This thesis describes the evaluation and application of the atomic emission detector as a detector for capillary gas chromatography. Chapter 1 is a general introduction to the technique, describing the development of the atomic emission detector, the theory of its operation, and some of its applications. This chapter also includes a detailed description of chromatography theory. Chapter 2 describes the experimental conditions used throughout the course of this work. Chapter 3 concentrates on compound independent calibration, beginning with a general introduction to the area and a discussion of studies already made. Four groups of compounds were used to determine the ability of the atomic emission detector to perform compound independent calibration. Initial studies with a group of similar hydrocarbons showed little or no compound/structure dependence. However, results from the same study with a group of phenols did indicate some structure dependence for carbon and oxygen, but when chloroanisoles were tested, this compound dependence was not apparent. A group of different nitrogen-containing compounds was then studied. Here structure dependence was observed on all channels, ie carbon, oxygen and nitrogen. It was also noted that the responses became non-linear at higher concentrations. This would normally indicate detector overload, but not in this case as non-linearity occurred to different extents for the same element in different compounds. A study was also made on the effect of discharge tube ageing on response. Clean and dirty discharge tubes were used for the phenols and the nitrogen-containing compounds. The phenol, carbon and chlorine results showed a decreased sensitivity with the old tube, but the oxygen responses were not affected. The same drop in sensitivity was seen with the nitrogen-containing compounds, but here oxygen was also affected. Chapter 4 describes the use of the atomic emission detector and mass spectrometry as complementary techniques. Perfume samples were analysed using both instruments. A comparison of 'real' and 'fake' perfumes was also made. Results indicated that the atomic emission data was useful in deciding whether to accept or reject mass spectral library guesses. Chapter 5 describes the application of the atomic emission detector for the analysis of refinery streams. The use of the 'backamount' correction facility was also effectively demonstrated. Chapter 6 is a general discussion of the instrument including operational problems encountered and possible modifications to overcome these problems. The overall objective of the thesis is to place the GC-AED combination in the context of the commonly used chromatographic techniques.

Pyrolysis-capillary gas chromatography combined with FID, ECD and MS detection were used to characterize refuse-derived fuel and aquatic fulvic acids. Different pyrolysis methods and programs were evaluated. Pyrolysis temperatures of 700-800°C produced the strongest signal for organics present in RDF and fulvic acid. Cellulose and fatty acids pyrolyzates were identifiable by GC-MS following preparative pyrolysis fractionation. At organic chloride content of 0.023%, only three halogenated compounds were detected in the GC-MS of the fractions. None of the priority pollutants were detected at lower detection limit of 0.72 to 24 mg/ kg RDF. Selective solvent extraction improves the reproduciblities of the technique and allows the detection of polymeric structures. Pyrograms of polyvinyl chloride and regular typing paper showed some common peaks that are present in the RDF pyrogram. About 65% of the peaks in the RDF pyrogram might be of paper origin. The organic chloride content of the RDF was evaluated by ion chromatography of the trapped pyrolyzates in 2% NaOH trap and it was found to be 221 mg Cl/ kg dry RDF. Pyrolysis conditions and temperature programs for FA were systematically evaluated. Samples included purified FA, methylated FA and HPLC separated fractions. Characteristic pyrograms were developed. Profiles of benzene, toluene, phenol, m-cresol and biphenyl from FA were evaluated. The production of phenol was the largest at 800°C, at concentration of 1.61 mg per gram of FA pyrolyzed. The profiles of benzene and toluene followed the same pathways. Both pyrolyzates had at least two precursors. HPLC fractions of FA showed some regular retention patterns characteristic of polymeric material. DL-proline, seriene and vanillic acid pyrograms showed some peaks with the same retention times as those in FA pyrogram under the same conditions. A reproducibility of 6% relative standard deviation was achieved in the pyrolysis of RDF and 0.91% in the case of FA.

