Carbamazepine (CBZ) is an antiepileptic drug widely detected in drinking water supplies and wastewater effluent. It has been previously found that CBZ is recalcitrant to biological removal processes. Therefore, active CBZ will be exposed to wastewater effluent disinfection processes, which for most treatment plants in the United States involves the addition of free chlorine. However, the chlorination mechanisms of CBZ have not been fully investigated and are currently poorly understood. Our experimental studies were conducted to examine the chlorination of CBZ under controlled conditions. The kinetics, products, and reactivity of CBZ/free chlorine reactions were investigated over the pH range of 5.5-10. Results show that free chlorine reacts with CBZ and the reactivity is pH dependent. Furthermore, the results indicate that temperature affects the reactivity of CBZ with free chlorine. The temperature experiment results were fitted with the Arrhenius equation. The calculated Ea and A values are 48.8 kJ/mol and 1.41x104 s-1, respectively. Four common intermediates were detected based on both UV and mass spectral analysis proposed structures were developed based on m/z from mass spectra. / Master of Science

La carbamazépine est une molécule antiépileptique très largement utilisée au point de devenir un marqueur environnemental de l'activité humaine. Elle donne lieu à des réactions d'hypersensibilité particulières, rares mais potentiellement létales, associant manifestations cutanées, hyperéosinophilie et atteintes multi-organiques (DRESS syndrome). Les hypothèses physiopathologiques font principalement appel aux métabolites de la carbamazépine mais la voie métabolique minoritaire des dérivés acridiniques est peu explorée. Les résultats obtenus à partir de stimulations ex vivo en laboratoire indiquent d'une part que l'acridine stimule la sécrétion d'interleukine-5 (facteur de croissance principal des éosinophiles), et d'autre part que la formation d'acridine et d'acridone est possible dans le sang à partir de métabolites primaires (époxyde et iminostilbène). Les données cliniques montrent une diminution des taux sanguins du 9-hydroxyméthyl-10-carbamoylacridan et du rapport acridine/acridone au cours de l'état de DRESS. Le co-traitement par l'acide valproïque majore le taux basal d'IL-5 et oriente en partie le profil métabolique vers celui du DRESS. L'étude de l'action des procédés oxydatifs environnementaux indique que les lits bactériens et le lagunage augmentent le rejet d'acridine. Nos travaux en pharmacologie humaine positionnent l'acridine et l'acridone comme des métabolites sanguins, a minima marqueurs et a maxima acteurs de la physiopathologie du DRESS. L'établissement d'un profil métabolique apparaît justifié lors d'une co-thérapie avec l'acide valproïque chez des patients à terrain atopique. L'acridine semble également être un marqueur environnemental d'intérêt. / Carbamazepine is a very usefull antiepileptic drug, widely used at the point of becoming an environmental marker of human activity. It is giving rise to rare but potentially lethal hypersensitivity reactions, with specific combination of skin manifestations, eosinophilia and multi-organ damage (DRESS syndrome). The pathophysiological hypotheses rely primarily to metabolites of carbamazepine, but the minor pathway of acridinic derivatives is little explored.The results obtained from ex vivo stimulation in our laboratory suggest both that acridine stimulates the secretion of interleukin-5 (main growth factor of eosinophils), and that the formation of acridine and acridone is possible in blood from primary metabolites (epoxide and iminostilbene). Clinical data show a decrease in blood levels of 9-hydroxymethyl-10-carbamoylacridan and in the ratio (acridine / acridone) during the state of DRESS. Co-treatment with valproic acid increases the basal rate of IL-5 and diverts, at least in part, to the metabolic profile of DRESS. The study of the action of environmental oxidative processes indicates that the purification processes by trickling filters and stabilization ponds increase the release of acridine, while activated sludge systems have little impact.Our work in human pharmacology positions acridine and acridone as regular blood metabolites, involved as markers or actors of the pathophysiology of DRESS. The determination of the metabolic profile appears warranted for atopic patients requiring co-therapy with valproic acid. Acridine also appears to be a marker of environmental interest.

