M.Phil. / The Motraco transmission system is a classical case illustrating the increase in power transfer of a network considering the possibility of a voltage collapse. This case study was used in the dissertation to find a techno-economical solution for the Motraco system to increase the power transfer to satisfy an additional load. The Motraco power system is operating close to a voltage collapse at present. A voltage collapse will be experienced if additional load is added at the Maputo substation. The possibility of a voltage collapse can be reduced if the power transfer capability of the Motraco power system is increased. Various technologies can be used to increase the power transfer of the Motraco power system. The technologies used in this study to increase the power transfer were limited to the following: • Adding shunt capacitor banks at critical locations in the network • Adding a series capacitor bank on an existing 400 kV transmission line • Adding an additional 400 kV transmission line • Adding a series capacitor bank on the new 400 kV transmission line The correct use of the combination of the shunt capacitor banks, series capacitor bank and the new transmission line contributes to: • support voltages in the network; • reduce the transmission losses; and • increase the fault levels at the receiving end. The principles used in this dissertation can be used to increase the power transfer limit of any power system with the same characteristics.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 10, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Robert M O'Connell. Includes bibliographical references.

Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) is an important consideration in the selection and installation of circuit breakers with appropriate ratings. Capacitor banks with inrush current limiting reactors are an integral part of the power system. Capacitor banks with inrush reactors on the load side terminal of the capacitor breaker alter the TRV seen across the breaker and it is critical to carry out the TRV analysis to prevent circuit breaker failure. TRV analysis has been performed for various capacitor bank - inrush reactor configurations, with the fault occurring at different terminals on the load side. Analytical solutions have been presented for both single-phase and three-phase ungrounded capacitor banks. Neutral displacement voltage of three-phase ungrounded capacitor banks result in increased stress across the breaker. Results have been validated with PSCAD simulation and MATLAB plots. / text

Thesis (M.S.) University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on August 29, 2007) Includes bibliographical references.

This thesis presents the theory, analysis, testing and implementation of a scheme to reduce shunt compensation capacitor switching transients. The described method is switch the capacitors very near the instant when the bus voltage is at a power frequency zero. This was accomplished with a vacuum breaker on a 230 kV shunt capacitor bank.

The penetration of renewable and distributed generation sources (DGs) in power distribution systems has been increasing at an ever-faster rate. While DGs provide clean and affordable energy, their addition introduces new problems in the system operation. One of the main challenges due to the high penetration of DGs is the overvoltage issues that demand appropriate voltage control. This control is essential to maintain the power quality, energy efficiency, and voltage stability in the system. Voltage Regulators (VRs) and capacitor banks (CBs) are traditional control devices that are installed in the system to keep the desired voltage profile. However, they are not designed to operate in a way that can address the high frequency and magnitude changes occurring in systems with high penetration of DGs. Therefore, they need to be supplemented with voltage control performed by controlling the reactive power generation of the DGs. The coordination among these different control devices is essential for proper system operation. This thesis explores the design of the coordinated control of VRs, CBs, and DGs, by considering different control methods such as coordinated cooperative, predictive cooperative, and unified control of all voltage control devices. The proposed methods are implemented in a system with high penetration of DGs and tested by exploring the worst-case scenario in terms of DG sizing and placement. This scenario is determined analytically using sensitivities and verified using stochastic Monte Carlo simulation. The future generation of active power distribution systems need to be optimally controlled in order to be efficient, reliable, and resilient, while capable of effectively managing high penetration levels of DGs, and other controllable loads and devices. The important outcome of this thesis is the introduction of a practical voltage control method to achieve these goals.