Chapter one reviewed the development of sol-gel stationary phase for gas chromatograph (GC). Inorganic sol-gel precursor creates the substrate support for stationary phase bind to silica surface through the condensation of silanol groups, the rough surface with enhanced surface area enlarger the capacity of the sol-gel stationary phase, the porosity of sol-gel structure decreases the mass transferring coefficient, the term C in Van Deemter equation, which makes sol-gel stationary phase thicker coating up to 1 um but keeps the high resolution for gas chromatography. Chemical bound stationary phase significantly improve GC column with better thermal stability and solvent stability. Partial derivatizations of known polymers have not increased the column performance but remained at the same level of 3200 plates per meter. The sol-gel chemistry with essential structure rebuilding will make sol-gel stationary phase to a new level. The chapter two reported the non-silica-based metal alkoxide oxide as the new building block, cooperated with known polymer poly(dimethyldiphenylsilanoxan), developed the original nonpolar feature of the stationary phase to broad the polarity from the nonpolar to extreme polar, overcome the thermal stability for other types of polar column. The theoretical plate number reached the 3200 plates per meter, and the optimized plate number arrived at the top level at 3800 plates per meter. The basic recipe and preparation of sol-gel process were verified by tungsten alkoxide incorporated with poly(dimethyldiphenylsilanoxan) as the stationary phase which arrived the same plate number level at 3800 per meter. Chapter three demonstrated the preparation of core-shell particle for HPLC. Conventional silica core particles were prepared with stÖbe methods. The extended layer of germanium oxide coating was made with acid and alkaline as a catalyst. EDS characterize the extended layers of germanium oxide has been coated at ratio 12/1(Ge/Si). Then the carbon loading with C 18 for surface derivatization were also confirmed with EDS testing. 2 um core-shell particles were successfully prepared from the external composition (1.7 um core, 0.3 um shell). The function of the core-shell particles was slurry packed with 5cm regular steel column and the capillary column with sol-gel frit. The preliminary HPLC testing showed the core-shell particles had more retention ability compare with 4 um commercial core particles. The backpressure of the short steel column and capillary both were beyond the pressure limit of conventional HPLC pump. Chapter three demonstrates the new ideal of the surface sol-gel process for GC stationary phase. Without the catalyst, the sol solution has constant viscosity and gelation time is much longer, the sol-gel reaction was taking on the silica surface only, to accomplish the thinner coating for sol-gel stationary phase. From the retention time of the grob mixture, the surface sol-gel coated 2 meters of column acquired the half retention time, grob mixture analytes were eluted within 7 minutes, compared with conventional sol-gel coated column eluted within 14 minutes. Without the TFA as the catalyst, the sol-gel matrix may not form effective surface area and porosity to support the functional polymer for separation, the column performances were two third of the protocol column, at 1500-2500 plate number per meter. The coating results proved the sol-gel stationary phase could be fulfilled with diluted sol solution by static coating. Basic parameters for dynamic coating and static coating with conventional coating and surface sol-gel were acquired for further development. The germania and niobium precursor is highly active, the water amount in the solvents used as received without drying process can meet the surface sol-gel coating without precipitates and gelation formed before finishing coat. For germania -PDMDPS column, thermal stability is very important because of the temperature for remaining the low residual OH- group in silica and germania film at 350 °C.

Brominated organic compounds (BOCs) of both natural and anthropogenic origin are abundant in the environment. Most compounds are either clearly natural or clearly anthropogenic but some are of either mixed or uncertain origin. This thesis aims to identify some naturally produced BOCs and to develop a method for analysis of the bromine isotopic composition in BOCs found in the environment. Polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) in the Baltic Sea are believed to be of natural origin although their source is unknown. Since marine sponges are major producers of brominated natural products in tropical waters, BOCs were quantified in a sponge (Ephydatia fluviatilis) from the Baltic Sea (Paper I). The results showed that the sponge does not seem to be a major producer of PBDDs in the Baltic Sea. In this study, mixed brominated/chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins were however discovered for the first time in a background environment without an apparent anthropogenic source. The use of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) is unusual in analytical environmental chemistry due to its sample requirements. Preparative capillary gas chromatography was used to isolate a sufficient amount of an unidentified BOC from northern bottlenose whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) blubber (Paper II) to enable NMR analysis for identification of the compound. The bromine isotopic composition of BOCs may give information on the origin and environmental fate of these compounds. The first steps in this process are the development of a method to determine the bromine isotope ratio in environmentally relevant BOCs (Paper III) and measuring the bromine isotope ratio of several standard substances to establish an anthropogenic endpoint (Paper IV). / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

