This study investigated items which influence career advancement of male and female head athletic trainers. Past evidence suggests willingness/ability to relocate, child rearing, an established network, and the "glass ceiling" phenomenon (positions of power that can be seen, but not achieved) affected career advancement. A questionnaire was mailed to 184 female and 75 male NCAA Division I, II and III head athletic trainers. There was a response rate of 70.2% (n=129) females and 86.7% (n=65) males. Major findings included significant (p<_.05) differences between gender in demographics (age, marital status, etc.), and athletic training experience (sport assignments, years a certified athletic trainer, etc.). A large percentage of male head athletic trainers desired change in position title or Division level. Twenty percent of female respondents indicated a career goal to leave the athletic training profession. Female respondents indicated gender did not effect career advancement, and willingness to relocate somewhat helped. Conclusions were that many of the barriers associated with female career advancement were not found to be associated with the profession of head athletic trainer. However, the high percentage of single female head athletic trainers and the lack of female head athletic trainers not experiencing a sport commonly worked by the head athletic trainer are areas of concern. / School of Physical Education

by Sit Fung-Ming, Anita. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I --- OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY --- p.1 / Chapter II --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.4 / Human Capital Perspective --- p.4 / Sociopsychologicial Perspective --- p.5 / Sex-role Socialisation --- p.5 / Sex-role Stereotyping --- p.6 / Organisation-Structure Perspective --- p.7 / Major References for Themes and Methodology --- p.7 / Perceived Participation in Decision-making --- p.8 / Upward and Downward Influence Tactics --- p.9 / Chapter III --- THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT OF STUDY --- p.11 / Chapter IV --- METHODOLOGY --- p.15 / Participants --- p.15 / Procedure --- p.17 / Measurements --- p.18 / Dependent variables --- p.18 / Independent (explanatory) variables --- p.18 / Perceived self-efficacy --- p.19 / Position Rank --- p.19 / Length of service --- p.19 / Mentor and sponsor --- p.20 / Informal Networks --- p.20 / Socio-demographic characteristics --- p.20 / Data Analysis Methods --- p.21 / Chapter V --- FINDINGS --- p.23 / Mentor --- p.23 / Sponsor --- p.24 / Length of Service in the Grade before Promotion to the Present Rank --- p.25 / Satisfaction with Career and Personal Advancement --- p.25 / Perceived Level of Influence --- p.27 / Perceived Level of Participation in Decision-making Committees --- p.27 / Perceived Level of Influence in Decision-making Committees --- p.29 / Perceived Level of Influence at Functional Section Level --- p.30 / Perceived Level of Influence at Division Level --- p.32 / Perceived Level of Influence at Department Level --- p.33 / Perceived Degree of Equal Influence --- p.35 / Overview of the findings for Perceived Level of Influence --- p.36 / Perceived Self-efficacy --- p.37 / Workplace Network --- p.38 / Frequency of Use of Upward and Downward Influence Tactics --- p.40 / Upward influence --- p.40 / Downward influence --- p.42 / Chapter VI --- DISCUSSION --- p.45 / Satisfaction with Career and Personal Advancement --- p.45 / Perceived Level of Influence --- p.46 / Frequency of Use of Influence Tactics --- p.47 / Overview of Themes in the Study --- p.48 / Chapter VII --- CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.53