The original purpose of this study was to determine if Tegretol has an effect on the impulsive behavior exhibited by people with mental retardation. This was to be accomplished through a replication of the self-control choice procedures used by Ragotzy, Blakely, and Poling (1988). The procedure involved three stages. First, subjects chose between stimuli that provided either one or three edibles. Then the stimuli associated with the smaller and larger edibles were reversed. Following this, the procedure required the implementation of successively longer delays to the larger reinforcer. However, none of the subjects who participated was able to make the discriminations necessary to proceed, i.e., the subjects did not systematically select the stimulus associated with the larger magnitude edible choice. The identification and rectification of these errors in discrimination became the focus of this study. Various procedures were used to enhance discrimination, including fading, adjusting the magnitude of the edibles, and stimulus changes. None of these changes was successful in teaching the subjects the necessary discriminations.

O melhoramento das propriedades de dissolução de produtos farmacêuticos é extremamente importante, visto que houve um aumento de fármacos de baixa solubilidade disponibilizados no mercado farmacêutico nos últimos tempos. Várias técnicas têm sido utilizadas para melhorar as propriedades de dissolução destes fármacos como a cominuição, o uso de surfactantes e o preparo de dispersões sólidas. A preparação de dispersões sólidas é um método útil para dispersar moléculas de fármaco em uma matriz sólida hidrofílica. A técnica de spray congealing é usada para produção de micropartículas não necessitando de solventes orgânicos ou aquosos. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de produzir micropartículas de dispersão sólida contendo carbamazepina (CBZ) preparadas por spray congealing e estudar a influência dos parâmetros do processo. A CBZ foi usada como fármaco modelo por apresentar baixa solubilidade e ser o medicamento de primeira escolha no tratamento da epilepsia psicomotora. Inicialmente foram preparadas dispersões sólidas usando como carreador o polioxilglicerídeo (Gelucire® 50/13), e os polietilenoglicóis (PEG 4000 e PEG 6000) nas proporções 1:9, 1:5 e 1:1 (fármaco:carreador), pelo método da fusão e posteriormente submetidas a estudos de solubilidade, onde a dispersão sólida com Gelucire® 50/13 (1:9) mostrou melhor solubilidade em relação a CBZ pura, sendo selecionada para o processo de produção de microparticulados por spray congealing. As micropartículas foram obtidas utilizando um planejamento experimental do tipo Box-Behnken, estudando os seguintes parâmetros: vazão de dispersão, vazão do ar de resfriamento e pressão de atomização num total de 15 experimentos. Os microparticulados foram caracterizados pelos estudos de tamanho de partícula, densidade aparente, densidade compactada, fator de Hausner, índice de Carr, ângulo de repouso, eficiência de encapsulação, atividade de água, solubilidade, teor de umidade e rendimento do processo, sendo todas estas propriedades avaliadas pela técnica de superfície de resposta (ANOVA). A análise estatística demonstrou que o rendimento sofreu influência das três variáveis enquanto que o teor de umidade foi dependente apenas da vazão de dispersão. As demais propriedades não sofreram influência significante dos parâmetros estudados. A dispersão sólida, a mistura física e as micropartículas de CBZ em Gelucire® 50/13 tiveram suas características físico-químicas avaliadas por difração de raios-x, espectroscopia em infravermelho, microscopia de plataforma a quente e análises térmicas (DSC e TG). Os resultados das análises mostraram que não ocorreram interações físico-químicas entre o fármaco e o carreador. No entanto, o processo de preparo da dispersão conduziu uma mudança no estado cristalino da CBZ convertendo parcialmente a forma polimórfica III para uma forma I. Os microparticulados apresentaram fluxo de bom a moderado com bons rendimentos (50-80 %), baixo teor de umidade (< 2%), atividade de água menor que 0,550 e boa eficiência de encapsulação (99,5 a 112 %). O tamanho médio das micropartículas variou de 53,09 a 78,75 µm.e sua morfologia analisada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou forma esférica, superfície lisa com algumas irregularidades e aparentemente não porosa. A solubilidade da CBZ contida nas micropartículas apresentou um aumento de 2,70 vezes em relação ao fármaco puro. As características do estado sólido das micropartículas foram semelhantes às da dispersão sólida. As micropartículas estudadas conduziram a um aumento na taxa de dissolução in vitro da CBZ comparada a sua respectiva dispersão sólida e a CBZ pura. Portanto, o spray congealing, é um método promissor para ser empregado