Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IreneTG.pdf: 2720368 bytes, checksum: fcef2515b36d3e7cbbc3bb1ab57a0651 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The production of oil and gas is usually accompanied by the production of water, also known as produced water. Studies were conducted in platforms that discharge produced water in the Atlantic Ocean due to oil and gas production by Petrobras from 1996 to 2006 in the following basins: Santos (Brazilian south region), Campos (Brazilian southeast region) and Ceara (Brazilian northeast region). This study encompasses chemical composition, toxicological effects, discharge volumes, and produced water behavior after releasing in the ocean, including dispersion plumes modeling and monitoring data of the marine environment. The concentration medians for a sampling of 50 samples were: ammonia (70 mg L-1), boron (1.3 mg L1), iron (7.4 mg L-1), BTEX (4.6 mg L-1), PAH (0.53 mg L-1), TPH (28 mg L-1); phenols (1.3 mg L-1) and radioisotopes (0.15 Bq L-1 for 226Ra and 0.09 Bq L-1 for 228Ra). The concentrations of the organic and inorganic parameters observed for the Brazilian platforms were similar to the international reference data for the produced water in the North Sea and in other regions of the world. It was found significant differences in concentrations of the following parameters: BTEX (p<0.0001), phenols (p=0.0212), boron (p<0.0001), iron (p<0.0001) and toxicological response in sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (p<0.0001) when considering two distinguished groups, platforms from southeast and northeast Region (PCR-1). Significant differences were not observed among the other parameters. In platforms with large gas production, the monoaromatic concentrations (BTEX from 15.8 to 21.6 mg L-1) and phenols (from 2 to 83 mg L-1) were higher than in oil plataforms (median concentrations of BTEX were 4.6 mg L-1 for n=53, and of phenols were 1.3 mg L-1 for n=46). It was also conducted a study about the influence of dispersion plumes of produced water in the vicinity of six platforms of oil and gas production (P-26, PPG-1, PCR-1, P-32, SS-06), and in a hypothetical critical scenario using the chemical characteristics of each effluent. Through this study, using CORMIX and CHEMMAP models for dispersion plumes simulation of the produced water discharges, it was possible to obtain the dilution dimension in the ocean after those discharges. The dispersion plumes of the produced water modelling in field vicinity showed dilutions of 700 to 900 times for the first 30-40 meters from the platform PCR-1 discharge point; 100 times for the platform P-32, with 30 meters of distance; 150 times for the platform P-26, with 40 meters of distance; 100 times for the platform PPG-1, with 130 meters of distance; 280 to 350 times for the platform SS-06, with 130 meters of distance, 100 times for the hypothetical critical scenario, with the 130 meters of distance. The dilutions continue in the far field, and with the results of the simulations, it was possible to verify that all the parameters presented concentrations bellow the maximum values established by Brazilian legislation for seawater (CONAMA 357/05 - Class 1), before the 500 meters distance of the discharge point. These results were in agreement with the field measurements. Although, in general results for the Brazilian produced water presented toxicological effects for marine organisms, it was verified that dilutions of 100 times were sufficient for not causing toxicological responses. Field monitoring data of the seawater around the Pargo, Pampo and PCR-1 platforms did not demonstrate toxicity in the seawater close to these platforms. The results of environmental monitoring in seawater and sediments proved that alterations were not detected for environmental quality in areas under direct influence of the oil production activities in the Campos and Ceara Basin, as according to results obtained