For many Indian bands across Canada, community development planning has emerged as an important approach to change. By forging close economic and political links with one another, small bands can accelerate their development through new economies of scale, heightened political influence, more innovative capacities and other advantages of cooperation. In practical terms, however, the initiation, formalization and consolidation of close inter-band cooperation presents several problems. Native culture lacks traditions in institutionalized inter-community cooperation, internal disharmony in many Indian villages frustrates unity on such Important decisions as whether or not to cooperate, and many. Indian communities are poor in organizational skills essential to planning and implementing cooperative strategies. The purpose of this thesis is to determine the factors responsible for apparently successful cooperation in the case of five Indian bands in the Nicola Valley and to assess the applicability of findings to other groups of Indian communities across the country. A literature review guides the selection of research questions and criteria used in assessing the case. Fifteen factors for effective inter-communlty cooperation are isolated from a literature review and grouped into three general categories: those Important to the initiation of cooperation, those relating to the delivery of the rewards of cooperation, and those affecting the capability of the cooperative organization. Six factors for Initiation include the presence of a common crisis or threat, inter-community similarity and familiarity, consensus, committed leadership, a propensity to cooperate and preliminary planning. Successful cooperation was also found to be linked to the capture by cooperating communities of four types of rewards, each representing a factor: Improved resource acquisition, adaptabli1ity to change, efficiency in community resource use and ability to achieve common goals. Finally, ongoing success was found to be reflected in the capability of inter-community cooperative organizations to accomplish five tasks: build community and staff commitment, plan harmonious inter-community relations, manage its environment, exploit common geography and culture, and solve problems. Case research focuses on five Indian bands in the Nicola Valley of southern British Columbia and is based on forty-one Interviews held in the valley. These bands are represented by the Nicola Valley Indian Administration CNVIA), a centralized bureaucracy which coordinates on behalf of the five communities a wide range of administrative services. Fifteen questions - each corresponding to a success factor derived from the literature - were asked in Interviews with people representing a broad spectrum of the native communities. Responses were compiled and analyzed to assess the degree to which inter-band cooperation conformed to expectations from the literature on successful inter-community cooperation. Analysis led to the conclusion that despite deficiencies in preliminary planning, ongoing planning and problem-solving, NVIA is a successful inter-community cooperative enterprise which has delivered many significant benefits to its member communities. While NVIA's existence suggests a successful initiation process, better planning in the formative years would likely have avoided several problems encountered in later years. Some of the rewards of cooperative effort have been inequitably distributed to member bands and various cooperative programs have been adversely affected by political interference. Perhaps most seriously, NVIA itself was found to be deficient in building broad commitment and designing mutually acceptable solutions to internal difficulties. Effective planning in the early stages is vital to establishing and, more importantly, ultimately maintaining inter-community cooperation. Incomplete planning during the formation of NVIA led to lack of clear consensus on the purpose of cooperation, the nature of inter-band power relations, the obligations of each band, and ways of distributing rewards and minimizing risks to participant bands. NVIA provides evidence that Indian communities can establish close formal relations with each other and thus capture certain Important benefits. Problems encountered suggest, however, that bands ought to temper enthusiasm with deliberation when considering formal copperatlve relations. Analysis of the Nicola Valley story confirmed that consensus, early planning, reward delivery, ongoing planning and problem-solving capacity are especially Important factors in establishing and maintaining lnter-communlty cooperation. The case makes a key contribution to interorganizational relations theory by highlighting the importance of Informal cooperation as a means of preparing Indian bands for more structured cooperation. It also reveals the critical role of persistent and far-sighted leadership in the formalization of inter-band cooperative relations. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A majority of refugee-immigrants experience a variety of psychological difficulties during their resettlement in a new country. Using a sentence completion method, this study tested a hypothesis that in a majority of refugee-immigrants the manifested difficulties were of temporary and transitional character. Eighty subjects completed 51-item Incomplete Sentence Blank questionnaires: 20 Canadian-born individuals, 20 refugee-immigrants living 1-3 years in Canada, 20 refugee-immigrants living 5-7 years in Canada, and 20 refugee-immigrants living in Canada over 8 years. All refugee-immigrants were of Czechoslovakian origin. Sample groups were matched in sex, age, and education of subjects. The questionnaire was designed to reflect different levels of satisfaction with self, others, and the whole environment. The responses were quantified and evaluated blindly by three independent judges; the higher score was expressing the higher subject's dissatisfaction. Analysis of variance and consequent multiple comparisons showed that the mean score of the sample of refugee-immigrants living in Canada 1-3 years was significantly higher than the mean scores of all other investigated samples; the differences in mean scores between other samples were not significant. In all sample groups, t-tests did not indicate significant differences in scoring between females and males. Fifty-one analyses of variance and multiple comparisons identified separate questionnaire items on which "new" immigrants scored significantly higher than all or some of other sample groups. These items highlighted the adaptive nature of difficulties experienced by the majority of "new" immigrants. Three brief case studies supported these results. Other related findings included suspicious attitudes found mainly in new immigrants, comments on questionnaire forms differentiating between samples, and the topic of "refugee dreams". All findings seem to indicate that for the majority of new refugee-immigrants the psychological difficulties experienced during their resettlement are of temporary and transitional character, a natural expression of their coping adaptive struggles in a new environment. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

