Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 86-91). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Queensland, 2005. / Includes bibliography.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-01-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:59:09Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_vb_me_bauru.pdf: 784199 bytes, checksum: 9118a7fb6fa64317e37b932160bcf393 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / As evidências de fármacos no meio ambiente têm se tornado um objeto de interesse por pesquisadores nos últimos anos. A maioria desses compostos tem sido encontrado em efluentes de estações de esgoto (ETE) municipais, águas superficiais e, em menor quantidade, em águas subterrâneas e água potável em todo o mundo. A presença de fármacos em corpos hídricos refletem alguns efeitos adversos incluindo toxidade aquática, desenvolvimento de resistência em bactérias patogênicas, genotoxicidade e desregulação endócrina. São diversas as fontes que podem ser causadoras para explicar o aparecimento de fármacos no ambiente aquático. Hoje, é conhecido que a principal fonte de poluição são os efluentes de ETEs. O fármaco utilizado neste estudo é o ácido Mefenâmico, um antiinflamatório não esteróide (AINEs) presente na formulação de diversos medicamentos comerciais, entre eles o Ponstan. A ineficiência dos processos de tratamento de água atuais na remoção deste composto motivou este trabalho considerando que a adsorção em carvão ativado em pó e oxidação via cloro como tecnologias complementares que podem ser implementadas nas ETEs. O estudo experimental consistiu na caracterização física do CAP e sua aplicação juntamente com a cloração, para avaliar a capacidade de removerem o ácido Mefenâmico / Evidences of pharmaceutical residuals in the environment has been come a topic of interest for researches in the last years. Most of these compounds have been found in the effluentes in municipal Sewage Water Treatment (SWT), surface water and in a lesse quantily in underground water and drinking water all over the world. The existents pharmaceutical residuals in water reflex some adverse affects including water toxicity, resistants the development in pathogenic bacteria, genotoxicities and endocrine dysfunctional. There are a number of sources that could be cause of explaining the appearing of pharmaceutical residuals in natural water. Today, it is known that the mean pollution source are the SWT effluents. The drug used in this study is the Mefenamic acid, present in the formulation of many commercial drugs, including Ponstan nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The inefficiency treatment processes of water present in the removal of this compound motivated this work whereas the adsorption on powdered activated carbon and chlorine oxidation pathway a complementary technologies that can be implemented is STPs. The experimental study was the physical characterization of the CAP and its application together with chlorination, to assess the ability of removing Mefenamic acid

Orientador: Rodrigo Braga Moruzzi / Banca: Renata Colombo / Banca: Fabiano Tomazzini / Resumo: As evidências de fármacos no meio ambiente têm se tornado um objeto de interesse por pesquisadores nos últimos anos. A maioria desses compostos tem sido encontrado em efluentes de estações de esgoto (ETE) municipais, águas superficiais e, em menor quantidade, em águas subterrâneas e água potável em todo o mundo. A presença de fármacos em corpos hídricos refletem alguns efeitos adversos incluindo toxidade aquática, desenvolvimento de resistência em bactérias patogênicas, genotoxicidade e desregulação endócrina. São diversas as fontes que podem ser causadoras para explicar o aparecimento de fármacos no ambiente aquático. Hoje, é conhecido que a principal fonte de poluição são os efluentes de ETEs. O fármaco utilizado neste estudo é o ácido Mefenâmico, um antiinflamatório não esteróide (AINEs) presente na formulação de diversos medicamentos comerciais, entre eles o Ponstan. A ineficiência dos processos de tratamento de água atuais na remoção deste composto motivou este trabalho considerando que a adsorção em carvão ativado em pó e oxidação via cloro como tecnologias complementares que podem ser implementadas nas ETEs. O estudo experimental consistiu na caracterização física do CAP e sua aplicação juntamente com a cloração, para avaliar a capacidade de removerem o ácido Mefenâmico / Abstract: Evidences of pharmaceutical residuals in the environment has been come a topic of interest for researches in the last years. Most of these compounds have been found in the effluentes in municipal Sewage Water Treatment (SWT), surface water and in a lesse quantily in underground water and drinking water all over the world. The existents pharmaceutical residuals in water reflex some adverse affects including water toxicity, resistants the development in pathogenic bacteria, genotoxicities and endocrine dysfunctional. There are a number of sources that could be cause of explaining the appearing of pharmaceutical residuals in natural water. Today, it is known that the mean pollution source are the SWT effluents. The drug used in this study is the Mefenamic acid, present in the formulation of many commercial drugs, including Ponstan nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The inefficiency treatment processes of water present in the removal of this compound motivated this work whereas the adsorption on powdered activated carbon and chlorine oxidation pathway a complementary technologies that can be implemented is STPs. The experimental study was the physical characterization of the CAP and its application together with chlorination, to assess the ability of removing Mefenamic acid / Mestre

Ph.D. (Chemistry) / This study presents work on the preparation, characterisation and application of agricultural waste residue, maize tassel in the production of activated carbon (AC) using both physical and chemical methods of activation in their production. The activated carbon produced from maize tassel (MTAC) or steam-produced activated carbon (STAC) were later added as a filler – together with beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and raw tassel (RT) – in the production of polyurethane composite adsorbent (PUCAD) material for the removal of selected inorganic (such as Cd2+, Cr3+, Pb2+) and organic pollutants (phenolic compound - bisphenol A (BPA), ortho-nitrophenol (O-NTP), para-chlorophenol (PCP), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), and methylene blue (MB) as adsorbate/analytes from aqueous medium. Both batch and solid-phase extraction adsorption methods (SPE), were used for separation and preconcentration. The investigations included reactivity using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, surface morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal stability using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), heat flow using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and crystallinity using X-ray diffraction (XRD) coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX). The FT-IR analysis revealed that there was interaction between the polymeric material and all the fillers. The hydrogen bonding and N-H group interaction between all the materials and the polyurethane polymer composite (PCAD) showed compatibility between the polymeric materials and the fillers.

Methods for the preparation of active carbons from many kinds of carbonaceous material have been described in the literature. Many processes of activation for many different raw materials are used to obtain active carbons for specific purposes. In general, all of these processes involve a low temperature carbonization of the raw material followed by a slow, controlled oxidation of the carbonized product. A high temperature of carbonization (above 600°C.) results in a product which is not active and cannot be activated. Any selection of a process or raw material must be based on a knowledge of the ultimate use of the product as well as on economic considerations. Certain physical properties are desirable for certain uses in addition to the general property of being adsorbent to foreign molecules. A gas adsorbent carbon should be dense with a rather small pore size; while liquid adsorbent carbons should be less dense, not triable, easily filterable from solutions, and have a larger pore size than the gas adsorbent type of carbon. In view of the low yield obtained in any process of activation, a cheap and plentiful raw material would be advantageous. Coal is such a raw material and active carbons have been prepared and used to a limited extent from coals. It has been reported that an initial chlorination of a geologically young coal before its carbonization results in a high yield of a good active carbon. The existence of large deposits of such a coal in the Piedmont section of Virginia and North Carolina which has not been exploited to any great extent, because it is not suitable as a fuel, seems to warrant a further investigation of this chlorination process with an idea of its possible economic use in the preparation of an active carbon. The purpose of this investigation in the preparation of a liquid adsorbent active carbon from a high volatile Midlothian coal by a process of chlorination followed by carbonization and steam activation. / M.S.

A pilot plant study was conducted in Newport News, Virginia to investigate the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon [PAC] and granular activated carbon [GAC], with and without preoxidation, for reducing trihalomethane [THM] precursor concentrations in Harwood's Mill Reservoir water. Preoxidation with ozone followed by GAC is referred to as the "biological activated carbon" [BAC] process. This study showed that the GAC and BAC processes obtained the same level of organic removal; however, BAC would provide longer bed life and require less carbon than the GAC process. PAC treatment of alum coagulated water provided significantly higher TOC and THMFP removals than alum coagulation alone. The use of a preoxidant (ozone) with PAC slightly improved the organic removal efficiency. While treatment by PAC increased THMFP removals, it was not as efficient as the GAC and BAC processes. UV absorbance measured at 254 nm and TOC were found to be good surrogates for THMFP in the GAC column, but not in the BAC column. / Master of Science

The activation energy of Douglas fir wood char gasified in carbon dioxide was determined. Activation energies were found for chars that had been pyrolyzed in nitrogen at 600, 750, and 900°C. A thermogravimetric analyzer provided the weight versus temperature data used to obtain the activation energies. The Coats-Redfern integral method of kinetic analysis was used to extract the activation energies from the data. This method can be used to obtain an activation energy from a single weight versus temperature trace for a constant heating rate. An overall apparent activation energy of 723 ± 60 kl/mole and a natural log of the pre exponential factor of 68.8 ± 6.2 was determined from the data collected for all three chars. The different char preparation temperatures did not appear to affect the activation energy. / Master of Science

Twelve different powdered activated carbons (PACs) were screened under laboratory conditions to determine their performance in the removal of chlorite ions (ClO₂⁻) and in the production of chloride ions (Cl⁻) and chlorate ions (ClO₃⁻) during that removal. All screenings were conducted in reagent water, at pH 7.0 ± 0.2 pH units, with a standard concentration of 20 mg/liter of powdered activated carbon (PAC) added in each case, and with the process and samples protected from light. One set of screening experiments was conducted with both ClO₂⁻ and chlorine added with the PAC, while the other set contained only ClO₂⁻, and PAC. The chlorine and ClO₂⁻ were added to concentration levels which might be expected in disinfection practice in water treatment plants. Periodic samples were drawn as the mixtures were stirred over a 24 hour period. Each sample was analyzed for Cl⁻, ClO₂⁻, and ClO₃⁻ concentrations utilizing ion chromatography. All PACs were found to reduce ClO₂⁻ to Cl, and ClO₃⁻ was never detected when chlorine was absent. The data provided no consistent significant evidence of ClO₃⁻ formation even when chlorine was present. The rate of ClO₂⁻ removal was most rapid in the first two hours of contact, but slowed to rates below 6 percent per hour after 4 hours of contact. Rates of ClO₂⁻ removal varied with PAC type. The overall rate of ClO₂⁻ removal was also slower, with the total percentage of ClO₂⁻ removal less, when chlorine was present in the mixture. / Master of Science