e desenvolvido na fabricação de micropartículas de fármacos pouco solúveis. / Improvement of dissolution properties of pharmaceutical products is extremely important, especially because the percentage of poor water soluble drugs has increased in the pharmaceutical market lately. Several techniques have been used to improve the dissolution properties of drugs such as grinding, the use of surfactants and preparation of solid dispersions. The preparation of solid dispersions is a useful method for disperse the drug molecules in a hydrophilic solid matrix. The spray congealing technique is used for production of microparticles and do not require organic or aqueous solvents. This work aimed to produce microparticles of solid dispersion prepared by spray congealing and to study the influence of process parameters. Carbamazepine (CBZ) was used as model drug due to its poor solubility and because it is the first choice drug for the treatment of psychomotor epilepsy. Initially solid dispersions were prepared using as carriers polyoxylglyceride (Gelucire® 50/13), and polyethylene glycols (PEG 4000 and PEG 6000) in the proportions 1:9, 1:5 and 1:1 (drug: carrier), applying the hot melt method .Solid dispersion with Gelucire ® 50/13 (1:9) showed better solubility compared to pure CBZ, being selected for the further production of microparticles by spray congealing. The microparticles were obtained using a Box Behnken experimental design, studying the following parameters: flow rate of liquid dispersion, flow rate of cooling air and atomizing pressure for a total of 15 experiments. The microparticles were characterized by studies of particle size, bulk density, compacted density, Hausner factor, Carr index, angle of repose, encapsulation efficiency, water activity, solubility, moisture content and yield of the process. These effects were analyzed by response surface technique (ANOVA). Statistical analysis showed that the yield was influenced by all three variables while the moisture was only dependent on the flow dispersion. The other properties were not significantly influenced by the parameters. The solid dispersion, physical mixture and microparticles of CBZ in Gelucire® 50/13 had their physical and chemical characteristics evaluated by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, hot stage microscopy and thermal analysis (DSC and TG). The analysis of the results showed that there were no physical-chemical interactions between the drug and carrier. However, the preparation process of dispersion has led to a change in the crystalline state of CBZ, partially converting the polymorphic form III to the polymorphic form I. The microparticles showed good to moderate flow and good yields (50-80%), low moisture content (<2%), water activity lowerless than 0.550 and good encapsulation efficiency (99.5 to 112%) The average size microparticles ranged from 53.09 to 78.75 m. The morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and showed spherical shape, smooth surface with minor irregularities and apparently non-porous. The solubility of CBZ in the microparticles showed an increase of 2.70 times the solubility CBZ alone. The characteristics of microparticulated solid dispersions were similar to that of the solid dispersion. The microparticles studied led to an increase in dissolution rate of CBZ in vitro compared to its corresponding solid dispersion and pure CBZ. Therefore, the spray congealing is a promising method to be developed and employed in the manufacture of microparticles of poorly soluble drugs.

Os fármacos pertencentes às classes II e IV do sistema de classificação biofarmacêutica são aqueles sujeitos a problemas relacionados com a sua biodisponibilidade. Um dos procedimentos utilizados para melhorar a solubilidade de fármacos pouco solúveis é a granulação com materiais lipídicos ou cerosos. Para aumentar a solubilidade da carbamazepina, fármaco de classe II, ou seja, que apresenta baixa solubilidade e alta permeabilidade, inicialmente esta foi associada com os excipientes Gelucire® 50/13 ou Polietilenoglicol 6000, através de uma mistura física ou dispersão sólida. Estas associações foram submetidas a procedimentos analíticos como DSC, Infravermelho, Difração de Raios-X e teste de solubilidade em água. Nas misturas físicas a carbamazepina permaneceu estável, porém nas dispersões sólidas houve o aparecimento de polimorfismo. No entanto estes polimorfos também apresentam atividade terapêutica. As misturas físicas e as dispersões sólidas foram submetidas ao teste de solubilidade e as amostras que continham Gelucire® 50/13 aumentaram em torno de 15 vezes a solubilidade da carbamazepina em água, enquanto que as amostras que continham Polietilenoglicol 6000 aumentaram em torno de 14 vezes. Optou-se pela utilização do PEG 6000 devido à melhor compatibilidade deste com o equipamento utilizado. A granulação por Hot Melt em leito fluidizado foi realizada após alguns ensaios de fluidodinâmica utilizando a lactose spray dried como substrato. Durante os experimentos as condições do processo permaneceram estáveis e a curva característica foi típica de leito fluidizado. Os granulados foram obtidos utilizando o planejamento fatorial Box Behnken cujos fatores estudados foram: vazão de dispersão sólida, quantidade de dispersão sólida e pressão de atomização e em seguida caracterizados e avaliados. A maioria das propriedades físicas e farmacotécnicas dos granulados foi dependente da quantidade de dispersão sólida. A utilização do método de granulação por fusão em leito fluidizado melhorou o perfil de dissolução das cápsulas contendo os granulados, sendo que com o maior nível da quantidade de dispersão sólida houve um aumento significante na quantidade de carbamazepina liberada. Os resultados mostram que esta técnica é relevante para preparar dispersões sólidas com fármacos que apresentam baixa biodisponibilidade devido a sua baixa solubilidade. / Drugs belonging to classes II and IV in the biopharmaceutical classification system are those having bioavailability problems. Granulation with waxy lipids is one of the procedures used to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. To increase the solubility of carbamazepine a drug of class II that has low solubility but high permeability, its association with the excipients Gelucire® 50/13 or Polyethylene 6000, was done by physical mixtures or solid dispersions. The associations were subjected to analytical procedures such as Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), infrared light, X-ray diffraction and tests of solubility in water. In physical mixtures carbamazepine remained stable, but showed different polymorphic forms in solid dispersions. However, the polymorphic forms were also therapeutically active.Solubility tests of physical mixtures and solid dispersions indicated that samples containing Gelucire ® 50 / 13 increased the solubility of carbamazepine in water about 15 times, while the ones containing Polyethylene glycol 6000 had an increase of about 14 times. PEG 6000 was the chosen carrier due to its better compatibility with the equipment used.Fluid dynamic tests using spray dried lactose as a substrate were preliminary to the granulation experiments in the fluidised bed. The process conditions remained stable during the experiments and the characteristic curve tracing was typical of fluidised beds. Granules were obtained in experiments that followed a Box Behnken factorial design, where the factors studied were: flow rate of the solid dispersion, amount of solid dispersion and atomization pressure .Most physical and technical granule properties were dependent on the quantity of solid dispersion. The method of granulation by hot melt in a fluidised bed improved the solubility profile of carbamazepine in granule containing capsules.Granules containing the highest amount of solid dispersion showed a significant increase in the amount of carbamazepine released. The results proved that this technique is relevant to the preparation of solid dispersions with low bioavailable drugs due to their poor solubility.

Nos últimos anos, a prescrição e o consumo de medicamentos psicotrópicos vêm aumentando ao redor do mundo, crescendo assim a presença destes compostos em efluentes. Embora os esgotos domésticos e hospitalares em geral sejam encaminhados para as Estações de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs), o tratamento convencional aplicado não é eficiente na remoção da maioria dos fármacos e, consequentemente, estes poluentes alcançam os corpos hídricos. Frente a essas informações, é importante entender os possíveis danos causados tanto para seres humanos, como para o ecossistema como um todo, após a exposição a esses fármacos, por meio da água contaminada. Desta maneira, nossa hipótese é que os fármacos psicotrópicos presentes em amostras de água possam induzir a danos neuronais e no desenvolvimento de organismos não alvo, como peixes. Para responder a esta hipótese, avaliamos os efeitos teratogêncios e neurotóxicos de fármacos psicotrópicos como venlafaxina, haloperidol, carbamazepina e fluoxetina, por meio da análise de parâmetros de letalidade e sub-letalidade nos em Danio rerio, visando a determinação dos possíveis efeitos teratogênicos. Adicionalmente, utilizamos a determinação da atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase como biomarcador de neurotoxicidade em larvas, após a exposição dos embriões e a avaliação do padrão de movimentação. Os fármacos foram testados individualmente e em misturas, para avaliar os efeitos da co-exposição, simulando um cenário mais real de contaminação aquática. Os resultados mostraram que os fármacos carbamazepina e venlafaxina não apresentaram nenhum dos efeitos analizados de forma estatisticamente significativa. Já os fármacos haloperidol e fluoxetina, mesmo não apresentando efeito sobre a teratogenicidade e movimentação, provocaram um aumento na atividade enzimática, em doses consideradas bastante baixas. Considerando que esta estimulação inicial voltou a níveis próximos ao controle negativo e, no caso da fluoxetina, um estudo inibição da atividade em doses mais altas, sugerimos a manifestação de hormesis. A mistura dos fármacos não apresentou efeito significativo nas avaliações realizadas, mostrando que o aumento da atividade enzimática dfoi antagonizado na quando em mistura. Nosso trabalho mostra a importância do estudo de toxicidade em doses baixas, para que uma correta avaliação do risco seja possível. / In the last years, the prescription and use of psychotropic drugs have being increasing around the world, consequently the discharge of these drugs and their metabolites have also increased in wastewater. Considering the presence in the environment and the toxic effects to target and non target species, these compounds were classified as emerging water contaminants. The main sources of these compounds are the domestic and hospital treated effluents, because the conventional treatment applied by effluent treatment plants is not efficient to remove most of drugs, and consequently these pollutants reach the water bodies. In this context, it is important to understand the possible damages to humans and ecosystems after exposure to these drugs through contaminated water. In that way, the hypothesis of this research is that psychotropic drugs present in water samples could induce neurologic and development damages in non-target organisms, such as fish. Therefore, we propose the evaluation of teratogenic and neurotoxic effects of the psychotropic drugs Fluoxetine, Carbamazepine, Venlafaxine and Haloperidol using the determination of the activity of cholinesterase enzyme as biomarker of neurotoxicity in larvae, after the exposure of Danio rerio eggs. Lethality and sub-lethality parameters will be also analyzed in the same organisms to establish the potential of teratogenic effects, the movement analysis was also performed. These drugs will be tested individually and in mixtures to evaluate the effects of coexposure simulating a real scenario of water pollution. Carbamazepine and venlafaxine don\'t responde with significant results in any of these evaluations. Haloperidol and Fluoxetine presented negative results in teratogenic and moviment effects, but they incresed the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzime, this result was different from another study, that these drugs in highest concentrations decrease this activity, so it can indicate the presence of hormesis effect. However, the mixtures of drugs don\'t present any significant effect on all evaluations, this result can suggest that these effects caused by haloperidol and fluoxetine on the enzime activity were canceled, it can be a interaction of antagonist effects on the mixtures.

O morfolinoditiocarbamato (Mor); o piperidinoditiocarbamato (Pip) e o pirrolidinoditiocarbamato (Pyr) de rutênio derivados respectivamente da morfolina, piperidina e pirrolidina, três aminas alifáticas cíclicas foram preparados e caracterizados por análise elementar, espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho, espectrometria de massa e análise térmica (termogravimetria – TG e análise térmica diferencial – DTA). A análise elementar mostrou que os compostos de fórmula geral Ru2DTC5.XH2O foram obtidos (DTC = Mor, Pip e Pyr e X = 4, 1,5 e 2 respectivamente); assim como a IV revelou que os complexos são monodentados, com duas bandas de absorção em torno de 1000 cm-1. A espectrometria de massas mostrou as estruturas moleculares e a estabilidade dos complexos, pois requerem alta energia de colisão para fragmentarem-se; alguns fragmentos puderam ser identificados. A análise térmica mostrou que após desidratação os DTC decompõem-se gerando sulfato e óxido de rutênio (III), dependendo da temperatura. Após caracterização, os complexos foram usados com modificadores na preparação de eletrodos de pasta de carbono modificados e seu desempenho avaliado por voltametria cíclica em diferentes meios e intervalos de potencial e em diferentes composições do material do eletrodo. Com base na melhor definição dos picos referentes aos processos anódicos e catódicos, assim como pela menor corrente residual, optou-se em usar como modificador o Ru2Pip5.1,5H2O, na proporção de 10% (m/m) na pasta. Eletrodos preparados com este modificador foram usados na determinação voltamétrica de carbamazepina (CBZ), usando CV. Na presença do analito a corrente do modificador aumenta proporcionalmente à concentração de CBZ no intervalo de 1,30 x 10-8 e 6,62 x 10-6 mol L-1, com limite de detecção de 3,18 x 10-7 mol L-1. O método foi aplicado na determinação de CBZ em urina sintética, usando procedimento de adição de padrão com recuperação da ordem de 97 – 104% e concordância com o método espectrofotométrico recomendado pela farmacopéia brasileira no intervalo de confiança de 95%. / The morpholinedithiocarbamate (Mor); piperidinedithiocarbamate (Pip) and pirrolidinedithiocarbamate (Pyr), three cyclic amines derived respectivelly from morpholine, piperidine and pirrolidine complex of Ruthenium (III) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infra-red spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and thermal analysis (thermogravimetry – TG – and differential thermal analysis – DTA). Elemental analysis showed that complexes of general formula Ru2DTC5.XH2O ((DTC = Mor, Pip e Pyr e X = 4, 1,5 e 2 respectively) were obtained. IR spectra revelead that the ligant behaves as a monodentate one with a duplet around 1000 cm-1. Mass spectrometry showed the molecular structures and the stability of the complexes, therefore they require high energy of collision to be broken up; some fragments could have been identified. Thermal analysis showed that after dehydration the complexes decomposed generating Ru2(SO4)3 and Ru2O3 as residues depending on the temperature, according to XDR analysis. After characterization the complexes were used as modifiers in the preparation of carbon paste electrodes. The performance of the modified electrodes (MCPE) was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry at different electrode composition and supporting electrolytes and potential intervals. On basis of peak definition and background current, the MCPERu2Pip5.1,5H2O, containing 10% of the complex, was chosen for further studies. The electrode was used in the determination of carbamazepine (CBZ) cyclic voltammetry. In the presence of CBZ the modifier current increased proportionally, to the analyte concentration in the 1,30 x 10-8 and 6,62 x 10-6 mol L-1. The method was applied in the determination of CBZ in synthetic urine sample spikes with the analyte with recoveries of 97 – 104%. Whem compared with a standart spectrophotometric procedure the results of the prposed method agreeded within 95% of confidence, according to the t-Student test.

A carbamazepina (5H-dibenz[b, f]azepina-5-carboxamida) é um anticonvulsivante frequentemente utilizado no Brasil e em vários países. Ela apresenta quatro formas polimórficas e um di-hidratado, sendo ativa a Forma III. Entretanto, essa forma é altamente higroscópica podendo converter-se ao di-hidratado, menos ativo biologicamente. Nesse trabalho propõem-se avaliar o comportamento térmico da forma hidratada, visando à recuperação da forma ativa, por aquecimento. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo do comportamento térmico por TG/DTG-DTA e DSC em atmosfera dinâmica de ar e nitrogênio que evidenciou uma hidratação espontânea, não estequiométrica da Forma III, gerando um hidrato contendo 1,5 moléculas de água fracamente ligadas. Essa forma sofre desidratação seguida de fusão e conversão para a Forma I. Segue-se a decomposição em uma única etapa na qual ocorre liberação do ácido isociânico, conforme análise de gases desprendidos, por termogravimetria acoplada ao infravermelho (TG-FTIR). Estudos por calorimetria exploratória diferencial mostraram que a Forma III se funde e se cristaliza imediatamente, na Forma I, durante o aquecimento. A Forma I também se funde e ciclos de aquecimento/resfriamento posteriores evidenciaram que a substância se cristaliza apenas na Forma I por resfriamento. Estudos cinéticos da decomposição, em estado sólido, mostraram que não há alteração na substância pela eliminação da água por aquecimento, sendo determinados valores de energia de ativação da ordem de 98 &plusmn; 2 e 93 &plusmn; 2 kJ mol-1, respectivamente, para a amostra hidratada e submetida à secagem, assim como perfis semelhantes nas curvas de energia de ativação em função do fator de conversão. Estudos de interação fármaco-excipiente mostraram que há interação do fármaco hidratado com metilparabeno, hidroxipropilmetilcelulose (HPMC) e polivinilpirrolidona (PVP). Não se observou interação com o amido, celulose microcristalina, sílica coloidal, sacarina, carboximetilcelulose (CMC) e estearato de magnésio. / Carbamazepine (5H-dibenz[b, f]azepina-5-carboxamida) is a anticonvulsivant frequently used in Brazil and many other countries. It presents four polymorphic forms and one di-hydrate, which is pharmacologically less active. In the present work a study of the possibility of recovering the hydrated form by heating is presented. Thus a thermal analytical investigation of the thermal behavior of the spontaneously hydrated carbamazepine sample was performed by TG/DTG-DTA and DSC in dynamic atmospheres of air and nitrogen, which evidenced the spontaneous