This research examines the relationship between higher education and eventual marriage in Canada using statistical, ethnographic and historical data. Data from the 1971, 1976 and 1981 Canadian census Public Use Sample Tapes are used to determine if the inverse relationship between higher education and eventual marriage for women in the United States is observed in the Canadian population. The data indicate a strong, negative relationship between higher education and eventual marriage for women in Canada. Although the relationship appears to be weakening, in 1981 20 percent of women, age 50-64 with a bachelor's degree and 27 percent with a graduate or professional degree never married compared to 5 percent of women with a high school education. For men in the same age group there was no difference in the percent who never married by educational level. Men with a high school education, bachelor's or graduate degree all had a nonmarriage rate of 8 percent. To account for this relationship for women, census data is also used to analyze mating preferences and sex ratios in Canada. With respect to education the preferences are in the predicted direction. Men tend to marry women with equal or less education and women tend to marry men with equal or greater education. This contributes to an unfavorable ratio of eligible males to highly educated females who have postponed marriage until their thirties. In addition, this research examines the relationship between education and marriage as it is perceived by the highly educated, unmarried woman. The data are from in-depth interviews with a sample of 15 never married women with professional and graduate degrees engaged in professional careers. The study profiles the career goals of these women and their expectations and perceptions about marriage. The women were not found to be antimarriage or antifamily. The major factor contributing to the women's postponement of marriage is the incompatibility of traditional marriage with career commitment, especially during the early stages of career development. The combination of both family life and participation in the labor force is difficult for women to manage, but add to that many years of post-secondary schooling, long hours of weekend work, geographic mobility and a competitive work environment and it is not difficult to understand that these women wait until their careers are established before trying to combine family life (as it is now structured) and career. Another important factor contributing to the women's postponement of marriage is their perception that most men have not changed their expectations of what men and women do for each other in a marital arrangement. They feel the majority of eligible males prefer a wife that will subordinate her own career development to the demands of family. For these women, the ideal marriage is one where both husband and wife have continuous and self-fulfilling extra-domestic career roles as well as meaningful and involving family roles. Finally, this research also provides a historical perspective on the relationship between education and marriage. Although higher education for women carried within it the potential for dramatic change in women's occupational as well as psychological states, a survey of one hundred years of college and domesticity in America shows that this dramatic shift did not occur. Unlike feminists involved in political struggle, the earliest women in higher education did not have clearly defined targets or goals. Even into the mid-twentieth century higher education for women insured a clinging to traditional values of domesticity, placed in a frame of professionalism, and hindered the ease with which college-educated women could choose life styles not sanctioned by domesticity. Where possible, data in this study are placed in a historic framework to emphasize that, while the barriers to combining family and career are falling, many problems remain for highly educated women. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

