Introdução: As diversas armadilhas apresentam rendimento diferenciado na captura, havendo a necessidade de buscar instrumentos que amostrem porções representativas das populações de mosquitos. Levanta-se a hipótese de que as armadilhas Mosquito Magnet Independence e CDC com CO2+Lurex3 sejam mais eficazes na captura de culicídeos do que a armadilha CDC luminosa. Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia das armadilhas Mosquito Magnet Independence e CDC+CO2+Lurex3, em relação à CDC-luminosa, para a captura de culicídeos adultos em área agrícola na Fazenda Experimental em Pariquera-Açu, Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brasil. Material e Métodos: Capturas mensais, das 15h00 às 21h00, por meio do delineamento em quadrado latino 3X3, no período de dezembro/2010 a novembro/2011. Perfis de diversidade de Rényi e índices de riqueza, dominância, diversidade, equabilidade e similaridade foram estimados para cada armadilha para compará-las. Resultados: Capturou-se 6.055 de 70 espécies e 12 gêneros. A CDC-luminosa amostrou 990 indivíduos de 42 espécies e 10 gêneros,a CDC+CO2+lurex31.419 indivíduos em 41 espécies e 10 gêneros e a Mosquito Magnet 3151 indivíduos de 46 espécies e 11 gêneros. A riqueza, pelo índice de Margalef e Perfil de Rényi, não apresentou diferença estatística para nenhuma armadilha no período dez/mai. A Mosquito Magnet obteve maior rendimento na mensuração da diversidade, segundos os índices de Shannon e Simpson, observados no perfil de Rényi. A dominância, pelo índice de Berger-Parker isolado,foi maior na Mosquito Magnet do que nas demais, nos dois períodos de capturas. O perfil de Rényi não apontou diferença significante para dominância. Índice de Pielou não mostrou significância em relação à CDC-luminosa para nenhuma das armadilhas nos dois períodos avaliados. Índices de Jaccard e Sorensen apontaram maior similaridade na composição de espécies entre a Mosquito Magnet e CDC+CO2+lurex3. Conclusões: A Mosquito Magnet Independence e CDC+CO2+Lurex3 apresentaram rendimento semelhante, nos meses mais frios e secos do ano. A utilização dessas armadilhas para a captura de determinados táxons pode ser importante ponto na estratégia de vigilância de espécies vetoras. Estudos com maior esforço amostral devem ser realizados para avaliar o rendimento das armadilhas Mosquito Magnet Independence e CDC+CO2 +lurex3 em áreas de ambiente alterado de Floresta Atlântica. / Introduction: The several traps have different performance in sampling mosquitoes,with the need to seek that capture representative portions of mosquito population. Formulate the hypothesis that the Mosquito Magnet trap and CDC+CO2+lurex3 are more effective in catching mosquitoes than the CDC light trap. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness the Mosquito Magnet Independence and CDC+CO2+lurex3 in relation to CDC light trap, to catching adult mosquitoes in the agricultural area at the Experimental Station in Pariquera-Açu, Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo, Brazil. Methods: Monthly captures, from 03:00pm-09:00pm, through the 3X3 Latin square from the December 2010 to November 2011. Rényi diversity profiles and indexes of the richness, dominance, diversity, evenness and similarity were estimated for each trap to compare them. Results: Were captured 6055 mosquitoes of the 70 species and 12 genera. CDC light traps sampled 990 specimens of 42 species and 10 genera, the CDC+CO2+lurex3 sampled 1419 specimens in 41 species and 10 genera and 3151 specimens were captured in the Mosquito Magnet belonging to 46 species and 11 genera. The richness, by the Margalef index on profile Rényi, showed no statistical difference for any trap in the period Dez/Mai. The Mosquito Magnet trap obtained higher yield in the measurement of diversity, according indexes of Shannon and Simpson, seen in profile Rényi. The dominance, by Berger-Parker index isolated, was higher in the Mosquito Magnet than in the other traps in both periods of captures. The profile Rényi showed no significant difference for dominance. Pielou index was not significant in relation to CDC light trap for any of the periods. Jaccard and Sorensen indexes showed greater similarity in composition of species between the CDC+CO2+lurex3 and Mosquito Magnet. Conclusions: The Mosquito Magnet Independence and CDC+CO2+ Lurex3 showed similar performance in colder and drier months of the year. The use of these traps to capture certain taxa can be important point in the surveillance approach vector species. Studies with greater sampling effort should be made to evaluate the performance of the Mosquito Magnet Independence and CDC+CO +lurex3 traps changed environment in areas of Atlantic Forest.