Bakgrunden till detta projekt är att Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (nedan kallat Vattenfall) kommer att införa ett avgiftssystem för inmatning av reaktiv effekt till sitt elnät. Avgiften införs till följd av problem på elnätet som orsakas av reaktiv effekt. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (nedan kallat Umeå Energi) har historiskt matat in reaktiv effekt vilket motiverade detta arbete som utreder den reaktiva effekten på Umeå Energis elnät samt bidrar med information om två alternativa tillvägagångssätt att bemöta avgiften. Alternativ 0 är att kompensationsutrustning inte installeras, utan att ett abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt upprättas. Alternativ 1 är att kompensationsutrustning installeras. För att utreda den reaktiva effekten erhölls och behandlades data på reaktiv effekt i Umeå Energis nät. Historisk kondensatordrift togs fram för år 2016 ur händelsehistoriken hos Umeå Energis driftcentral. Kondensatordriften år 2015 kunde enbart erhållas från ett tidigare arbete på Umeå Energi eftersom ett begränsat antal händelser lagras i händelsehistoriken. Genom att subtrahera kondensatorernas produktion från den reaktiva effekten i Umeå Energis anslutningspunkter som uppmätts av Vattenfall erhölls data som mer representerade underliggande fenomen på nätet. Utan kondensatordrift beräknades inmatningen enligt Vattenfalls definition uppgå till cirka 34 MVAr utifrån data från 2015 och 2016. För åren 2018 till och med 2023 beräknades ändringar i reaktiv effekt till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Vid beräkningarna försummades ledningarnas induktiva karaktär, vilket gav ett tomgångsscenario med maximal produktion av reaktiv effekt. År 2023 beräknades inmatningen ska ha ökat till 59 MVAr till följd av förändringar på Umeå Energis nät. Med antagandet att Umeå Energi inte kommer att drifta kondensatorbatterierna så att inmatningen höjs föreslogs för alternativ 0 val av abonnemang på inmatning av reaktiv effekt för åren 2018 till och med 2023 utifrån de 34 MVAr som nämnts ovan och inverkan från förändringarna på nätet. År 2019 föreslogs ett abonnemang på 41 MVAr, och 2023 föreslogs ett på 59 MVAr. Kostnaderna för dessa beräknades enligt Vattenfalls tariff till 820 000 kr respektive 1 187 000 kr. Kostnaden för eventuell överinmatning av reaktiv effekt beräknades med tariffen för överinmatning årligen uppgå till maximalt 76 000 kr med 95 % sannolikhet enligt den korrigerade standardavvikelsen hos inmatningen utan kondensatordrift åren 2015 och 2016. Optimal kondensatordrift beräknades för åren 2015 och 2016 genom att addera den produktion av reaktiv effekt från befintliga kondensatorbatterier som gav minst absolutvärde i reaktiv effekt. Beroende på hur ofta kondensatordriften justerades erhölls olika resultat. En undersökning av störningar till följd av kondensatorkopplingar rekommenderas för att få en förståelse för förutsättningarna för optimal kondensatordrift. Det bedömdes inte ekonomiskt motiverbart med mer avancerad kompensationsteknik såsom statiska VAr-kompensatorer då variabla reaktorer kan kompensera dygns- och säsongsvariationer i reaktiv effekt. Den reaktiva effektproduktionen i ledningar är störst på 145 kV-nivån och kommer öka i framtiden på denna nivå. Det är därför sannolikt här kompensationsutrustning såsom reaktorer först bör installeras. För att kunna ta så bra beslut som möjligt angående den reaktiva effekten rekommenderas att snarast möjligt ingå ett arbetssätt som om avgiftssystemet redan tagits i bruk och utöka ett representativt dataunderlag. / The background of this project is that Vattenfall Eldistribution AB (hereinafter referred to as Vattenfall) will establish a system of fees for input of reactive power. This will be done due to problems in the grid caused by reactive power. Umeå Energi Elnät AB (hereinafter referred to as Umeå Energi) has historically input reactive power, motivating this work which investigates the reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi and provides information on two alternative approaches to responding to the fee. Alternative 0 entails no installation of compensation technology, and that a subscription for reactive power input is established instead. Alternative 1 entails that compensation technology is installed. To investigate the reactive power, data on reactive power in the grid of Umeå Energi were obtained and processed. Historical operations of capacitor banks for the year 2016 were obtained from the history of events of the control center at Umeå Energi. The operations of the capacitor banks during 2015 could only be obtained from an earlier work at Umeå Energi since the number of events stored in the history is limited. By subtracting the capacitor banks’ production from the reactive power measured by Vattenfall in the connections of Umeå Energi, data more representative of underlying phenomena were obtained. Without capacitor production of reactive power, the input was calculated according to the definition of Vattenfall to about 34 MVAr, by using data from 2015 and 2016. For the years 2018 through 2023, changes in reactive power due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi were calculated. These calculations did not consider inductances, and thus yielded zero-load scenarios with maximum reactive power production. By the year of 2023, the input was calculated to have increased to 59 MVAr due to changes in the grid of Umeå Energi. Assuming that Umeå Energi will not operate the capacitors so that the input is increased, for alternative 0 subscriptions for input of reactive power were suggested for the years 2018 through 2023 by considering the abovementioned 34 MVAr and the changes in the grid. Subscriptions of 41 MVAr and 59 MVAr were suggested for the years 2019 and 2023 respectively. The costs of these were calculated with the fee specified by Vattenfall to SEK 820,000 and SEK 1,187,000 respectively. Calculations with the applicable fee yielded that the yearly cost of possible over-input could amount to a maximum of SEK 76,000 with a 95 % probability, using the corrected standard deviation of the input without capacitor production of reactive power for the years 2015 and 2016. Optimal capacitor bank operations were calculated for the years 2015 and 2016 by adding the production of reactive power from existing capacitor banks which yielded the minimum absolute reactive power. Depending on how often the capacitors were operated different results were obtained. An investigation of power quality disturbances due to capacitor bank operations is recommended to achieve an understanding of the conditions for optimal capacitor bank operations. It was not deemed economically justifiable to install more advanced compensation technologies such as static VAr compensators since variable reactors are able to compensate daily and seasonal variations in reactive power. The production of reactive power in cables is the largest on the 145 kV level and will increase in the future on this level. It is therefore likely here compensation technologies such as reactors should be installed first. To be able to make as good decisions as possible concerning the reactive power, it is recommended to as soon as possible commence a working method as if the fee system had already come into effect; thus increasing the amount of representative data.

