Thesis (MScAgric (Viticulture and Oenology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Because of long-term climate changes, apparently associated with higher temperatures and fewer rainfall events, factors such as water-use efficiency and site selection for new cultivars are a matter of increasing importance for viticulture. Within this context, the root system is expected to play a key role. Its relevance to grapevine functioning is due to the numerous functions in which it is involved. In the light of this, the development of the root system is highly relevant to the viticulturist because of the fact that grapevine growth and functioning are dependent on the development of the root system. Differences can, therefore, be expected in terms of berry ripening on single grapevines of the same scion for situations with differing development of root systems, despite being grafted on the same rootstock. Root growth is influenced by several factors, among the ecological aspects. Soil parameters have a predominant influence on root growth and distribution but also annual root production can be altered by canopy manipulation. Due to the importance of root growth to the aboveground development of the vine, it is critical to gain understanding of the relationship between soil factors and root growth and distribution, and the central role that the subterranean environment plays in the concept of terroir. This study aimed to investigate the effect of selected soil physical and chemical parameters on root growth and distribution and to investigate whether having very different canopies influences root growth. In order to achieve these goals, two experiments were conducted; the first was performed in two commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards each grafted onto Richter 110, non-irrigated, with two treatments: undisturbed lateral growth and complete lateral removal. The second study included the analysis of eight commercial Sauvignon blanc vineyards grafted onto Richter 99 and Richter 110 located in the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District. Measurements of physical and chemical soil parameters, root growth and distribution, canopy growth and functioning, vine water status and berry composition were performed. The edaphic factors appeared to be one of the most important parameters that affected root development by changing soil water availability and possibly causing physical or chemical limitations on root growth. From the results of this study, it is clear that severe water stress and a pH (KCl) lower than 4.5 play a key role in the limitation of root growth. Due to the fact that most of the soils from the Stellenbosch Wine of Origin District, especially the subsoils, are acidic, this is a factor to consider before planting. On the other hand, the combination of favourable edaphic conditions, such as a subsoil pH of higher than 5.0, light- to mediumtextured subsoil and moderate water stress, allow increased growth of thin roots. However, the effect of canopy management on root growth cannot be discounted due to its importance in the variation of carbohydrate demand by competing sinks. This study showed that lateral removal done from when the berries are at pea size results in an increase in the number of thin roots (0.5-2.0 mm). The secondary leaf area represents at least the same leaf area as the primary leaf area in all the vineyards evaluated, which reveals the relative importance of the laterals in the total leaf area of the vine and the potential importance in terms of microclimate and leaf area available for photosynthesis. Studies of root growth should take the vineyard canopy architecture into account. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: As gevolg van langtermyn klimaatsveranderinge wat toegeskryf kan word aan die voorkoms van hoër temperature en laer reënval, is faktore soos effektiwiteit van waterverbruik en liggingseleksie vir nuwe kultivars van kardinale belang vir wingerdkunde. Binne hierdie konteks, speel die wortelsisteem ‘n belangrike rol. Die belangrikheid hiervan vir wingerdfunksionering kan toegeskryf word aan die talle funksies waarby dit betrokke is. Die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem is dus hoogs relevant vir die wingerdkundige, omdat wingerdgroei en funksionering afhanklik is van die ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem. Verskille kan daarom dus verwag word in terme van korrelrypwording op ‘n enkele wingerdstok van dieselfde onderstok vir gevalle met verskillende ontwikkeling van die wortelsisteem, ten spyte daarvan dat dit op dieselfde onderstok geënt is. Wortelgroei word, onder ekologiese aspekte, deur verskillende faktore beïnvloed. Grondfaktore het meerendeels ‘n predominante invloed op wortelgroei en -verspreiding, terwyl jaarlikse wortelproduksie deur lowermanipulasie beïnvloed kan word. Weens die belangrikheid van wortelgroei vir die bogrondse ontwikkeling van die wingerd, is dit krities om kennis op te doen oor die verhouding tussen grondfaktore en wortelgroei en –verspreiding, asook die sentrale rol wat die subterreinomgewing op die terroir-konsep