During the last forty years metropolitan airports in Canada have been controlled by a federal authority and managed with a minimum of input from local sources. The situation under which this control was first initiated has changed radically since that time; a shrinking world combined with greatly increased traffic means that airports require more efficient planning and management of resources than in the past when they were not effectively integrated into an urban planning scheme. The thesis examines the effectiveness of airport management using five criteria: the implementation of a national aviation policy, the administration of technology and aviation growth, the acquisition of funds for airport development, the effect of political suasion on airport management and the balancing of airport management goals and community goals. Several models of airport management from both Canada and the United States are used. The main aim is to show how decentralization of airport management is necessary to meet late-twentieth century and future demands. The research method for the thesis is a comparative analysis of airport management's effectiveness in Canada and the United States using the five criteria. The airports chosen for the thesis for both Canada and the United States represent the centres for moving seventy to eighty percent of the passenger traffic in these countries. It is concluded that the present Canadian federal ministerial management method has been unsuccessful in: implementing fully national aviation policies, responding effectively to the process of deregulation, reducing the political nature of development decisions at the airports, and providing funds for airport development where required. While American methods of airport management furnish useful insights they can not be applied in the same way in Canada because of different political structures. Airports under municipal control risk domination by local political issues and ineffective integration into a national and international network. The airport authority as an autonomous body offers the best structure for responding to the changing needs of a wide variety of users. The less partisan nature of the decision-making process of the airport authority would be a vast improvement over the ministerial approach for: implementation of a national aviation policy, the management of the process of deregulation, the elimination of unnecessary political intervention with airport decisions, and increased access to funds for airport development. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A survey and analysis of Canadian statutes and cases affecting the management of the mentally disordered demonstrates that this area of law has experienced several periods of reform since 1900. In the early 1900's, legislation was characterized by 'limited legalism'. Governments subsequently eased, removed, and then re-imposed forms of judicial and quasi-judicial supervision over the activities of medical practitioners, and the periods of reform are referred to as 'medicalization', 'enhanced medicalization', and the 'new legalism'. The law reforms are associated with changes in state strategies for the management of the mentally disordered, and the relationship between these reforms and changes, the state, structural conditions (e.g., shifts in economic policy), and human agency (e.g., the work of reformers) is explored through an analysis of the emergence of 'enhanced medicalization' in the 1950's/60's, and the rise of the 'new legalism' in the 1970's/80's. This includes a detailed case study of shifts in strategy and the process of law reform in the province of British Columbia. This component of the research involved an analysis of documentary and archival materials, and the structuralist theoretical trajectory within the neo-Marxist sociology of state and law is utilized to explain the changes. Enhanced medicalization was an integral part of a strategy involving de-institutionalization, an abandonment of segregated confinement, and the use of community-based resources integrated with the health care component of a Keynesian, 'welfare state'. Institutions were seriously over-crowded, ineffective, expensive, and discredited, and the emergence of social assistance and other features of the welfare state enabled the development of alternatives. The conditions were favourable to the efforts of a group of reformers that was an auxiliary part of the state apparatus; namely, the Canadian Mental Health Association. The latter constructed a strategy and supporting legislation which advanced the interests of psychiatry and resolved the state's order maintenance and legitimation problems in a manner consistent with welfare state expansion. Economic difficulties and changes which began to emerge in the 1970's created new problems for the state, and cost-stabilization and restraint measures were imposed throughout the politically sensitive health care field. The strategy for the management of the mentally disordered consequently shifted to, in particular, accelerated de-institutionalization aimed at hospital closure. In order to facilitate and legitimate the shift, the state has adopted reforms proposed by the patients' rights movement and, despite the objections of organized psychiatry, introduced legislation which limits the use of hospitals and erodes medical domination (i.e., the new legalism). The contributions to the sociologies of social control, state and law are discussed and the convergence of these fields is identified. The implications for the neo-Marxist theoretical research programme are examined. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

In the last decade, the concept of competence has become a powerful ideological force as a component of public policy in the post-compulsory sector of vocational/technical education in Canada. It has served as a device for articulating vocational policy and practice to the changing conditions for capital accumulation in the context of economic and social restructuring. This process of articulation is most readily visible at the level of broad public policy statements and political rhetoric calling for reform of the relation between education and work. Less clear is how competency measures give practical expression to these broad policy objectives at the level of routine curricular and institutional arrangements. These issues form the central empirical focus of the thesis, through an investigation of the work process of teachers and administrators involved in implementing competency measures in the college setting. The central argument is that competency measures effect a fundamental transformation in the organization of curriculum decision making in the college setting. They accomplish the suppression of broad, long-term educational goals in favour of narrow, short-term ones, as a means to increase "flexibility" in labour supply. They limit the use of educational theory as the basis of curriculum decisions and replace it with a set of ideological procedures for constituting "needs" and "requirements" related to job performance. These changes are brought about in part through the imposition of formal, documentary information systems to replace the discretionary judgment and interpretive practices of instructors, making the instructional process accountable within a centrally determined policy process. Through this re-organization of educational decision-making, learning is displaced by managing as the form of praxis which gives shape to curricular organization. The form of competence that is brought into being is not a feature of the performance ability of individuals but an aspect of "good management practice" in educational settings. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

While western regional alienation has been the subject of much scholarly and public debate in Canada, we still know relatively little about the factors driving the phenomenon. Relying upon survey data collected in the 1997 Canadian Election Study (CES), this study attempts to substantively quantify western regional alienation and identify its correlates. Using the existing literature as a starting point, the study examines how western regionalism and political culture are typically conceptualized and identifies several factors commonly said to propel regional unrest and western 'distinctiveness.' Regression analysis is used to systematically test the accuracy of existing theories concerning western regional alienation. The study contends that while the four western provinces do not hold a monopoly on feelings of regional alienation, levels of unrest are indeed higher in the West than in other parts of the country. Regional alienation is also distinguished from more general understandings of political apathy or cynicism. Finally, with respect to the factors said to propel regional unrest, antipathy towards Quebec and Outgroups are shown to be the most important predictors or regional alienation - while attitudes concerning the economy, populism, social programs, law and order and continentalism have a weaker effect. However, even after controlling for these factors, significant regional differences remain. Thus, other factors - as-of-yet unaccounted for - must also play a role. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