Dala Energi has large-scale plans for grid development and wants to have a better understanding of their current reactive power levels along with a future prognosis based on their plans. Changes in line inductance, shunt capacitance, area and placement put Dala Energi on the path to higher charging currents and higher reactive power generation. In addition to causing concerns in their own grid, the increased reactive power generation can present challenges for the owner of the overlying grid. Transmission of reactive power upwards is not permitted in the current contract. Dala Energi’s grid is divided into 3 separate regions with a total of 19 larger substations, 12 of which are points of connection with the overlying grid. At times, 8 of the substations have transmitted reactive power upward and soon it will be all 12. Region 1, where the 20-kV grid is located, is the biggest problem-area today, with upward-transmissions of 1 to 3 MVAr quite common and a considerable increase expected. Region 3 contains more than double the underground cable as the other two areas and might have had much greater side effects from the high shunt capacitance were it not for 3 industrial customers who consume a large portion of reactive power. In the coming years, however, Region 3 is expected to have capacitive reactive power levels nearly equal to those of Region 1. The combined reactive power baseline for all regions is expected to drop by 8.24 MVAr in the coming years. The owner of the overlying grid controls Dala Energi’s 5 largest capacitor banks which have a rated capacity of 11.6 MVAr. With the entire capacity almost always connected, the upward transmission of reactive power becomes much greater. It would be very advisable to meet with the owner, discuss interaction between the two grids and examine the details of the current contract. Compensation for excessive generation of reactive power is needed and is going to be essential in the future. The short-term variation of reactive power levels is so great that the use of fixed rating shunt reactors is ill-advised, especially under the current contract. Compensation with variable shunt reactors is recommended.