speel. Die studie was daarop gemik om die invloed van geselekteerde fisiese en chemiese parameters van grond op wortelgroei en -verspreiding vas te stel, en ook te ondersoek of verskillende lowers wortelgroei sal beïnvloed. Om laasgenoemde doelwitte te bereik, is twee eksperimente uitgevoer. Die eerste is uitgevoer in ‘n kommersïele Sauvignon blanc-wingerd wat geënt is op Richter 110, sonder besproeïng en met twee behandelings, naamlik onversteurde sêkondere lootgroei en volledige sêkondere lootverwydering. Die tweede studie het die analise van agt kommersïele Sauvignon blancwingerde geënt op Richter 99 en Richter 110 in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik. Metings van fisiese en chemiese grondfaktore, wortelgroei en -verspreiding, lowergroei en -funksionering, plantwaterstatus en korrelsamestelling is uitgevoer. Dit blyk dat edafiese faktore een van die belangrikste parameters is wat wortelontwikkeling beïnvloed deur beskikbaarheid van grondwater te verander, en wat moontlik fisiese en chemiese beperkings op wortelgroei kan veroorsaak. Uit die resultate van die studie is dit duidelik dat intense waterspanning en ‘n pH (KCl) laer as 4.5 ‘n belangrike rol in die beperking van wortelgroei speel. Aangesien die meeste van die grondsoorte in die Stellenbosch Wyn van Oorsprong Distrik, veral al die subgronde, suur is, is dit ‘n faktor wat in oorweging geneem moet word voor aanplantings. Die kombinasie van gunstige edafiese toestande, soos ‘n subgrond met ‘n pH hoër as 5.0, ‘n lig tot medium tekstuur en matige waterspanning, sal dus aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die groei van dun wortels. Die effek van lowerbestuur op wortelgroei kan egter nie buite rekening gelaat word nie weens die belangrikheid daarvan in die variasie van koolhidraataanvraag deur kompeterende vraagpunte. Hierdie studie toon dat, indien sêkondere lootverwydering tydens ertjiekorrelgrootte toegepas is, dit aanleiding gee tot ‘n toename in die dun wortels (0.5 tot 2.0 mm). Die sêkondere blaaroppervlakte verteenwoordig minstens dieselfde blaaroppervlakte as die primêre blaaroppervlakte in al die wingerde wat ondersoek is, wat dui op die belangrikheid van sêkondere lote in die totale blaaroppervlakte van die wingerd en die potensiële belangrikheid daarvan in terme van mikroklimaat en blaaroppervlakte wat vir fotosintese beskikbaar is. Studies van wortelgroei moet lowerargitektuur in ag neem.

The effects of crop load and berry exposure on the composition of Marlborough Sauvignon blanc grapes and wine from the Brancott vineyard, Blenheim, were explored. Commercially grown, 2-cane and 4-cane Sauvignon blanc vines were used with a row orientation of north-south. Two exposure treatments were imposed in the following manner: complete leaf removal was undertaken in the fruit zone and 50% shade cloth was erected to give a uniform shading treatment to half the trial vines. Weekly thirty-berry and whole bunch samples were taken from each of the 32 plots with the exception of the veraison period when two samples per week were taken. Vine vigour was assessed using pruning and leaf area per vine data. Harvest occurred on different dates for 2-cane and 4-cane pruned vines so that fruit attained from both treatments had similar °Brix. Fruit was processed at the Lincoln University winery. Must analysis and wine analysis were undertaken. As expected, 4-cane vines had almost double the yield of 2-cane vines. Higher crop load significantly reduced leaf area per shoot and shoot thickness. Lower leaf area to fruit ratio for 4-cane berries resulted in delayed onset of veraison and slowed the rate of sugar accumulation. Crop load, which limited leaf area to fruit ratio, appeared to be the dominant factor in determining timing of grape physiological ripeness as expressed by °Brix over other factors such as fruit exposure. Malic acid, tartaric acid, IPMP (iso-propylmethoxypyrazine) and IBMP (iso-butyl-methoxypyrazine) were lower at equivalent °Brix in 4-cane compared with 2-cane berries. Significantly higher concentrations of quercetin were found in exposed compared to shaded berries. Must analysis showed a significant influence of crop load on berry titratable acidity and pH, reflecting berry ripening results. Exposure significantly increased the concentrations of nitrogenous compounds in 4-cane must yet showed no influence on 2-cane must. After wine processing lower malic acid concentrations in wines made from 100% exposed fruit became evident in lower wine titratable acidity but showed no influence on wine pH. Bentonite addition to wines had a small but statistically significant influence on wine by reducing pH, titratable acidity and alcohol. Bound sulphur concentrations were significantly higher in 4-cane versus 2-cane wines. At harvest, methoxypyrazine levels in grapes and wines were very low; IBMP concentrations where significantly lower than those normally found in Sauvignon blanc wines from Marlborough. This was attributed to the absence of basal leaves from the shoots of ripening berries. The results suggest that leaf area to fruit ratio is a powerful determinant of grape and wine quality.

Crop yields are coming under pressure to continue to grow in the face of climate change, competition, disease and pressure to reduce inputs. Photosynthetic efficiency is being targeted for improvement to increase yields. This study examined the variation in parameters of photosynthetic efficiency including canopy structure (leaf length, canopy angle, and chlorophyll content and growth rate) and gas exchange (photosynthetic rate, stomatal density and chlorophyll fluorescence) in Spring Barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp vulgare). These were first established for modern cultivars representing the most widely grown lines in the last 60 years. As cultivars are developed from a small pool of parents they may have limited genetic variation available for breeding. Landraces have been suggested as sources of variation. Using field and growth cabinet based studies the photosynthetic efficiencies of canopy structure and gas exchange were established for a range of European landraces under high and low nutrient inputs. This study demonstrated that in modern cultivars the leaf length increased with year of release from 23.2 to 29.6 cm and the chlorophyll content decreased from 46.9 to 34.8 SPAD units. Once the ear had emerged no difference was seen in canopy structure or photosynthetic rate. There was variation in landrace canopy establishment rate, leaf angle and number of leaves present within the canopy. The landraces from Northern European latitudes pushed though booting and reached full canopy establishment up to 8 days sooner than those from Southern Europe. This may be a response to a shorter growth season at Northern latitudes requiring the canopy to be established quickly. The landraces held the leaves within their canopy in a more horizontal position than the Southern European lines with leaf angle ranging from 18-45 degrees at GS39 and 31-84 degrees at GS59. This regressed negatively with temperature so it may be that a vertical canopy structure is beneficial in areas with higher temperatures. The photosynthetic rate of the landraces showed no variation but when chlorophyll fluorescence examined the efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) there was a positive regression of Fv/Fm ratio with latitude. This suggested that lines from Southern Europe were experiencing a greater stress with a ratio of up to 0.822 compared to those lines from the North with ratios from 0.767. The stomatal density of the landraces showed a large difference in ranges from 22-41 stomata between the lines. When high and low nutrient inputs were compared reductions from a ratio of 0.48 to 0.47 in Harvest Index and from 55g to 52g in 1000 grain weight were seen. The chlorophyll content of the lines was also reduced from 41.7 to 39.2 SPAD units at GS39 and from 44.9 to 39.8 SPAD units at GS59 by the reduction in nutrient inputs which may be a result of less N available for the production of chlorophyll. In conclusion there is variation present in canopy structure in European landraces that may be useful for future breeding or in identifying landrace collections which could be targeted for traits of interest in photosynthetic efficiency. These landraces may provide traits which could be used to develop cultivars which are locally adapted to climate and environmental conditions.

No description available.

No description available.

Fotossíntese é o processo biofísico pelo qual energia luminosa é transformada em energia química armazenada em compostos de carbono. A taxa fotossintética instantânea possui um forte padrão assintótico em resposta ao incremento da intensidade luminosa, porém quando integramos a fotossíntese em escalas espaciais e temporais maiores, observa-se um padrão linear de resposta entre radiação interceptada e produção. Esta abordagem permitiu o surgimento de modelos baseados nas taxas de conversão de energia radiante em biomassa seca, ou eficiência do uso da luz (&epsilon;). Valores publicados para o Eucalyptus estão na faixa de 0,5-2,5 g MJ-1, porém se faz necessário um entendimento mais profundo a respeito da sensibilidade destes valores às flutuações do clima e sua sazonalidade. Para isso, as taxas de crescimento, uso e eficiência do uso da luz foram monitoradas quinzenalmente durante 16 meses em parcelas de 18 clones de Eucalyptus, dos 1,3 aos 2,7 anos de idade. Foram testadas as hipóteses de que a produção de madeira aumentaria em função de incrementos no uso e/ou eficiência de uso da luz, assim como estes valores aumentariam respectivamente com incrementos no índice de área foliar e por uma alocação de carbono para o fuste, respectivamente. Os clones apresentaram uma grande amplitude de produtividade (9,9-22,7 Mg ha-1 ano-1) e arquiteturas de copa, capturando entre 65-95% da radiação incidente. Tais valores resultaram em uma eficiência do uso da luz média de 1,5 g MJ-1, variando entre 0,16-3,14 g MJ-1. Apesar de patamares distintos, os valores de eficiência de uso dos clones oscilaram de maneira similar, de modo que a radiação incidente foi a principal variável afetando a eficiência de uso da luz, estando &epsilon; positivamente relacionada a variáveis que expressam períodos de maior disponibilidade hídrica e negativamente relacionado a períodos de menor disponibilidade. Maiores valores de índice de área foliar efetivo (Le) acarretaram em maior interceptação de luz, porém as distintas arquiteturas de copa revelaram diferentes estratégias de captura de luz (0,3 < &kappa; < 0,6). Apesar de uma maior interceptação, não houve correlação significativa com a produtividade, no entanto observou-se uma forte correlação entre eficiência do uso da luz e crescimento em madeira, resultado de uma maior alocação para o fuste. Apesar de evidenciar a relação entre alocação e eficiência, existem outros mecanismos associados às alterações observadas em &epsilon; que apenas uma caracterização completa dos fluxos de carbono pode elucidar. / Photosynthesis is the biophysical process by which light energy is converted into chemical energy stored in carbon compounds. The instantaneous photosynthetic rate has a strong asymptotic pattern in response to increases in light intensity, however when we integrate photosynthesis in larger spatial and temporal scales, there is a linear pattern of response between intercepted radiation and production. This approach has allowed the appearance of models based on radiant energy conversion rates into dry biomass, or light use efficiency (&epsilon;). Published values for Eucalyptus range from 0.5 to 2.5 g MJ-1, but a deeper understanding of the sensitivity of these values to climate fluctuations and seasonality is necessary. For this reason, wood growth rates, light use and efficiency were monitored every two weeks for 16 months at 18 Eucalyptus clones plots, from 1.3 to 2.7 years of age. Our hypothesis was that wood production would be positively related to light use and efficiency, as well these values would increase respectively with increases in leaf area index and carbon allocation to the stem. Clones showed a wide range of productivity (9.9 to 22.7 Mg ha-1 yr-1) and canopy architectures, capturing between 65-95% of incident radiation. Such values resulted in an average light use efficiency of 1.8 g MJ-1, ranging from 0.16 to 3.14 g MJ-1. Although different levels, light use efficiency values for the clones fluctuated similarly. Incident radiation was the main variable affecting the efficiency of dry matter conversion, and &epsilon; values were positively related variables expressing periods of greater water availability and negatively related to periods of lower availability. Larger effective leaf area index (Le) values resulted in higher light interception, but the different canopy architectures revealed different light capture strategies (0.3 < &kappa; < 0.6). Despite a higher interception, there was no significant correlation with productivity; however there was a strong correlation between light use efficiency and wood growth, as a result of increased allocation to the stem. While evidencing the relationship between allocation and efficiency, there are other mechanisms associated with changes in &epsilon; observed that only one full characterization of the carbon fluxes can elucidate.