This thesis uses a comprehensive data set to examine the relationship between Canadian labour market outcomes and several changes in the policy environment. The data set, spanning the period 1981-98, is compiled from a number of comparable surveys and contains information on the demographics and job characteristics of individual workers. The first chapter examines the impact that the tariff reductions of the Canada- U.S. Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) had on the inter-industry wage structure in the goods producing sector. Previous studies use industry-level data and consequently are unable to control for either differences in worker composition or divergent wage trends for different worker types. These studies find that tariff cuts either had no effect or increased the relative wages of workers in impacted sectors. In contrast, I use data with information on worker characteristics and find that the relative wages of non-union workers in impacted industries decreased. The second chapter investigates the link between the CUSFTA tariff reductions and several labour market outcomes that are potentially linked to industrial productivity. In particular, I examine whether tariff reductions are related to changes in the (i) the size of firm a worker is likely to be employed with, (ii) the probability that a worker will be represented by a union, and (iii) the mean skill level of workers. Although I find evidence that these outcomes have changed over time, none of them seem to be linked directly to CUSFTA. The final chapter, co-authored with David Green, examines the extent to which the declining market outcomes of successive cohorts of job entrants in Canada can be accounted for by changes in the minimum wage, unionization rate, and industrial composition of employment. A flexible density estimator is used, which allows for a comparison between cohorts across the entire wage distribution. The main findings are that for males, changes in unionization and industrial composition can account for about a quarter of the decline in wage outcomes for new job entrants between 1998 and 1981. Similar results are found for females; in addition, the minimum wage provides a "wall" against further erosion for more recent cohorts of entrants. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

This study examines the impact of perceived personality traits of the political party leaders on voting decisions in the 2000 Canadian federal election, replicating Richard Johnston's research that is based on the 1997 election. Employing data from the 2000 Canadian Election Study (CES), the research uses Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis to estimate how evaluations of leader personality traits over two aggregated dimensions - competence and character - moved votes. The changes in the design of the 2000 CES from prior years created many difficulties in assessing voters' evaluations of the party leaders and limited the comparability of the results from the study. The key methodological differences are: (1) leaders were not evaluated individually; (2) it did not measure the degree of applicability of the trait labels; (3) it included significantly fewer leader personality questions, and (4) the "new ideas" variable does not fall squarely into either the competence and character domains and seems to favour the new Alliance Party leader. This study finds that leader effects are more critical to the parties struggling for their political survival. A counterfactual party leader-switching exercise suggests that the distance between the frontrunner parties and the others was too great for leader-switching effects to make a difference in determining which parties would form the government and the Official Opposition and whether the winning party would form a majority or minority government. Joe Clark improved his party's standing during the campaign and helped it to retain its official party status while evaluations of Stockwell Day declined. The relevance of judgements of Day and Clark on pre-election vote intentions moved in the same direction as voters' respective evaluations of the leaders over the campaign. This study confirms that campaigns can have an effect on voters. The study supports earlier research findings that suggests that Canadian elections are vulnerable to leader effects. Conventional wisdom that is driven by the media's focus on the personalities suggests that leaders are significant factors in Canadian federal elections, but the empirical research reported in this study and others before it suggest otherwise. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

Issues regarding the effects of supply management systems, seem to attract special attention from the industry, policy makers, and academic environments. The Canadian dairy industry is no exception. In addition to higher milk product prices for the consumer, the milk marketing quota is perhaps the most debated side of the dairy supply management regime. The milk quotas were initially allocated to each farmer, and are now traded openly in most provinces through a milk quota exchange. Substantial variation in milk quota prices can be observed in the last 15 years as compared to the TSE 300 Stock Price Index. The objective of this research is to analyze and explore why the large variation in observed milk quota prices in the 1980's and 1990's occurred, and to reveal the factors that are important for the formation of milk quota prices. Two factors are the focus of this thesis, one is the uncertainty regarding the future of the supply management system, especially during the two major trade negotiations, GATT and CUSTA, that took place in the late 1980's and early 1990's. The second is the expectations of future returns from holding milk production quotas that were formed in the presence of this uncertainty. Based on a standard capitalization model, three price functions are derived. Using an adaptive expectation framework, and one of the most complete data sets collected for the purpose of analyzing quota prices and quota issues in Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta, the estimated results suggest that, in general, unit changes in the net profit variable are important in MSQ pricing, more so for Used MSQ prices and fluid milk quota prices, than Unused MSQ prices. This supports the impression that fluctuations in Unused MSQ prices are partly driven by short-run considerations to avoid over-quota and maintenance penalties. The adaptive expectation model provides better results when explaining the formation of MSQ prices than fluid milk quota prices. This analysis also concludes that the milk quota auction is not a perfectly understood marketplace, and that several puzzles remain to be explained in future work. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate