One of the most important issues that arise under the statutory oppression remedy is the manner in which a court will use its wide powers to order relief once oppression has been found. Guidelines according to which courts will exercise their discretion become even more desirable where a remedy may impact on the governance structures of the corporation. There is an extensive body of case law under the oppression remedy, most of which tends to relegate the exercise of the remedy to the facts of a case. / However, from a study of the case law, two principles appear with varying frequency depending on the size of the corporation. These are principles which may be asserted under the oppression remedy. The first principle states that the majority may not exercise its electoral rights to the prejudice of the minority. It flows from the relationship between members of a corporation and arises most frequently at closely held corporations. The second principle is against abuse of fiduciary position, which entails a duty on directors and senior management to protect the interests of all shareholders. Abuse of fiduciary position may also involve instances where there is a breach of fiduciary duties to the corporation. This second principle is more prevalent at widely held corporations. The remedy will be tailored according to the principle under which liability was found.

This thesis considers the apparent shift in Canadian refugee policy between the more liberal refugee programs of the 1980s to the more restrictive contemporary orientation. We provide an explanation for the nature and content of policy pronouncements made in the period following the events of September 11, 2001. In order to put contemporary policy in context, we begin our investigation post-World War II when Canada first entered the international arena as a fully independent state. What follows is an examination of why the Canadian government has preferred its choice of refugee policies, and a consideration of forces and institutions that have shaped policy in the postwar period. At the same time, we reflect on the tension between Canada's refugee policy choices and its stated commitment to humanitarian values and international agreements.

The main objective of this thesis is to present an analysis of the issue of hate crimes and the manner in which the Canadian criminal justice system is currently addressing this problem. In doing so, certain inherent concerns with the current Canadian criminal legislative response to hate crimes will be highlighted and discussed in detail. / More precisely, the introduction of how recent Canadian criminal legislation has dealt with hate crimes will serve as the basis for the consideration of two of the main areas of concern as they relate to the effective application of hate crime legislation, namely the areas of prosecutorial discretion and evidentiary burden. The detailed survey of these two areas will provide the reader with a greater understanding of the dynamics behind the factors that currently hinder the potential effectiveness of hate crime legislation in Canada and will ultimately allow for the consideration of possible solutions.

To what extent can the application of R-2000 and Advanced House energy standards to affordable housing be cost effective, and what are the most appropriate technologies for attaining this goal? / While the technology to construct energy efficient houses exists, whether or not this is economically feasible at the affordable housing level remains undetermined. The current lack of knowledge of the issues related to energy efficiency in lower cost housing is a significant barrier to change. / The study provides a survey of some of the potential upgrades available on the Canadian market and reviews the incremental cost, performance and potential for acceptance of various options. / While varying fuel prices and economic conditions across the country result in equally variant levels of cost effectiveness, it is found that the R-2000 preferred packages, when combined with an energy efficient mortgage (EEM) discount or 1/4 percent, are cost effective in all but one case investigated. Without an EEM, R-2000 upgrading is not cost effective in regions with low fuel prices. Incremental costs for meeting the Advanced House standard are relatively high, but upgrading to this level is found to be cost effective in Halifax (even without an EEM) and in Toronto and Vancouver with an EEM. R-2000 packages should prove acceptable to both builders and buyers, while Advanced House performance requires more significant changes in current practice but could be popular where it is cost effective. Energy efficient upgrading for affordable housing does not appear to be prohibitively expensive in Canada and an opportunity exists to make a significant impact on residential energy consumption. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

The author of this study has for sorne time been interested in the status and history of education in Canada as a whole. As a teacher, he has been acutely aware of his ignorance of what goes on in the schools of other provinces, and has been curious to learn what external and historical forces have helped to shape whatever pattern of education Canada can be said to possess. Part of his ignorance was dispelled and some of his curiosity satisfied in doing graduate research on the history of education in Canada. Part of this research involved a consideration of American influences on Canadian education. From this arose the idea of a more extended study of such influences. The present thesis is the result. It was soon determined that no comprehensive or thorough study of this topic was extant. Despite quite heavy labours, the writer is ruefully forced to concede that the situation has not changed. This work is far from constituting a thorough or comprehensive study of American influences on Canadian education. Above all, it does not attempt, nor is it intended to be, an evaluative work. Its basic aim is to document the fact of widespread American influence. To this end, numerous studies, annual reports, surveys, scholarly inquiries and sound secondary works were consulted, many of them extending back to early days. Consideration of these sources is preceded by a brief general study [...]

The Knights of Labor had their beginning in the United States in 1869. KNown originally as the “Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor”,they were at first a secret body. This secret nature was due in part at least, to the founder of the Order, Uriah Smith Stephens, who, being himself a Freemason, naturally tended towards secrecy. Mr. Stephens argued: “I don’t know of any great good that has been accomplished except through the agency of secret societies. I believe that all legitimate occupations have their secrets. Ministers and medical men have their associations, merchants their exchanges, lawyers their bar associations, and so on, and they all have their secrets, and I see no reason why those upon whom the commerce of the world rests should not have theirs.”1 Closely associated with this secrecy, was the ritual of the Order. When a candidate was invited to join the Order, he attended a secret meeting where he was first asked three questions: ‘Do you believe in God, the creator and Father of all? Do you obey the Universal Ordinance of God, in gaining your bread by the sweat of your brow? Are you willing to take a sollemn vow binding you to secrecy, obedience and mutual assistance?’ [...]

This research concerns itself with the development of a theory in the grounded tradition to account for the social construction of an identity as musician by music education students in Canadian universities. The principal data gathering techniques were semi- and unstructured interviews and participant observation, first at the Faculty of Education and the Faculty of Music, University of Western Ontario with further periods of interviewing at the University of Alberta and the University of British Columbia. The pilot study was conducted at Memorial University of Newfoundland where the author was, at the time of writing, an Associate Professor and Co-ordinator of Music Education in the Faculty of Education. Data collection and analysis were completed simultaneously and the interviewing became more focused on emerging categories and their properties, particularly concerning the construction of identity. The core categories discussed concern the apparent sense of isolation and the development of a symbolic community in the music school, as suggested by Cohen (1985). Further core analytic categories include the music education students' perceptions of Others as outsiders to their own insider symbolic community, and the students' perception of social action, including the notion of deviancy, which contributes to their construction of this symbolic closed community. An examination of models of social action is undertaken. The notion of making points as suggested by Goffman (1967) provides a beginning model for the identification and accumulation of status points which students appear to use in the process of identity construction and validation. Further discussion examines the nature of the music education sub-group as a stigmatized group. The nature of the category musician is examined and substantial comparison and contrasting with the position presented by Kingsbury (1984) is undertaken. The analytical categories of talent and music as in-group constructs are examined. Finally the processes of Self-Other negotiation on are explored and a theory is developed to account for the construction and maintenance of musician identity. The emerging theory borrows extensively from those analyses of the roots of social interaction recognised in the labelling tradition which are concerned with the construction of identity in negotiation with Others, and most specifically draws upon the notion of societal reaction. The research is guided by those theories and methodologies generated by symbolic interactionism developed by writers such as Blumer, Meltzer and Denzin and follows the traditions of sociological research in educational settings by such writers as Baksh, Martin and Stebbins in Canada, and Hargreaves, Woods, Ball, Hammersley and Lacey in the U.K.

Food group contributions to energy, carbohydrate, protein, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, calcium, iron, folate, zinc, vitamins A and C were evaluated for Canadian adults aged 18--65 years. Twenty four hour recall data from the 1997--98 Food Habits of Canadians survey were used. Mean nutrient intakes exceeded the RNI for all age-gender groups except, calcium for older women. Mean iron (women 18--49 years) and zinc (men and women 50--65 years) intakes were borderline. The differences in food group contribution to nutrient intake among smokers and non-smokers indicated that smokers generally obtained nutrients from foods higher in energy and fat and lower in other nutrients. Important food sources for individuals meeting the RNI for calcium were fluid milk and cheese. Important sources of folate were citrus fruit juices, breads, and lettuce/cabbages/greens as were cereals and beef/veal for iron. Zinc sources were primarily other beef cuts or ground beef.

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