Métodos de pastejo, tanto por lotação contínua quanto rotativa, visam controlar a altura do dossel, que tem sido relacionada de maneira consistente com respostas em produtividade e valor nutritivo da forragem. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e explicar variações em acúmulo e valor nutritivo da forragem, assim como em estrutura do dossel forrageiro de Brachiaria híbrida Convert HD 364 (cv. Mulato II) sob lotação contínua e rotativa, com taxas de lotação variável. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba, SP, no período de 09 de janeiro a 06 de abril de 2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 2 × 3, correspondendo a duas alturas médias de dossel (20 e 30 cm) e três métodos de pastejo, sendo eles LC = lotação contínua, LRL = lotação rotativa leniente e LRS = lotação rotativa severa, com três repetições, totalizando 18 unidades experimentais de 200 m2 cada. O método de pastejo por LC foi imposto por variação de ±10% entorno das alturas médias; o método de pastejo por LRL foi imposto por 40% de intensidade de desfolhação, ou seja, pastos com altura média de 20 cm tiveram alturas de 25 e 15 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente, e pastos com altura média de 30 cm tiveram alturas de 37 e 23 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente; o método de pastejo por LRS foi imposto por 57% de intensidade de desfolhação, ou seja, pastos com altura média de 20 cm tiveram alturas de 28 e 12 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente, e pastos com altura média de 30 cm tiveram alturas de 42 e 18 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente. As variáveis avaliadas foram massa, acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem, composição morfológica, índice de área foliar, interceptação de luz pelo dossel, ângulo da folhagem, distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos e valor nutritivo da forragem. A interceptação de luz pelo dossel apresentou pequena variação entre as alturas médias, entretanto, entre os métodos de pastejo, houve efeito significativo. Os maiores valores de acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem foram registrados para LC, 7409 kg MS ha ano-1 e 86 kg MS ha dia-1, respectivamente, enquanto a LRL apresentou os menores valores e a LRS, valores intermediários. Os pastos manejados sob LC apresentaram maior proporção de colmos e material morto, e menor proporção de folhas para ambas as alturas médias. A distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos do dossel diferiu entre os métodos de pastejo, de modo que à medida que se aumenta a altura de manejo, os componentes colmo e material morto aparecem em mais estratos do dossel. Os pastos manejados sob LC tiveram maior concentração de proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e menor fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Para a condição de pós-pastejo, pastos manejados sob LRL apresentaram maior índice de área foliar (IAF) e, consequentemente, maior proporção de folhas. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos nesse experimento mostram que, tanto sob lotação contínua quanto sob lotação rotativa, o capim Mulato II, quando manejado mais baixo (altura média de dossel de 20 cm), apresenta melhor desempenho. / Stocking methods, continuous or rotational, aim at controlling canopy heights, which have been consistently related to forage productivity and nutritive value. The objective of the present study was to describe and explain variations in canopy structure, forage accumulation and nutritive value of Mulato II brachiariagrass (Convert HD 364) under continuous and rotational stocking with variable stocking rates. The experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, at the Department of Animal Science of the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, from 09 January to 06 April 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with treatments composed by 2 x 3 factorial arrangement between two mean canopy heights (20 and 30 cm) and three stocking methods (continuous stocking - CS, lenient rotational stocking - LRS - and hard rotational stocking - HRS), with three replications, totaling 18 experimental units of 200 m2. The CS treatments were imposed with ±10% variations around the mean canopy heights; LRS treatments were imposed with defoliation intensities of 40%, so that canopies with mean heights of 20 cm had 25 and 15 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively, and canopies with mean heights of 30 cm had 37 and 23 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively; HRS treatments were imposed by defoliation intensities of 57%, so that canopies with mean heights of 20 cm had 28 and 12 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively, and canopies with mean heights of 30 cm had 37 and 23 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively. The variables assessed were: forage mass, forage accumulation, forage accumulation rate, canopy morphological composition, leaf area index, canopy light interception, leaf angle, vertical distribution of morphological components and forage nutritive value. Canopy light interception varied slightly between mean canopy heights, but there were significant effects of stocking methods. The highest values for forage accumulation and forage accumulation rate were recorded for CS (7,409 kg DM ha year-1 and 86 kg DM ha day-1, respectively), while LRS and HRS presented the lowest and intermediate values, respectively. Canopies in the CS treatment presented the highest proportions of stems and dead material, and the lowest proportions of leaves for both mean canopy heights. The vertical distribution of canopy morphological components differed between stocking methods, in a way that, as pre-grazing canopy heights increased, so did the presence of stems and dead material on higher canopy layers. Canopies under CS showed greater concentrations of crude protein, in vitro organic matter digestibility and lower concentrations of neutral detergent fiber. In the post-grazing conditions, canopies under LRS had greater leaf area index and, consequently, greater proportions of leaves. Additionally, the results obtained in this study show that under both stocking methods Mulato II brachiariagrass performed better when kept with lower canopy heights (mean canopy heights of 20 cm).

Métodos de pastejo, tanto por lotação contínua quanto rotativa, visam controlar a altura do dossel, que tem sido relacionada de maneira consistente com respostas em produtividade e valor nutritivo da forragem. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever e explicar variações em acúmulo e valor nutritivo da forragem, assim como em estrutura do dossel forrageiro de Brachiaria híbrida Convert HD 364 (cv. Mulato II) sob lotação contínua e rotativa, com taxas de lotação variável. O experimento foi realizado em área do Departamento de Zootecnia da Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\", Universidade de São Paulo, em Piracicaba, SP, no período de 09 de janeiro a 06 de abril de 2017. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados, com tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 2 × 3, correspondendo a duas alturas médias de dossel (20 e 30 cm) e três métodos de pastejo, sendo eles LC = lotação contínua, LRL = lotação rotativa leniente e LRS = lotação rotativa severa, com três repetições, totalizando 18 unidades experimentais de 200 m2 cada. O método de pastejo por LC foi imposto por variação de ±10% entorno das alturas médias; o método de pastejo por LRL foi imposto por 40% de intensidade de desfolhação, ou seja, pastos com altura média de 20 cm tiveram alturas de 25 e 15 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente, e pastos com altura média de 30 cm tiveram alturas de 37 e 23 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente; o método de pastejo por LRS foi imposto por 57% de intensidade de desfolhação, ou seja, pastos com altura média de 20 cm tiveram alturas de 28 e 12 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente, e pastos com altura média de 30 cm tiveram alturas de 42 e 18 cm para pré- e pós-pastejo, respectivamente. As variáveis avaliadas foram massa, acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem, composição morfológica, índice de área foliar, interceptação de luz pelo dossel, ângulo da folhagem, distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos e valor nutritivo da forragem. A interceptação de luz pelo dossel apresentou pequena variação entre as alturas médias, entretanto, entre os métodos de pastejo, houve efeito significativo. Os maiores valores de acúmulo e taxa de acúmulo de forragem foram registrados para LC, 7409 kg MS ha ano-1 e 86 kg MS ha dia-1, respectivamente, enquanto a LRL apresentou os menores valores e a LRS, valores intermediários. Os pastos manejados sob LC apresentaram maior proporção de colmos e material morto, e menor proporção de folhas para ambas as alturas médias. A distribuição vertical dos componentes morfológicos do dossel diferiu entre os métodos de pastejo, de modo que à medida que se aumenta a altura de manejo, os componentes colmo e material morto aparecem em mais estratos do dossel. Os pastos manejados sob LC tiveram maior concentração de proteína bruta (PB), digestibilidade in vitro da matéria orgânica (DIVMO) e menor fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). Para a condição de pós-pastejo, pastos manejados sob LRL apresentaram maior índice de área foliar (IAF) e, consequentemente, maior proporção de folhas. Adicionalmente, os resultados obtidos nesse experimento mostram que, tanto sob lotação contínua quanto sob lotação rotativa, o capim Mulato II, quando manejado mais baixo (altura média de dossel de 20 cm), apresenta melhor desempenho. / Stocking methods, continuous or rotational, aim at controlling canopy heights, which have been consistently related to forage productivity and nutritive value. The objective of the present study was to describe and explain variations in canopy structure, forage accumulation and nutritive value of Mulato II brachiariagrass (Convert HD 364) under continuous and rotational stocking with variable stocking rates. The experiment was carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, at the Department of Animal Science of the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, from 09 January to 06 April 2017. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with treatments composed by 2 x 3 factorial arrangement between two mean canopy heights (20 and 30 cm) and three stocking methods (continuous stocking - CS, lenient rotational stocking - LRS - and hard rotational stocking - HRS), with three replications, totaling 18 experimental units of 200 m2. The CS treatments were imposed with ±10% variations around the mean canopy heights; LRS treatments were imposed with defoliation intensities of 40%, so that canopies with mean heights of 20 cm had 25 and 15 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively, and canopies with mean heights of 30 cm had 37 and 23 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively; HRS treatments were imposed by defoliation intensities of 57%, so that canopies with mean heights of 20 cm had 28 and 12 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively, and canopies with mean heights of 30 cm had 37 and 23 cm as pre and post grazing canopy heights, respectively. The variables assessed were: forage mass, forage accumulation, forage accumulation rate, canopy morphological composition, leaf area index, canopy light interception, leaf angle, vertical distribution of morphological components and forage nutritive value. Canopy light interception varied slightly between mean canopy heights, but there were significant effects of stocking methods. The highest values for forage accumulation and forage accumulation rate were recorded for CS (7,409 kg DM ha year-1 and 86 kg DM ha day-1, respectively), while LRS and HRS presented the lowest and intermediate values, respectively. Canopies in the CS treatment presented the highest proportions of stems and dead material, and the lowest proportions of leaves for both mean canopy heights. The vertical distribution of canopy morphological components differed between stocking methods, in a way that, as pre-grazing canopy heights increased, so did the presence of stems and dead material on higher canopy layers. Canopies under CS showed greater concentrations of crude protein, in vitro organic matter digestibility and lower concentrations of neutral detergent fiber. In the post-grazing conditions, canopies under LRS had greater leaf area index and, consequently, greater proportions of leaves. Additionally, the results obtained in this study show that under both stocking methods Mulato II brachiariagrass performed better when kept with lower canopy heights (mean canopy heights of 20 cm).

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Idiana Marina Dalastra.pdf: 417569 bytes, checksum: 7aadf5ff85c0cf188731924d8a749c19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-12-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In the several options of fruits species with good perspectives for the organic production, it can stand out the fig (Ficus carica L.) as one of the most promising, mainly in relation to production of destined green figs the industrialization, front to possibility of aggregation of values in the final product, in the industrialization process. The objective of this work was to verify the effect of pruning time and number of productive branches on production of the Roxo de Valinhos by production of green figs, in the subtropical region, under organic culture. The experiment using four year-old plants, with spacing 3 x 2 m, in Quatro Pontes-PR (24º35 42 South latitude and 53º59 54 West longitude, altitude of 472 m and Cfa Koppen climate, with annual maximum medium temperature of 28.5ºC and minimum of 16.6ºC). They settled two experiments, with the design utilized was randomized blocks with four blocks and three plants of parcel, and the first related the pruning time: April, May, June, July, August and September; and second related the number of productive branches: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 and 24. The referring data the phenology of the plants, as well as of the vegetative development and cropping cycles of 2007/2008 were collected. There were yield differences between pruning times; the July and August pruned plants presented higher yields, among the December to February months, with production pick in January. The highest green fig yield (2,949.55 g for plant) and dear productivity (4,916.9 kg for ha) was observed in the treatment which had plants conducted with 18 and 21 productive branches / Dentre as várias opções de espécies frutíferas com boas perspectivas para a produção orgânica, pode-se destacar a figueira (Ficus carica L.) como umas das mais promissoras, principalmente em relação à produção de figos verdes destinados a industrialização, devido à possibilidade de agregação de valores no produto final, no processo de industrialização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o efeito da época de poda e do número de ramos produtivos sobre a produção da figueira Roxo de Valinhos para a produção de figos verdes, cultivada em condições subtropicais sob cultivo orgânico. Para a realização dos experimentos utilizou-se plantas de quatro anos de idade, com espaçamento 3 x 2 m, localizadas em Quatro Pontes-PR (24º35 42 latitude Sul e 53º59 54 longitude Oeste, altitude de 472 m e clima Cfa Köppen, com temperatura média