in the dispersion plume modelling for the produced water discharge / A produ??o de ?leo e g?s ? normalmente acompanhada da produ??o de ?gua, que ? denominada ?gua produzida. Foram estudadas as plataformas que descartam ?gua produzida no Oceano Atl?ntico atrav?s das opera??es de produ??o de ?leo e g?s nas bacias petrol?feras de Santos (regi?o Sul), Campos (Sudeste) e Cear? (Nordeste) desde 1996 a 2006 operadas pela Petrobras. O estudo abrange caracter?sticas qu?micas, toxicol?gicas, volumes de descarte, e o comportamento da ?gua produzida ap?s o descarte no mar, abrangendo as plumas de dispers?o e dados de monitoramento do ambiente marinho. Para uma amostragem de cerca de 50 amostras, as medianas de concentra??o foram: am?nia (70 mg L-1), b?rio (1,3 mg-1), ferro (7,4 mg L-1), BTEX (4,6 mg L-1), HPA (0,53 mg L-1), THP (28 mg L-1); fen?is (1,3 mg L-1) e radiois?topos (0,15 Bq L-1 para 226Ra e 0,09 Bq L-1 para 228Ra). As concentra??es dos par?metros org?nicos e inorg?nicos observadas para as plataformas brasileiras foram similares aos dados de refer?ncias mundiais para ?gua produzida no Mar do Norte e outras regi?es do mundo. Quando considerados os dois grupos distintos, plataformas da regi?o sudeste e nordeste (PCR-1) foram verificadas diferen?as significativas nas concentra??es dos par?metros: BTEX (p<0,0001), Fen?is (p=0,0212), Boro (p<0,0001), Ferro (p<0,0001), Toxicidade com organismo Lytechnus Variegatus (p<0,0001). Nos demais par?metros n?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas. Nos casos de maior produ??o de g?s as concentra??es de monoarom?ticos (BTEX de 15, 8 a 21,6 mg L-1) e fen?is (2 a 83 mg L-1) foram mais elevadas do que nas plataformas de ?leo (concentra??es medianas de BTEX de 4,6 mg L-1 para n=53, e de fen?is de 1,3 mg L-1, para n=46). Foi realizado um estudo sobre a influ?ncia das plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida no entorno de seis plataformas de produ??o de ?leo e g?s (P-26, PPG-1, PCR-1, P-32, SS-06, e um cen?rio cr?tico hipot?tico) usando as caracter?sticas qu?micas de cada um dos efluentes. Atrav?s deste estudo, utilizando os modelos CORMIX e CHEMMAP para simula??o de plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida descartada em mar foi poss?vel obter uma dimens?o das dilui??es ocorridas no oceano a partir destes descartes. As modelagens das plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida para o campo pr?ximo mostraram dilui??es de cerca de: 700 a 900 vezes logo nos primeiros 30 a 40 metros do ponto de descarte para a plataforma PCR-1; 100 vezes para a plataforma P-32, em dist?ncia de 30 metros; 150 vezes para a plataforma P-26, em dist?ncia de 40 metros; 100 vezes para a plataforma PPG-1, em dist?ncia de 130 metros; 280 a 350 vezes para a plataforma SS-06, em dist?ncia de 130 metros, 100 vezes para o cen?rio critico hipot?tico, em dist?ncia de 130 metros. As dilui??es continuam no campo afastado, e com os resultados das simula??es foi poss?vel verificar que todos os par?metros atingem concentra??es abaixo dos valores limites admitidos pela Resolu??o CONAMA 357/05 para ?guas salinas de classe 1, antes de 500m de dist?ncia do ponto de descarte. Estes resultados est?o coerentes com as medidas de campo. Os estudos realizados na ?gua produzida brasileira apresentaram, de maneira geral, toxicidade para os organismos marinhos, no entanto verifica-se que dilui??es de 100 vezes s?o suficientes para n?o causar o efeito t?xico. Dados de monitoramento da ?gua do mar em torno das plataformas de Pargo, Pampo e PCR-1 n?o evidenciaram toxicidade na ?gua do mar no entorno daquelas plataformas. Os resultados de monitoramento ambiental de ?gua do mar e sedimentos comprovam que n?o foram detectadas altera??es da qualidade ambiental na ?rea sob influ?ncia direta das atividades de produ??o de petr?leo nas Bacias de Campos e do Cear?, corroborando todos os resultados de modelagem da pluma de dispers?o do descarte da ?gua produzida

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IreneTG.pdf: 2713368 bytes, checksum: cd06d392888febbf66e56bc3c0fe60f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-28 / Petr?leo Brasileiro SA - PETROBRAS / The production of oil and gas is usually accompanied by the production of water, also known as produced water. Studies were conducted in platforms that discharge produced water in the Atlantic Ocean due to oil and gas production by Petrobras from 1996 to 2006 in the following basins: Santos (Brazilian south region), Campos (Brazilian southeast region) and Ceara (Brazilian northeast region). This study encompasses chemical composition, toxicological effects, discharge volumes, and produced water behavior after releasing in the ocean, including dispersion plumes modeling and monitoring data of the marine environment. The concentration medians for a sampling of 50 samples were: ammonia (70 mg L-1), boron (1.3 mg L1), iron (7.4 mg L-1), BTEX (4.6 mg L-1), PAH (0.53 mg L-1), TPH (28 mg L-1); phenols (1.3 mg L-1) and radioisotopes (0.15 Bq L-1 for 226Ra and 0.09 Bq L-1 for 228Ra). The concentrations of the organic and inorganic parameters observed for the Brazilian platforms were similar to the international reference data for the produced water in the North Sea and in other regions of the world. It was found significant differences in concentrations of the following parameters: BTEX (p<0.0001), phenols (p=0.0212), boron (p<0.0001), iron (p<0.0001) and toxicological response in sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (p<0.0001) when considering two distinguished groups, platforms from southeast and northeast Region (PCR-1). Significant differences were not observed among the other parameters. In platforms with large gas production, the monoaromatic concentrations (BTEX from 15.8 to 21.6 mg L-1) and phenols (from 2 to 83 mg L-1) were higher than in oil plataforms (median concentrations of BTEX were 4.6 mg L-1 for n=53, and of phenols were 1.3 mg L-1 for n=46). It was also conducted a study about the influence of dispersion plumes of produced water in the vicinity of six platforms of oil and gas production (P-26, PPG-1, PCR-1, P-32, SS-06), and in a hypothetical critical scenario using the chemical characteristics of each effluent. Through this study, using CORMIX and CHEMMAP models for dispersion plumes simulation of the produced water discharges, it was possible to obtain the dilution dimension in the ocean after those discharges. The dispersion plumes of the produced water modelling in field vicinity showed dilutions of 700 to 900 times for the first 30-40 meters from the platform PCR-1 discharge point; 100 times for the platform P-32, with 30 meters of distance; 150 times for the platform P-26, with 40 meters of distance; 100 times for the platform PPG-1, with 130 meters of distance; 280 to 350 times for the platform SS-06, with 130 meters of distance, 100 times for the hypothetical critical scenario, with the 130 meters of distance. The dilutions continue in the far field, and with the results of the simulations, it was possible to verify that all the parameters presented concentrations bellow the maximum values established by Brazilian legislation for seawater (CONAMA 357/05 - Class 1), before the 500 meters distance of the discharge point. These results were in agreement with the field measurements. Although, in general results for the Brazilian produced water presented toxicological effects for marine organisms, it was verified that dilutions of 100 times were sufficient for not causing toxicological responses. Field monitoring data of the seawater around the Pargo, Pampo and PCR-1 platforms did not demonstrate toxicity in the seawater close to these platforms. The results of environmental monitoring in seawater and sediments proved that alterations were not detected for environmental quality in areas under direct influence of the oil production activities in the Campos and Ceara Basin, as according to results obtained in the dispersion plume modelling for the produced water discharge / A produ??o de ?leo e g?s ? normalmente acompanhada da produ??o de ?gua, que ? denominada ?gua produzida. Foram estudadas as plataformas que descartam ?gua produzida no Oceano Atl?ntico atrav?s das opera??es de produ??o de ?leo e g?s nas bacias petrol?feras de Santos (regi?o Sul), Campos (Sudeste) e Cear? (Nordeste) desde 1996 a 2006 operadas pela Petrobras. O estudo abrange caracter?sticas qu?micas, toxicol?gicas, volumes de descarte, e o comportamento da ?gua produzida ap?s o descarte no mar, abrangendo as plumas de dispers?o e dados de monitoramento do ambiente marinho. Para uma amostragem de cerca de 50 amostras, as medianas de concentra??o foram: am?nia (70 mg L-1), b?rio (1,3 mg-1), ferro (7,4 mg L-1), BTEX (4,6 mg L-1), HPA (0,53 mg L-1), THP (28 mg L-1); fen?is (1,3 mg L-1) e radiois?topos (0,15 Bq L-1 para 226Ra e 0,09 Bq L-1 para 228Ra). As concentra??es dos par?metros org?nicos e inorg?nicos observadas para as plataformas brasileiras foram similares aos dados de refer?ncias mundiais para ?gua produzida no Mar do Norte e outras regi?es do mundo. Quando considerados os dois grupos distintos, plataformas da regi?o sudeste e nordeste (PCR-1) foram verificadas diferen?as significativas nas concentra??es dos par?metros: BTEX (p<0,0001), Fen?is (p=0,0212), Boro (p<0,0001), Ferro (p<0,0001), Toxicidade com organismo Lytechnus Variegatus (p<0,0001). Nos demais par?metros n?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas. Nos casos de maior produ??o de g?s as concentra??es de monoarom?ticos (BTEX de 15, 8 a 21,6 mg L-1) e fen?is (2 a 83 mg L-1) foram mais elevadas do que nas plataformas de ?leo (concentra??es medianas de BTEX de 4,6 mg L-1 para n=53, e de fen?is de 1,3 mg L-1, para n=46). Foi realizado um estudo sobre a influ?ncia das plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida no entorno de seis plataformas de produ??o de ?leo e g?s (P-26, PPG-1, PCR-1, P-32, SS-06, e um cen?rio cr?tico hipot?tico) usando as caracter?sticas qu?micas de cada um dos efluentes. Atrav?s deste estudo, utilizando os modelos CORMIX e CHEMMAP para simula??o de plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida descartada em mar foi poss?vel obter uma dimens?o das dilui??es ocorridas no oceano a partir destes descartes. As modelagens das plumas de dispers?o da ?gua produzida para o campo pr?ximo mostraram dilui??es de cerca de: 700 a 900 vezes logo nos primeiros 30 a 40 metros do ponto de descarte para a plataforma PCR-1; 100 vezes para a plataforma P-32, em dist?ncia de 30 metros; 150 vezes para a plataforma P-26, em dist?ncia de 40 metros; 100 vezes para a plataforma PPG-1, em dist?ncia de 130 metros; 280 a 350 vezes para a plataforma SS-06, em dist?ncia de 130 metros, 100 vezes para o cen?rio critico hipot?tico, em dist?ncia de 130 metros. As dilui??es continuam no campo afastado, e com os resultados das simula??es foi poss?vel verificar que todos os par?metros atingem concentra??es abaixo dos valores limites admitidos pela Resolu??o CONAMA 357/05 para ?guas salinas de classe 1, antes de 500m de dist?ncia do ponto de descarte. Estes resultados est?o coerentes com as medidas de campo. Os estudos realizados na ?gua produzida brasileira apresentaram, de maneira geral, toxicidade para os organismos marinhos, no entanto verifica-se que dilui??es de 100 vezes s?o suficientes para n?o causar o efeito t?xico. Dados de monitoramento da ?gua do mar em torno das plataformas de Pargo, Pampo e PCR-1 n?o evidenciaram toxicidade na ?gua do mar no entorno daquelas plataformas. Os resultados de monitoramento ambiental de ?gua do mar e sedimentos comprovam que n?o foram detectadas altera??es da qualidade ambiental na ?rea sob influ?ncia direta das atividades de produ??o de petr?leo nas Bacias de Campos e do Cear?, corroborando todos os resultados de modelagem da pluma de dispers?o do descarte da ?gua produzida