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Hadfield steel is a material used in different industrial application, when a good resistance to severe impact loads and abrasion is expected. Its high ductility, high toughness, good work hardening capacity and high fatigue resistance make it especially suitable for theses conditions. But in order to reach those high mechanical properties, Hadfield steel must undergo a heat treatment. This step is considered as a crucial, because the as cast material contains different types of carbides, some beneficial, and some detrimental to the mechanical properties. Therefore, there is a strong interest in understanding the effect of HT parameters on the properties of Hadfield Steel. The goal of the project is to study the HT and quenching parameters used for the manufacturing of Hadfield steel, such as HT temperatures, holding time and quenching media. The microstructure such as: grain size and grain boundaries will be analyzed using an optical microscope (OM) and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) before and after HT and quenching. A hardness tester will be used to measure the impact of the HT on the mechanical properties.

High chromium cast iron (HCCI) is considered as one of the most useful wear resistance materials and their usage are widely spread in industry. The mechanical properties of HCCI mainly depend on type, size, number, morphology of hard carbides and the matrix structure (γ or α). The hypereutectic HCCI with large volume fractions of hard carbides is preferred to apply in wear applications. However, the coarser and larger primary M7C3 carbides will be precipitated during the solidification of the hypereutectic alloy and these will have a negative influence on the wear resistance. In this thesis, the Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI with a main composition of Fe-17mass%Cr-4mass%C is studied based on the experimental results and calculation results. The type, size distribution, composition and morphology of hard carbides and martensite units are discussed quantitatively. For a as-cast condition, a 11.2μm border size is suggested to classify the primary M7C3 carbides and eutectic M7C3 carbides. Thereafter, the change of the solidification structure and especially the refinement of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) size by changing the cooling rates and Ti addition is determined and discussed. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of hypereutectic HCCI related to the solidification structure are discussed. Mechanical properties of HCCI can normally be improved by a heat treatment process. The size distribution and the volume fraction of carbides (M7C3 and TiC) as well as the matrix structure (martensite) were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), in-situ observation by using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). Especially for the matrix structure and secondary M7C3 carbides, EBSD and CLSM are useful tools to classify the fcc (γ) and bcc (α) phases and to study the dynamic behavior of secondary M7C3 carbides. In conclusion, low holding temperatures close to the eutectic temperature and long holding times are the best heat treatment strategies in order to improve wear resistance and hardness of Ti-alloyed hypereutectic HCCI. Finally, the maximum carbides size is estimated by using statistics of extreme values (SEV) method in order to complete the size distribution results. Meanwhile, the characteristic of different carbides types will be summarized and classified based on the shape factor. / <p>QC 20130913</p>

This diploma thesis is aimed on cutting tools made of cemented carbides. It characterizes marking, production and properties of non-coating and coating cemented carbides and describes the latest trends in coating. Target of this diploma thesis is comparison of assortment of two important world’s producers and one Czech producer in term of used productive technologies, products microstructure, coatings types, coatings methods and possibilities of their usage. Cutting data were evaluated and compared from obtained technical knowledge, which were recommended by chosen producers for effective turning application of their cutting tools. Recommended cutting speeds were found out for specific type of cutting material according to ISO, width depth of cut and for specific values of feeds per revolution.

Объектом исследования являлось изучение микроструктуры и механических свойств трубных сталей 32Г2ФА, 38Г2Ф И 42Г2ФТ после горячей прокатки и термической обработки по различным режимам. На основе литературных данных и результатов собственных экспериментов в работе проведен анализ полученных механических свойств после различных обработок исследуемых сталей. Изучено влияние микролегирования на рост аустенитного зерна при нагреве сталей 32Г2ФА, 38Г2Ф И 42Г2ФТ до различных температур аустенитизации методами оптической микроскопии и растровой электронной микроскопии. / The object of the study was the study of the microstructure and mechanical properties of 32G2FA, 38G2F, and 42G2FT pipe steels after hot rolling and heat treatment in various modes. On the base of the literature and experimental data obtained mechanical properties of the studied steels after various treatments were analyzed. The effect of microalloying on the growth of austenite grains during heating of 32G2FA, 38G2F, and 42G2FT steels to various austenitization temperatures was studied by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.

<p>In view of the important applications of carbides and carbo-nitrides of transition metals in the heat-resistant and hard materials industries, the thermodynamic activities of Cr and Mn in the Cr-C, Fe-Cr-C, Mn-Ni-C and Mn-Ni-C-N systems have been studied in the present work by the use of the galvanic cell technique. CaF₂single crystals were used as the solid electrolyte. The phase relationships in selected regions of the systems in question were investigated by the use of the equilibration technique. The phase compositions and microstructures of the alloys were analysed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM).</p><p>In the Cr-C system, the Gibbs energy of formation of Cr3C2 were obtained from ElectroMotive Force (EMF) measurements conducted in the temperature range 950-1150 K. The values of the enthalpy of formation of Cr₃C₂ were evaluated by the third-law method. The ground-state energy of the hypothetic end-member compound CrC3, in the bcc structure at 0 K, was calculated by use of the Ab-initio method. Based on the obtained results the Cr-C system was reassessed by use of the CALPHAD approach.</p><p>In the Fe-Cr-C system, 16 different alloys were quenched at 1223 K and their equilibrium phases identified by XRD. The experimental results show that the substitution of Cr by Fe in the (Cr,Fe)₇C₃ carbide changes the lattice parameters of the phase. A slight decrease of the lattice parameters with an increase in the Fe content was established. The lattice parameters of the γ-phase in the Fe-Cr solid solution did also show a decrease with an increase of the Fe content. The activities of chromium in Fe-Cr-C alloys were investigated in the temperature range 940-1155 K. The activity of chromium decreases with an increase in the Fe content when the ratio of C/(Cr+C) was constant. It was also established that the activity of chromium decreases with an increase of the carbon content when the iron content was constant. The experimental results obtained were compared with the data calculated by use of the Thermo-Calc software. </p><p>In the Mn-Ni-C system the phase relationships were investigated at 1073 K as well as at 1223 K. The experimental results obtained showed that the site fraction of Ni in the metallic sublattice of the carbides M₂₃C₆, M₇C₃ and M₅C₂ (M=Mn and Ni) was quite low (approximately 2~3 percent). The activities of manganese in Mn-Ni-C alloys were investigated in the temperature range 940-1165 K. The three-phase region γ/M₇C₃/graphite was partly constructed at 1073 K. </p><p>In the Mn-Ni-C-N system, nitrogen was introduced into Mn-Ni-C alloys by equilibrating with N2 gas. It was established that the solubility of nitrogen in the investigated alloys was effected by the carbon content, and that a (Mn,Ni)₄(N,C) compound was formed in the nitrided alloys. EMF measurements were performed on Mn-Ni-C-N alloys in the temperature interval 940-1127 K. The addition of nitrogen to Mn-Ni-C alloys was found to decrease the activity of manganese. The negative effect of nitrogen on the activity of manganese was found to decrease as the carbon content increased.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b> Thermodynamic activity; Galvanic cell technique; Transition metal carbides; Transition metal nitrides; Phase equilibrium; Thermodynamics; Differential thermal analysis; Scanning electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy; Ab-initio calculations; CALPHAD approach;</p>

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Le présent document obéit à un plan strict inhérent à tous les manuscrits de thèsepassée en Validation des Acquis de l’Expérience (VAE). Après un CV détaillé ledocument présente tout d’abord un retour réflexif sur le parcours professionnel c'està-dire, une synthèse sur les taches effectuées d’un travail de type projet vers uneimplication de plus en plus forte vers un travail de recherche à proprement parlé. Aprèsce retour réflexif qui permet d’avoir une vue d’ensemble de la progression du parcours,une synthèse est proposée, non pas de la totalité des travaux, mais de trois domainesbien précis et représentatifs du parcours de recherche. Ce choix s’est fait en cherchantun fil d’Ariane qui est tout simplement la nature chimique de la céramique étudiée ;dans le présent document il s’agit de carbures et plus précisément de SiC, TiC, ZrC,HfC. Tout d’abord le travail sur les céramiques monolithiques pour les applicationsnucléaires est abordé puis, les applications spatiales avec la mise au point deprotections contre l’oxydation à partir de poudres revêtues enfin, le document s’achèvepar des travaux d’infiltration de céramiques à partir d’un matériau intermétallique oucomment il est possible de faire des céramiques ultra réfractaires à basse température.Ces travaux étant originaux ils ont fait l’objet de brevets et de publications qui serontabordés dans la troisième partie. / This document obeys a strict plan inherent in all PhD manuscripts passed in Validationof the Assets of Experiment (VAE). After a detailed resume this document first of all,presents a reflexive return on the career i.e., from a work of type project towards anincreasingly strong implication to a research task. After this reflexive return whichmakes it possible to have an overall picture of the progression of the course, asynthesis is proposed, not of total work, but of three fields quite precise andrepresentative of the course of research. This choice was done by seeking a wire ofARIANE which is the chemical nature of the studied ceramics; in this document it isabout carbides and more precisely about SiC, TiC, ZrC, HfC. First of all monolithicceramics for the nuclear applications is approached then, the space applications withthe elaborating of protections against oxidation made by core shell powders finally, thedocument is completed by ceramics infiltrations from an intermetallic material or howit is possible to make ultra refractory ceramics at low temperature. As these works areoriginal they were the object of patents and publications which will be approached inthe third part.