The thesis presents observations on the CO2 concentration and carbon isotopes in air CO2 (δ13C) to constrain the inter-annual variability of carbon inventory over the Southern Ocean between the years 2011-2013. Based on the observation, the region of CO2 venting was identified over the Southern Ocean. Further, isotopic characterization allowed inferring about the possible sources of CO2 degassing and contribution from the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that exsolved to generate CO2. It is concluded that the origin CO2 is mainly from the degassing of CO2 available from the dissociation of DIC or organic degradation. Live Foraminiferal samples of Globigerina bulloides from towing were captured, separated and analysed for δ18O and δ13C from various locations across the Southern Ocean between 10°N−60°S. A large similarities in the estimated values (deduced from simultaneous composition of ocean water 18O, δ13C in DIC and temperature i.e. SST under equilibrium condition) and measured δ18O and δ13C values were observed until 40°S from the equator, and hence it was concluded that the calcification depth of G. bulloides is confined to a depth of ~75-200m till 40°S latitude. However, further south (>40oS) disequilibrium from the estimates was detected. A number of possible reasons were cited for the observed disequilibrium such as (1) Deeper depth habitat (2) Partial dissolution (3) Non-equilibrium calcification (4) Oceanic Suess Effect and (5) Genetic Variability. A box model of isotopic mass balance was presented in this study to explain the pattern of enrichment in the 13C values of sea water DIC with latitude (up to about 43°S). The model shows that a steady state of the carbon isotope ratio of water is achieved in a relatively short time of ~5000 days. Rainwater isotope in the open marine condition across the latitudinal transects over Southern Ocean marking zone of precipitation and evaporation is another element of this thesis. A variation with excess lighter isotopes in rainwater was observed in high latitude rain in this study. Observed isotopic depletion is attributed to rainout process over the ocean. The average rainout fraction over the Southern Ocean in the region of zone of precipitation is ~44%, while it drops to ~25% in the zone of evaporation. Second part of the thesis presents a novel method of isotope thermometry which is called “clumped isotope (13C18O16O16O-2 in the calcite structure) thermometry”. A revision in the thermometry equation relating 47 vs T in synthetic carbonates precipitates and otoliths was proposed. The revised calibration was used on fish otoliths from the modern and past environment to estimate the temperatures. Together with the clumped isotope, conventional stable isotopes in the shell carbonates were measured to effectively reconstruct the seasonal fresh water fraction at seasonal time scales.

<p>U radu su prikazani eksperimentalni rezultati natkritične ekstrakcije etarskog ulja bobica<br />kleke (<em>Juniperus communis</em> L.) i ulja iz semena uljane tikve golice (<em>Cucurbita pepo</em> L.). Ispitan je uticaj pritiska, temperature, stepena usitnjenosti čestica i protoka natkritičnog<br />ugljendioksida na promenu prinosa ulja sa vremenom. U cilju poređenja, usitnjeno seme uljane tikve ekstrahovano je i u ekstraktoru većih dimenzija, NOVA-SWISS, High<br />pressure extraction plant, kao i heksanom i petroletrom u ekstraktoru tipa Sokslet.<br />Praćena je i promena kvaliteta ekstrakata sa vremenom: u etarskom ulju kleke, GC-FID i GC-MS metodama, određen je relativni sadržaj 50 terpenskih jedinjenja i sve komponente ulja su svrstane u 5 osnovnih grupa (monoterpene, seskviterpene, oksidovane monoterpene, oksidovane seskviterpene i ostale komponente). U tikvinom ulju ekstrahovanom natkritičnim ugljendioksidom određen je masnokiselinski sastav GC-MS analizom, sadržaj tokoferola HPLC analizom, sterola i skvalena GC-MS metodom. Određeni su uslovi koji favorizuju ekstrakciju ispitanih jedinjenja za obe sirovine. Dat je dateljan prikaz matematičkih modela koji se koriste za opisivanje natkritične ekstrakcije etarskih ulja i masnih ulja, počev&scaron;i od najop&scaron;tijeg modela koji uključuje diferencijalne bilanse mase za rastvorak u masi natkritičnog fluida, u fluidu unutar pora čestica usitnjenog matrijala i u čvrstoj fazi, koji se uvođenjem određenih pretpostavki pojednostavljuje i svodi na modele koji