A estatística das principais causas das intoxicações mostra que os depressores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) têm uma participação significativa. No Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da Unicamp, em 1995, 30% das intoxicações foram por medicamentos, sendo a metade por depressores do SNC. A avaliação do paciente intoxicado, freqüentemente inclui, além de exames clínicos, análises laboratoriais para identificação de agentes tóxicos presentes em amostras biológicas. Os procedimentos analíticos com esta finalidade utilizam diversas técnicas, entre elas as cromatográficas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e otimizar um método de triagem para diagnóstico laboratorial das intoxicações por medicamentos que causam depressão do SNC, através da cromatografia em fase gasosa, para ser utilizado em análises de urgência em Centros de Controle de Intoxicações. Foram selecionados 21 fármacos depressores do SNC a partir de critérios de freqüência e importância clínico-toxicológica. As técnicas de extração apresentaram recuperação relativa entre 66,4 e 92,6% para a urina e entre 36,7 e 82,6% para o plasma. O estudo de precisão apresentou coeficiente de variação entre 4,3 e 13,7% para as amostras de urina e entre 7,8 e 19,4% para o plasma. A sensibilidade foi testada para concentrações próximas aos níveis terapêuticos (1 a 5 µg/mL) tendo sido considerada satisfatória e a análise de extratos de \"brancos\" de referência apresentou cromatograma sem interferentes. O tempo de análise foi compatível com a necessidade clínica (menor que duas horas) para análise concomitante dos 21 fármacos. Pode-se concluir que o método de triagem por cromatografia gasosa proposto foi adequado para o diagnóstico laboratorial das intoxicações agudas por medicamentos que causam síndrome de depressão do SNC. / Drugs that cause Central Nervous System Depression Syndrome (CNSDS) have an important role in poisons. At the Poison Control Center of University of Campinas, in 1995, 30% of poisons were due to medicines and a half of that was due to CNS depressants. The evaluation of the poisoned patient includes, in addition to clinical examinations, laboratorial screenings to identify toxic agents in biological samples. The analytical procedures with this endpoint use several methods, including chromatographic analyses. The objective of this study was to develop and to optimize a procedure for screening drugs that cause CNSDS, through gas chromatography, to be used in emergency assays at the Poison Control Center. Twenty one drugs were selected using frequency and clinical-toxicology importance criteria. The extraction technique presented relative recuperation between 66.4 and 92.6% for urine and 36.7 and 82.6% for plasma. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was between 4.3 and 13.7% for urine and 7.8 and 19.4% for plasma. The sensibility was tested for concentrations near therapeutical levels (1 to 5 µg/ml) and was considered satisfactory. The chromatogram of blank sample extract presented no interferences. The time required to screen 21 drugs in plasma and urine samples was less than 2 hours, making this method appropriate for use in poison control center in hospitals.

A estatística das principais causas das intoxicações mostra que os depressores do sistema nervoso central (SNC) têm uma participação significativa. No Centro de Controle de Intoxicações da Unicamp, em 1995, 30% das intoxicações foram por medicamentos, sendo a metade por depressores do SNC. A avaliação do paciente intoxicado, freqüentemente inclui, além de exames clínicos, análises laboratoriais para identificação de agentes tóxicos presentes em amostras biológicas. Os procedimentos analíticos com esta finalidade utilizam diversas técnicas, entre elas as cromatográficas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e otimizar um método de triagem para diagnóstico laboratorial das intoxicações por medicamentos que causam depressão do SNC, através da cromatografia em fase gasosa, para ser utilizado em análises de urgência em Centros de Controle de Intoxicações. Foram selecionados 21 fármacos depressores do SNC a partir de critérios de freqüência e importância clínico-toxicológica. As técnicas de extração apresentaram recuperação relativa entre 66,4 e 92,6% para a urina e entre 36,7 e 82,6% para o plasma. O estudo de precisão apresentou coeficiente de variação entre 4,3 e 13,7% para as amostras de urina e entre 7,8 e 19,4% para o plasma. A sensibilidade foi testada para concentrações próximas aos níveis terapêuticos (1 a 5 µg/mL) tendo sido considerada satisfatória e a análise de extratos de \"brancos\" de referência apresentou cromatograma sem interferentes. O tempo de análise foi compatível com a necessidade clínica (menor que duas horas) para análise concomitante dos 21 fármacos. Pode-se concluir que o método de triagem por cromatografia gasosa proposto foi adequado para o diagnóstico laboratorial das intoxicações agudas por medicamentos que causam síndrome de depressão do SNC. / Drugs that cause Central Nervous System Depression Syndrome (CNSDS) have an important role in poisons. At the Poison Control Center of University of Campinas, in 1995, 30% of poisons were due to medicines and a half of that was due to CNS depressants. The evaluation of the poisoned patient includes, in addition to clinical examinations, laboratorial screenings to identify toxic agents in biological samples. The analytical procedures with this endpoint use several methods, including chromatographic analyses. The objective of this study was to develop and to optimize a procedure for screening drugs that cause CNSDS, through gas chromatography, to be used in emergency assays at the Poison Control Center. Twenty one drugs were selected using frequency and clinical-toxicology importance criteria. The extraction technique presented relative recuperation between 66.4 and 92.6% for urine and 36.7 and 82.6% for plasma. The intra-assay coefficient of variation was between 4.3 and 13.7% for urine and 7.8 and 19.4% for plasma. The sensibility was tested for concentrations near therapeutical levels (1 to 5 µg/ml) and was considered satisfactory. The chromatogram of blank sample extract presented no interferences. The time required to screen 21 drugs in plasma and urine samples was less than 2 hours, making this method appropriate for use in poison control center in hospitals.