by Yuen Siu Man Amy. / Thesis submitted in: August 1997. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 143-150). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Acknowledgments --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iv / Contents --- p.vii / List of Tables and Figures --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- "Women, Work and Gender Discrimination in Hong Kong" --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- A Hidden Problem --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Argumentation Outline --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- Methodology --- p.11 / Chapter 1.5 --- Structure of the Thesis --- p.13 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- "Women, Gender Segregation and Career" --- p.15 / Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical Overview of Gender Segregation of Work --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2 --- "Women, Work Attitudes and Career Patterns" --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Framework and Conceptualization --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- The Overview of Gender Segregation of Work in Hong Kong --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Labor Force Participation of Women --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2 --- Gender Segregation of Occupation --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- "Men's Income, Women's Income" --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- A Concluding Remark --- p.48 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Entering into the Clerical Work Force --- p.50 / Chapter 4.1 --- Educational Credentials --- p.50 / Chapter 4.2 --- Double Burden --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- Convenient Choice --- p.61 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Concluding Remark --- p.64 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Three Types of Working Strategies --- p.65 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Process of Reproduction of Gender Segregation of Work --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2 --- Stable Working Strategy --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- Horizontal Mobility Working Strategy: a Privilege of the Young Women --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4 --- The Strategy of Leaving Clerical Work: a Common Practice of the Young Men --- p.92 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Reconceptualization of Career --- p.104 / Chapter 6.1 --- Different Life Concerns --- p.104 / Chapter 6.2 --- Women's Attitudes Towards Paid Work --- p.108 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Different Meanings of ""Career""" --- p.112 / Chapter 6.4 --- Producing and Reproducing Gender Segregation of Work --- p.116 / Chapter 6.5 --- "Reconceptualizing ""Career""" --- p.119 / Chapter Chapter Seven: --- Conclusion --- p.122 / Chapter 7.1 --- Between Gender and Within Gender Difference in Working Strategy --- p.122 / Chapter 7.2 --- The Different Concepts of Career and the Reproduction of Gender Segregation --- p.126 / Chapter 7.3 --- Theoretical Implications: Revision on Gender Segregation of Work --- p.128 / Chapter 7.4 --- Practical Implications: Policy Implementation --- p.131 / Appendix A: Profile of the Informants --- p.134 / Appendix B: Questionnaire of the Interviews --- p.137 / Bibliography --- p.143

The aim of the study was to investigate the implications of the intersectionality of gender, race and class on the career progress of women in corporate South Africa and Zimbabwe in order to create a theoretical framework of the factors that can influence women career experiences. The research problem statement was derived from the continued underrepresentation of women in leadership positions shown in global annual reports despite undisputed research on the necessity for gender diversity in management teams. The key study objective was to investigate how the intersections of gender, race and class have contributed to career experiences of women in senior and executive leadership positions in corporate South Africa and Zimbabwe. The detailed objectives included: (i) Exploring the impact of authorisation processes and dynamics on the career journeys of women (i.e., study participants), (ii) Understanding the internal influences (meaning the woman herself, her confidence, self-esteem, interpersonal skills etc.) and their impact on the career journeys of women, (iii) Exploring the systemic influences and their impact on or contribution to the career journeys of women and, (iv) Creating a holistic theoretical framework that explores the career “twists and turns” that women have to navigate and proposes how they can do so, thus enabling the creation of retention strategies for women in corporates. The research questions formulated to unpack the research problem and study objectives were as follows: (i) How do gender, race and class simultaneously impact the experiences and career progression of women? (ii) How do organisations authorise or fail to authorise women in leadership positions? (iii) How do personal and internal factors influence the career journeys of women leaders? and lastly (iv) How do systemic and/or organisational factors impact the career experiences of women leaders? Methodology: Qualitative data was gathered through semi-structured interviews from a total of 18 participants (i.e., 12 South African and 6 Zimbabwean women in positions ranging from junior manager to chief executive officer) selected using a combination of purposeful and snowballing sampling techniques. The main study findings showed that gender, race and class intersect on the career starting points of the working class African, Coloured and Indian women, and that race plays the bigger role in career progression in South Africa, while in Zimbabwe, gender is the bigger challenge. The study outcomes resulted in the development of a theoretical framework that women could use as a reference to navigate the workplace. The study limitations are that it focused only on three primary identities. The study will significantly contribute to a better understanding of the experiences of African women in management and could potentially advance the debate on race and gender transformation premised on lived experiences of women. It also confronts the issues of sexual harassment and intergenerational dynamics in the workplace. In addition, several recommendations are made for future research. / Business Management / D.B.L.