su izabrani da budu ispitani u okviru ovoga rada. Ispitani su modeli kreireni po analogiji sa hlađenjem vrele kugle u masi fluida, tj. modeli tipa jedne sfere i to: Model jedne sfere-1 (MJS-1), koji pored uticaja koeficijenta efektivne difuzije ulja u materijalu na brzinu prenosa mase uzima u obzir uticaj koeficijenta prenosa mase kroz film natkritičnog fluida oko čestice, pri čemu je njegova vrednost procenjena preko postojećih korelacija; MJS-1 (2 par), u kome je spolja&scaron;nji koeficijent prenosa mase uzet kao drugi prilagodljiv parametar modela; MJS-2, gde je koeficijent efektivne difuzije jedini prilagođeni parametar, Model karakterističnog vremena i pro&scaron;ireni model klipnog toka koji je predložila Sovov&aacute;. Za modelovanje natkritične ekstrakcije ulja semena tikve kori&scaron;ćen je i kombinovani model Honga i sar. Softverskim paketima Mathcad 2001 Professional i Solver dodatka unutar Microsoft Excel 2003, određeni su parametri ispitanih modela u cilju najboljeg slaganja modela sa ekperimentalnim podacima. Za obe ispitane sirovine, među ispitanim modelima, izabrani su modeli koji najbolje opisuju njihovu ekstrakciju natkritičnim ugljendioksidom. Pro&scaron;ireni model klipnog toka koji je predložila Sovov&aacute; pokazao se podjednako dobrim za modelovanje natkritične ekstrakcije obe sirovine i ne&scaron;to bolji od ostalih primenjenih modela.</p> / <p>This study provides results of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO₂) extraction of juniper berries (<em>Juniperus communis</em> L.) and pumpkin seeds (<em>Cucurbita pepo</em> L. convar.&nbsp;<em>citrullina</em>) in a laboratorysupercritical fluid extraction apparatus. The influence<br />of pressure, temperature, particle size and carbon dioxide flow on the extraction kinetics of pumpkin seed oil and juniper berry essential oil was studied. Ground pumpkin seeds were also extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide in NOVA-SWISS, High Pressure Extraction Plant, and with hexane and petroleum ether in a laboratory Soxhlet extractor. This work was also aimed to investigate the evolution of the composition of juniper fruit supercritical CO₂ extracts with time, at different extraction pressures and to emphasize the most favorable condition for the extraction of different terpene hydrocarbon groups, reporting the qualitative differences among extracts collected during successive extraction time periods. Juniper berry extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography, using flame ionization (GC-FID) and mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). More than 200 constituents were detected in the extracts and the contents of 50 compounds were reported in the work. Dependence of the percentage yields of monoterpene, sesquiterpene, oxygenated monoterpene and oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbon groups on extraction time was investigated and conditions that favored the yielding of each terpene groups were emphasized. GC-MS analysis of FAME, prepared by transesterification of pumpkin seed oil with KOH in methanol, was performed. Fatty acid compositions of supercritical CO₂ pumpkin seed extract fractions collected in successive time intervals over the course of the extraction were determined. The same fractions were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using diode-array detector (DAD) in order to determine a- and g-tocopherol contents. Sterol and squalene contents were determined by GC-MS analysis, as well. Conditions that favored the yielding of tocopherols, squalene and sterols were emphasized. A general mass transfer model and its simlifications were analysed. Extraction curves were evaluated by &ldquo;hot sphere&rdquo; mathematical models SSM-1 (Single Sphere Model 1 &ndash; in which the external mass transfer coefficient also influences the extraction profile and film mass transfer coefficients were estimated by the correlations), SSM-1 (2 par) (film mass transfer coefficient is used as the second adjustable parameter), SSM-2 (only effective diffusivity influence is considered), Characteristic time model and by the extended Lack&rsquo;s plug-flow model given by Sovov&aacute;. A combined model of Hong et al. was also fitted to the experimental data for pumpkin seed oil SCCO_2&nbsp;extractions. Relative merits of the models are demonstrated. Good agreement between the extended Lack&rsquo;s plug-flow model and the experimental measurements was obtained.</p>