Orientador: Christiano Lyra Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:20:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VizcainoGonzalez_JoseFederico_M.pdf: 972282 bytes, checksum: 652889ccc97d9102a9333902b4169885 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: As perdas técnicas de energia nas redes primarias de distribuição são decorrentes das resistências elétricas nas linhas. Pela natureza indutiva de algumas cargas e reatâncias das linhas, parte da energia dissipada é devida aos fluxos de potências reativas entre a subestação e os pontos de carga. Capacitores instalados próximo às cargas podem fornecer energia reativa local, diminuindo as perdas de energia na rede. Este trabalho apresenta inovações conceituais e de implementação que permitem o resgate da abordagem por programação dinâmica para a solução do problema de instalação e dimensionamento de capacitores fixos em redes de distribuição, para perfis de cargas fixos ou variáveis. O trabalho também aborda o problema de controle de capacitores chaveados, propondo duas novas abordagens. A primeira abordagem desenvolve uma versão de sistemas complexos adaptativos, também chamados sistemas classificadores. A segunda abordagem corresponde a uma especialização dos conceitos de programação dinâmica esenvolvidos para o problema de instalação de capacitores. Estudos de casos em redes reais de grande porte ilustram as possibilidades das metodologias desenvolvidas / Abstract: Technical energy losses in primary distribution networks are due to electrical resistances in lines. Due to reactance of power lines and inductive nature of some loads, part of the energy dissipated is due to reactive power that travels back and forth in lines, all the way from power sources to load points. Capacitors installed near load points can provide local complementary reactive power that decrease losses. This work presents conceptual and implementation innovations that allows to rescue the dynamic programming approach for the capacitors sizing and allocation problem in distribution networks, for fixes and variables loads. The work also presents two approaches to the capacitors control problem. The first approach is the development of a complex adaptive system (a classifier systems). The second approach to the capacitor control problem is a specialization of dynamic programming concepts, developed for the capacitors placement problem. Case studies in large real networks illustrate the possibilities of the developed methodologies / Mestrado / Automação / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Due to the universal considerable population and economic growth rate, demands for energy have risen significantly over the past decade. This means that the integration of renewable energies in the power grid has escalated as well as requests for reactive power compensation, voltage stability, and mitigation of harmonic filters. Capacitor banks are widely used in the modern electrical transmission system in order to improve power quality and efficiency. In other words, this device aims to be involved in harmonic disturbance elimination, improve the power factor (PF), provide voltage control and stability which leads into more sustainable energy systems. Utilizing high voltage components, such as shunt capacitors in the power grid can introduce new challenges. One of these challenges is known as corona discharge. The aim of the presented master thesis is to study and develop corona discharge suppression models on high voltage capacitor banks which is implemented in collaboration with ABB power grids, Sweden. The main concerns are, effective factors on corona emergence, corona inception voltage levels, and corona suppression methods. Also, this study evaluates the verification of existing suppression. Two various approaches were applied and compared. The aim of the first approach is to evaluate corona discharge by electric field calculations on three various capacitor banks with different voltage levels. The simulation was implemented based on Maxwell’s equations and finite element method (FEM) by utilizing COMSOL Multiphysics software. The second approach is based on streamer inception and propagation. The calculation on this method is fulfilled with the help of MATLAB software. The results of both approaches were found reasonably compatible. It is discovered that corona discharge can appear in different voltage levels on capacitor banks based on various factors, such as the geometry of the bank. Consequently, the suppression method may vary case by case and different proposals were suggested in order to optimize the corona suppression rings. / På grund av den allmänna betydande befolknings- och ekonomiska tillväxttakten har kraven på energi ökat markant under det senaste decenniet. Detta innebär att integrationen av förnybara energier i elnätet har eskalerat samt begäran om reaktiv effektkompensering, spänningsstabilitet och mildring av harmoniska filter. kondensatorbatterier används ofta i det moderna elektriska transmissionssystemet för att förbättra strömkvaliteten och effektiviteten. Med andra ord syftar denna enhet till att vara involverad i eliminering av harmonisk störning, förbättra effektfaktorn (PF), tillhandahålla spänningskontroll och stabilitet som leder till mer hållbara energisystem. Att använda högspänningskomponenter, som shuntkondensatorer i elnätet, kan skapa nya utmaningar. En av dessa utmaningar kallas korona-urladdning. Syftet med den presenterade masteruppsatsen är att studera och utveckla korona-urladdningsmodeller på högspännings-kondensatorbatterier som implementeras i samarbete med ABB Power Grids, Sverige. De viktigaste problemen är effektiva faktorer för korona uppkomst, spänningsnivåer korona och metoder för att underlätta korona. Dessutom utvärderar denna studie verifieringen av befintliga undertryckningsmetoder. Två olika tillvägagångssätt tillämpades och jämfördes. Syftet med det första tillvägagångssättet är att utvärdera korona-urladdning genom elektriska fältberäkningar på tre olika kondensatorbatterier med olika spänningsnivåer. Simuleringen implementerades baserat på Maxwells ekvationer och finita elementmetoden (FEM) genom att använda COMSOL Multiphysics programvara. Det andra tillvägagångssättet är baserat på strömningslinjernas början och utbredning. Beräkningen av denna metod genomförs med hjälp av MATLAB-programvaran. Resultaten från båda metoderna tycktes vara rimligt kompatibla. Det upptäcks att korona-urladdning kan förekomma i olika spänningsnivåer på kondensatorbatterier baserat på olika faktorer, till exempel batteriets geometri. Följaktligen kan undertryckningsmetoden variera från fall till fall och olika förslag föreslogs för att optimera koronaundertryckningsringarna.