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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Thermally insulating carbon foams from carbonized kraft lignin / Värmeisolerande kolskum från karboniserat kraftlignin

Hernodh Svantesson, Isabelle January 2021 (has links)
Kolmaterial, såsom kolfibrer och kolskum, används som värmeisolatorer i applikationer vid höga temperaturer. För närvarande härleds dessa material från fossilbaserade källor, vilket tyder på ett behov av att hitta alternativa kandidater baserade på förnybara källor. Detta examensarbete undersökte möjligheten att använda kraftlignin som ett förnyelsebart startmaterial för framställning av kolskum med värmeisoleringsegenskaper. Två kraftligniner av barrträd med olika molekylvikter och ett kraftlignin av lövträd användes. De tre kraftligninerna karboniserades vid 1000°C efter att ha blandats i olika förhållanden och kombinationer (formuleringen av råmaterialet). Formuleringen av råmaterialet påverkade densiteten och porositeten hos de erhållna materialen, vilket i sin tur ledde till skillnader i kompressionsstyrkan och värmeledningsförmågan hos de erhållna kolskummen. Kolskummen hade olika värmeledningsförmåga (0,11-0,35 W/mK), porositet (80,55-97,53%) och densitet (0,08-0,42 g/cm3). För skummet med den högsta densiteten uppskattades krossstyrkan till cirka 10,03 MPa vilket är jämförbart med kommersiellt använda kolskum för högtemperaturisolerande applikationer. Kolskummens värmeledningsförmåga var inom omfånget för kommersiellt använda kolskum för högtemperaturapplikationer. Detta arbete visar möjligheten att tillverka kolskum från 100% kraftlignin som har liknande egenskaper som kommersiellt tillgängliga termiska isoleringsmaterial för högtemperaturapplikationer. / Carbon materials, such as carbon fibres and carbon foams, are used as thermal insulators in high-temperature applications. At present, these materials are derived from fossil-based sources, which suggests a need of finding alternatives candidates based on renewables. This thesis work investigated the possibility of using kraft lignin as a renewable starting material for the preparation of carbon foams with thermal insulation properties. Two softwood kraft lignins with different molecular weights and a hardwood kraft lignin were used. The three kraft lignins were carbonized at 1000°C after being mixed in different ratios and combinations (precursor formulation). The precursor formulation affected the density and porosity of the obtained materials, which in turn led to differences in compression strength and thermal conductivity of the carbon foams derived. The obtained carbon foams had different thermal conductivities (0.11-0.35 W/mK), porosity (80.55-97.53%) and density (0.08-0.42 g/cm3). For the foam with the highest density, the crushing strength was estimated to approximately 10.03 MPa which is comparable to commercially used carbon foams for high-temperature insulating applications. The thermal conductivity of the prepared carbon foams was in the range of commercially used carbon foams for high-temperature applications. This work demonstrates the possibility of preparing carbon foams from 100% kraft lignin which has properties similar of commercially available insulating materials for high-temperature applications.
2

Mousses rigides et élastiques à base de tannins et d'albumine : préparation, caractérisation et modification / Rigid and elastic tannin and albumin foams : Preparation, characterization and modification

Li, Xinjun 12 June 2013 (has links)
Du fait de leur faible coût, de leur bonne résistance à la compression, de leur fort pouvoir isolant et de leur résistance au feu, les mousses tannin/furanique constituent une alternative très intéressante aux mousses phénoliques et aux polyuréthanes dans diverses applications. Par ailleurs elles sont constituées à 95 % de matériaux naturels. Cependant, les mousses tannin/furanique sont : a) moins résistantes mécaniquement que les mousses synthétiques telles que phénoliques et polyuréthanes; b) potentiellement toxiques si le formaldéhyde utilisé pour les formuler est libéré dans l'environnement ; c) par ailleurs, des mousses légèrement élastiques seraient un plus. Dans cette thèse, des modifications et les caractérisations associées des mousses tannin/furaniques sont apportées pour résoudre ces défauts. Ce travail a été réalisé en quatre étapes principales :1) Étude et compréhension de la relation structure - propriétés des mousses. Dans ce but, les agents gonflants tels que le diéthyléther, le pentane, et des isocyanates et des polyuréthanes ont été particulièrement étudiés.2) Du noir de carbone, des nanotubes de carbone, de l'argile micronisé, des oligomères d'un polymère hyperramifié (ester-amine), des isocyanates et des polyuréthanes ont été ajoutés dans les formulations des mousses pour tenter d'améliorer leurs propriétés mécaniques et modifier leurs structures cellulaires.3) Le glutaraldéhyde et le glyoxal ont été essayés pour remplacer le formaldéhyde et préparer ainsi des mousses exemptes de formaldéhyde.4) Une nouvelle mousse, la mousse d'albumine, a été préparée, caractérisée et optimisée / The solid foams, because of their low density and cell structure, are commercial products with more and more interest. In recent decades, various methods for making foams based on bio-based materials have been prepared and characterized, such as lignin, starch and tannins. Because of their low cost, their resistance to compression, their high insulation and resistance to fire, tannin/furanic foams are supposed to be alternatives of phenolic foams and polyurethane in various applications. However, tannin/furanic foams are: a) lower mechanical resistant than synthetic foams such as polyurethane and phenolic foams b) potentially toxic because of formaldehyde, c) it is also interesting to prepare a foam more elastic. In this thesis, These works were carried out by four main steps: 1) Study and understanding the relationship of structure and properties of the foams. So different blowing agents, such as diethyl ether, pentane, and isocyanates and polyurethanes, were studied. 2) Carbon black, carbon nanotubes, nano clay, oligomers of hyperbranched poly (ester-amine) and pMDI were added to the formulations to improve their mechanical properties and change their cellular structures. 3) Glyoxal and glutaraldehyde have been tried to replace and prepare formaldehyde-free formaldehyde foams. 4) A new foam, albumin foam was prepared, characterized and optimized

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