hydration of the pharmaceutical leads to a non-stoichiometric Form III 1,5 hydrate. These water molecules seems to be weakly bonded to the solid. After dehydration the anhydrous form III converts to the Form I, that melts and decomposes in a single event, releasing isocyanic acid, according to the Evolved Gas Analysis, by thermogravimetry coupled to FTIR. Differential Scanning Calorimetry data reveled that the Form III melts and crystallizes in Form I, and subsequent cooling-heating cycles only present the Form I, during crystallization. Kinetic studies of solid state decomposition showed that there is any change in the substance by the water elimination by heating up to 120 &deg;C. Activation energies of 98 &plusmn; 2 e 93 &plusmn; 2 kJ mol-1, respectively were found for the hydrated and heated samples, as well as similar activation energy vs. conversion factor profiles could be observed for these samples. Investigation on the drug-excipient interactions for the hydrated carbamazepine with methylparaben, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) and polyvinylpirrolidone (PVP), reveled interactions by changes in the polymorphic behavior of the pharmaceutical. Any interactions were noticed with starch, microcrystalline cellulose, colloidal silica, saccharine, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and magnesium stearate.

Crystal engineering has advanced the strategies of design and synthesis of organic solids with the main focus being on improving the properties of the developed materials. Research in this area has a significant impact on large-scale manufacturing as industrial processes may give rise, at various stages, to stress-induced transformations and product modification. This thesis investigates the solid-state properties at play in the case of the surface and structural reorganization which results from the stress within a crystal during the drying of labile multicomponent organic solids. Chapter 1 introduces various concepts in solid-state chemistry and explores their application in the manufacture of solid pharmaceuticals. The significance of stress-induced transformations during the drying process is illustrated by reactions associated with crystal decomposition processes such as dehydration, desolvation and sublimation. The chapter also introduces carbamazepine (CBZ) multicomponent materials as models for the studies of stress-induced transformations. Chapter 2 presents the experimental section of the work and describes the materials, methods and equipment used for the study. Chapter 3 presents the analysis of the various crystal structures of CBZ. The crystal forms are classified with an emphasis on a comparison of intermolecular interactions, coformer arrangement, crystal packing and the geometric parameters of slip/cleavage planes within the crystals. Chapter 4 details the experimental methods for preparation of the samples. Cooling solution crystallization was the standard method which has been selected, and crystal habit and surface variations have been studied as a function of the solution concentration and the crystallization environment. Attention is given, in particular, to the preparation of carbamazepine dihydrate and the specific cocrystals carbamazepine cocrystals formed with benzoquinone and oxalic acid. Chapter 5 is devoted to the dehydration of carbamazepine dihydrate for samples prepared and examined in approximate 1-gram laboratory scale quantities. It explores the effect of vacuum, temperature, humidity and seeding on the surface and bulk properties of the products. Chapter 6 presents the solid-state characterization results obtained for samples crystallized at a much larger scale (ca. kilogram quantities) with a particular emphasis placed on their mechanical properties. It explores the comparison of large scaled batches with laboratory scale samples in order to obtain a greater understanding of how small-scale laboratory studies may be extrapolated to more commercial processes. Chapter 7 present results on the stress-induced transformations of carbamazepine solvates and cocrystals. It details the effect of thermal decomposition on the surface and bulk properties of the products, possible seeding effects, and the interconversion between carbamazepine dihydrate and carbamazepine benzoquinone cocrystal. Chapter 8 combines the research findings concerning the structural analyses of the materials in the context of current literature. Limitations related to the use of carbamazepine as a model and to the experimental set-up are also explored. In the final chapter conclusions are presented which correlate observations made on the crystallization and decomposition of multicomponent materials operating at small-scale to effects appropriate to manufacturing of pharmaceuticals at large scale.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.