Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective chemotherapeutic treatment with lasting deleterious side effects in heart and skeletal muscle. As an increased percentage of patients live many years past their cancer treatments, addressing the long-term side effects of chemotherapy treatment becomes critical. In an attempt to prevent heart and skeletal muscle damage caused by DOX, two co-treatments, exercise (EX) or metformin (MET) were studied for their effectiveness in maintaining muscle function, mitochondrial respiration and iron regulation. DOX is known to bind with iron, contributing to oxidative damage resulting in cardiac and skeletal muscle toxicity. However, the degree to which the toxic side effects are due to iron dysregulation is poorly understood. To address this gap in understanding, the changes in proteins involved with iron regulation following DOX treatment with or without EX or MET was examined in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. To study the effects of EX or MET on DOX muscle toxicity and the effect of DOX on iron regulation, C2C12 myotube cell culture and a mouse model were used. Results from this research suggest that the some of the toxic effects of DOX treatment can be reduced with EX or MET treatments. EX is effective at preventing an impairment in muscle relaxation, promoting positive iron regulation changes in the liver and blunting DOX-induced changes in iron regulation in muscle. MET partially prevents loss of mitochondrial respiration and promotes positive changes in iron regulation in the liver. Additionally, study of DOX on iron regulation in liver, heart, and skeletal muscle suggests that DOX promotes iron dysregulation. However, the cellular response is protective against excessive iron dysregulation and increased oxidative stress. This cellular response is at least partially dependent on NF-κB activation.

L’ADOA-1 (Autosomal dominant optic atrophy) est une maladie neurologique pouvant être causée par la mutation de la protéine mitochondriale OPA1 (Optic atrophy type 1) et pouvant conduire à une cécité. Certains patients peuvent présenter un dysfonctionnement mitochondrial plus généralisé, et développer d'autres complications neuromusculaires (ADOA-1+). La protéine OPA1 est une dynamine GTPasique impliquée dans la dynamique mitochondriale en modulant la fusion des membranes internes, et plus largement dans le maintien des fonctions mitochondriales. Le rôle de cette protéine a été étudié dans beaucoup de types cellulaires, mais peu d’études se sont intéressées à la cellule cardiaque qui pourtant possède de nombreuses mitochondries.La 1ère question soulevée par cette thèse était de déterminer l’implication de la protéine OPA1 dans l’organisation du réseau mitochondrial et dans le fonctionnement de la cellule cardiaque en condition physiologique ou pathologique. Pour répondre à cela, nous avons utilisé un modèle murin hétérozygote pour Opa1 (Opa1+/-). Nous avons montré que dans le cardiomyocyte adulte, la diminution d’expression d’OPA1 induisait un déséquilibre de la balance fusion/fission, qui se traduisait par une désorganisation du réseau mitochondrial, ainsi qu’une altération de la morphologie des mitochondries. Cependant, ces modifications n’engendraient pas d’altération des capacités oxydatives des mitochondries, mais conduisaient à une perturbation des propriétés d’ouverture du PTP. En outre, la déficience en OPA1 n’influençait pas la fonction cardiaque en condition physiologique, mais était associée à son altération plus sévère en condition pathologique. La 2nde question de cette thèse était de savoir l’implication d’OPA1 dans la réponse à un stress physiologique des cellules musculaires squelettiques, et ainsi étudier le lien éventuel entre OPA1 et la mise en place de la biogénèse mitochondriale. Nous avons donc soumis nos souris Opa1+/- à un exercice d’endurance. Nos résultats ont révélé que nos deux groupes d’animaux disposaient des mêmes capacités physiques à l’entraînement. L’adaptation des souris Opa1+/- à l’entrainement s’effectuait par un remodelage métabolique, vraisemblablement pour contrer un défaut d’adaptation de la biogénèse mitochondriale. En conclusion, nos résultats ont permis de mieux définir le rôle de la protéine OPA1 dans les muscles striés et son implication dans l’adaptation à un stress. Ce travail nous ouvre des perspectives sur le rôle de la dynamique mitochondriale dans l’adaptation à un stress. / ADOA-1 (Autosomal dominant optic atrophy) is a neurological disease that can be caused by mutations in mitochondrial protein OPA1 (Optic atrophy type 1) and can lead to blindness. Some patients with OPA1 mutations may have a generalized mitochondrial dysfunction, and may develop additional neuromuscular complications (ADOA-1+). OPA1 protein is a GTPase dynamin involved in mitochondrial dynamics by controlling the fusion of inner membranes, and also in the maintenance of mitochondrial functions. The role of this protein has been studied in many cell types, but only few studies have been done on cardiac cell, which nevertheless has many mitochondria.The first question raised by this thesis was to determine the involvement of OPA1 protein in mitochondrial network organization and the functioning of the cardiac cell in physiological or pathological condition. To answer this, we used a mouse model heterozygous for Opa1 (Opa1+/-). We have shown that in adult cardiomyocytes, a decrease expression of OPA1 induces an imbalance fusion/fission, which results in a disruption of mitochondrial network, as well as alteration of the morphology of mitochondria. However, these changes did not alter oxidative capacities, but leads to a disturbance of PTP opening. Additionally, OPA1 deficiency did not affect cardiac function under physiological conditions, but it is associated with a stronger impairment of cardiac function in pathological condition.The 2nd part of this thesis was to determine the involvement of OPA1 in response to physiological stress in cells of skeletal muscle, and thus to study the possible link between OPA1 and mitochondrial biogenesis activation. For this, we submitted our Opa1+/- mice to an exercise training. Our results showed that both groups of animals were able to perform the same physical activity. The adaptation of Opa1+/- mice to training did not involve mitochondrial biogenesis and led to a specific response involving a metabolic remodelling towards higher fatty acids utilization.In conclusion, our results allowed us a better understanding of OPA1 role in striated muscle and its involvement for adaptation to a stress. This work opens new perspectives on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in cardiac and muscle cells and during adaptation to a stress

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Diploma thesis deals with the basic description of cardiac muscle cells, the mechanism of its contraction and events associated with contractions. There are different types of methods which can be used for measuring of contractions and for evaluation of cell length. This work describe these methods and evaluate their pros and cons. Based on available information and technical possibilities is one of the methods chosen and used for the design of block diagram system for measuring of contraction of isolated heart cells in real time. The practical part of this diploma thesis deals with the designing of a system which allows processing the image of isolated cardiac muscle cells that facilitate the detection of the cells edge. For this purpose it was created a device that allows the user to select a single row from television signal containing the image information from a location where is the currently selected row. Thus obtained image information can be used for cells edge detection and measuring of its length and contractions.