert und seine Expressionshöhe ist für geschlechts- und stammspezifische Unterschiede in der 20-HETE Bildung verantwortlich. Im Rattenmodell des Ischämie/Reperfusions (I/R)-induzierten Nierenschadens wird eine 20-HETE Freisetzung durch I/R induziert. Wir konnten zeigen, dass der I/R-Schaden durch Hemmung der 20-HETE Bildung signifikant reduziert wird. Im Rattenmodell der Herzinsuffizienz (SHHF) ist das Herzversagen mit einer Variante des EPHX2 Gens assoziiert. EPHX2 kodiert für die lösliche Epoxidhydrolase (sEH), die den Abbau von EETs katalysiert. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Genvariation zu signifikant höheren sEH-Aktivitäten im Herzen (3-fachen) und in der Niere (30-fachen) führt, im Vergleich zu Rattenstämmen, die keine Herzinsuffizienz entwickeln. Die vorliegende Arbeit unterstreicht die pathophysiologische Bedeutung von Veränderungen im Metabolismus von 20-HETE und EETs. Daher erscheint es vielversprechend, den CYP-Eicosanoid Stoffwechsel als neuen Angriffspunkt für die pharmakologische Behandlung kardiovaskulärer Erkrankungen zu erschließen. / Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes hydroxylate and epoxidize arachidonic acid (AA) to bioactive metabolites such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). These CYP-dependent eicosanoids serve as mediators in the regulation of vascular, renal and cardiac function. The main objective of the present study was to identify the 20-HETE producing CYP isoforms in the mouse kidney. Another focus was to determine changes in the metabolism of CYP-dependent eicosanoids in animal models of acute renal and heart failure. To identify the 20-HETE producing CYP-isoform the substrate and reaction specificity of Cyp4a10, Cyp4a12a, Cyp4a12b and Cyp4a14, as well as their sex- and strain-specific expression were characterized. The present study shows that Cyp4a12a is the predominant AA hydroxylase in the mouse kidney. Cyp4a12a is induced by androgens and its expression determines the sex and strain-specific differences in 20-HETE generation. In a rat model of renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, I/R triggered the release of 20-HETE and we were able to ameliorate renal injury by pharmacological inhibition of 20-HETE production. In a rat model of heart failure (spontaneously hypertensive heart failure rats, SHHF) the heart failure phenotype is associated with a variant of the EPHX2 gene. EPHX2 is coding for the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) which catalyze the degradation of EETs. We found that the gene variation leads to significantly higher sEH activities in the heart (3-fold) and in the kidney (30-fold) compared to rat strains not prone to the development of heart failure. The present study emphasizes the pathophysiological relevance of changes in the biosynthesis and degradation of 20-HETE and EETs. Therefore, it appears promising to develop the CYP-eicosanoid pathway as a novel clinical target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.