máxima anual de 28,5ºC e mínima de 16,6ºC). Instalaram-se dois experimentos, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro blocos e três plantas úteis por parcela, sendo o primeiro relacionado à época de poda: abril, maio, junho, julho, agosto e setembro; e o segundo com diferentes números de ramos produtivos: 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 e 24. Foram mensurados os dados referentes à fenologia das plantas, bem como o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produção durante o ciclo 2007/2008. Houve diferenças de produção entre as épocas de poda; plantas podadas em julho e agosto apresentaram maiores produções, escalonadas entre os meses de dezembro a fevereiro, com pico de produção em janeiro. A maior produção (2.949,55 g por planta) e produtividade estimada (4.916,9 kg por ha) de figos verdes foram obtidas quando as plantas foram conduzidas com 18 e 21 ramos produtivos

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-05-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:04:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 casagrande_dr_dr_jabo.pdf: 1193230 bytes, checksum: f4942366b12e0580d2389de8bbd1e175 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com presente trabalho avaliar as características estruturais do dossel, o comportamento e o desempenho de novilhas de corte, suplementadas, em pastagem de capim-marandu submetidas à diferentes intensidade de pastejo, sob lotação contínua, assim como o efeito do histórico desses fatores sobre a fase de terminação. Para isso realizou-se quatro experimentos. No primeiro foram avaliadas três ofertas de forragem aliadas a dois tipos de suplementação, sal mineral e suplemento protéico energético. No segundo e terceiro experimentos os tratamentos foram três alturas do dossel aliados a três suplementos, sal mineral e dois suplementos protéicos energéticos. E no quarto foi estudado o efeito destes tratamentos sobre a terminação no confinamento ou no pasto. Observou que a altura do dossel influenciou todas as características estruturais do pasto. A suplementação não interferiu na estrutura do dossel, porém tendeu a reduzir o tempo de pastejo dos animais, principalmente nos períodos que antecederam o fornecimento do suplemento, contudo sem afetar o consumo de forragem. O uso de suplemento protéico energético aumentou o desempenho animal. Os fatores relacionado a fase de recria interferiram no período de terminação, porém não afetaram as características das carcaças. A terminação em confinamento aumentou a deposição de gordura nas carcaças e cortes cárneos. Concluiu-se que pastos de capim-marandu sob lotação contínua, sob pastejo por novilhas em recria, destinadas ao abate, podem ser manejados com alturas entre 15 a 35 cm, sendo a altura 25 cm a mais indicada. Suplementação protéica energética aumenta o desempenho animal e a produtividade do sistema / The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural characteristics of the canopy, grazing behavior, and performance of beef heifers supplemented at pasture of Marandu grass submitted to different grazing intensity under continuous stocking rate, and the effect of these historical factors on the finish of these, in different systems. Four experiments were conducted. The first evaluated three forage allowances combined with two types of supplementation, mineral and protein/energy supplement. In the second and third experiments the treatments were three canopy heights combined with three supplements: mineral and two protein/energy supplements. And in the fourth, studied the effect of these treatments on the finish system, feedlot or in pasture. It was observed that the height of the canopy affected all the structural characteristics of the pasture. Supplementation did not affect the structure of the pasture canopy, but tended to reduce the grazing time of the animals, especially in periods leading up to the supplement supply, however forage intake was not altered. Concentrate supplementation increased animal performance. At all the evaluated situations the animals’ weight gain was limited by energy intake. Factors related to the growing phase interfered in the finishing period, but did not affect the heifers’ carcass characteristics. The finishing in feedlot increased fat deposition in the carcasses and in the meat cuts. It was concluded that Marandu grass pasture under continuous stocking, grazing by growing beef heifers intended for slaughter, can be managed in heights between 15 and 35 cm height, and 25 cm appears to be most appropriate. Protein/energy supplementation increases animal performance and system productivity