<p>Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu bilo je ispitivanje uticaja<br />različitih vidova ekstrakcije (konvencionalna ekstrakcija<br />organskim rastvaračem i superkritična ekstrakcija ugljendioksidom)<br />na kvalitet oleorizina začinske paprike u pogledu<br />kvalitativnog i kvantitativnog sadržaja bojenih materija,<br />sastava masnih kiselina i antioksidativnih svojstava. Po&scaron;to u<br />Vojvodini postoje značajni kapaciteti za proizvodnju i preradu<br />začinske paprike, smatramo da će rezultati ovih ispitivanja<br />dati uvid u kinetiku različitih tipova ekstrakcije i pružiti<br />informacije o uslovima potrebnim za dobijanje proizvoda<br />vrhunskog kvaliteta.</p> / <p>The aim of the work was to investigate the influence of<br />different extraction methods (conventional extraction using<br />organic solvent and supercritical carbon-dioxide extraction)<br />to qualitative and quantitative pigment content, fatty acid<br />content and antioxidant properties of oleoresins. As there<br />have been significant production and processing capacities of<br />spice pepper in Vojvodina, the results of these investigations<br />will give a closer insight into the kinetics of different types of<br />extraction and conditions for obtaining the high quality<br />product.</p>

Bakgrund: Hjärnskakning är en vanlig diagnos och vissa patienter upplever att fysisk ansträngning utlöser symtom lång tid efter hjärnskakningen. En förändring i reglering av cerebralt blodflöde (CBF) har visats vara en potentiell orsak bakom detta. Konditionsträning under tröskeln för symtomexacerbation kan förkorta återhämtningstiden för patienterna. På Neurorehab vid Norrlands universitetsjukhus i Umeå identifieras tröskeln med ett stegrat arbetsprov på ergometercykel. Det finns inte någon studie där transkraniell doppler (TCD) använts för att mäta förändringar i cerebralt blodflöde (CBF) under detta arbetsprov. Syfte: Att undersöka genomförbarhet och klinisk relevans av att använda TCD för mätning av blodflödeshastighet i arteria cerebri media (ACMh), hos friska män, under stegrat arbetsprov. Metod: Sex friska och regelbundet aktiva män genomförde ett stegrat arbetsprov på ergometercykel under samtidig mätning av hjärtfrekvens, blodtryck, partialtryck end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2) och blodflödeshastighet i arteria cerebri media (ACMh, mätt med TCD). Smärta från TCD-utrustning och upplevd ansträngning skattades. Tidsåtgången för TCD-tillägget samt eventuell signalförlust noterades. Resultat: Fem studiedeltagare rapporterade ökad smärta (huvudvärk), skattad med Borg CR10 skala, från TCD-utrustningen. Total tidsåtgång för TCD-tillägget var 7 minuter och 40 sekunder i median (IQR, 5 minuter och 32 sekunder). Signalförlust uppstod för en studiedeltagare på vänster sida. PetCO2 och ACMh följdes åt under arbetsprovet bortsett från avvikelser vid två tillfällen. Slutsatser: Studien visar att mätning av ACMh med TCD är genomförbart och ger relevant information om hur CBF ter sig under genomförandet av stegrat arbetsprov. TCD-utrustningen orsakade smärta vilket kan vara problematiskt vid genomförande för personer med postkontusionellt syndrom.

Isocyanate sind wichtige Zwischenstufen bei der Herstellung zahlreicher Alltagsprodukte, von Matratzen über Lacke und Beschichtungen bis hin zu Kosmetika. Die industrielle Herstellung erfolgt mit Hilfe des reaktiven und giftigen Gases Phosgen. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Dissertation wird ein vierstufiger Prozess zur phosgenfreien Synthese von Isocyanaten untersucht. Ausgehend von Aminen werden N-Silylamine erzeugt, die im Anschluss mit CO2 zur Reaktion gebracht werden. Dabei bilden sich O-Silylcarbamate, die bereits die NCO-Einheit der Isocyanate tragen. Durch eine N-Silylierung werden N,O-Bis(silyl)carbamate gebildet. Die Stoffklassen der silylierten Carbamate werden durch diese Dissertation um mehrere, bislang unbekannte Vertreter erweitert. Die anschließende thermische Zersetzung liefert erfolgreich die gewünschten Isocyanate. Als Spaltprodukt bildet sich das ungiftige, inerte Hexamethyldisiloxan. Mit diesem patentierten Verfahren gelingt es, CO2 als Kohlenstoff- und Sauerstoffquelle in industriell wichtige Monoisocyanate zu überführen. Die Anwendung auf Diisocyanate wird beleuchtet und erzeugt Potenzial für fortführende Arbeiten.