O conceito de precedente judicial é fundamental não apenas nos países de common law, mas também nos de civil law. Essa dicotomia está enfraquecida, de modo que os precedentes, na condição de normas jurídicas construídas de casos concretos, devem ser tidos como vinculantes em ambos os sistemas. Precedente não se confunde com uma decisão judicial proferida no passado, mas, sim, com razões de decidir extraídas de decisões colegiadas pretéritas. Não são todas as Cortes do Brasil competentes para a produção de precedentes, mas apenas os tribunais com a atribuição de dar a última palavra sobre a interpretação do Direito. A produção contínua de precedentes pelas Cortes competentes dá origem a sistemas normativos. Os precedentes extraídos de acórdãos do Supremo Tribunal Federal e do Superior Tribunal de Justiça formam o sistema nacional de precedentes. Nos estados e regiões (Justiça Federal) formam-se subsistemas de jurisprudência vinculante e de definição de sentido do “direito local”. Existe uma relação inexorável entre sistemas normativos e a ideia de coerência. Os sistemas devem ser coerentes. Coerência não se limita à imposição de que sejam evitadas contradições entre as normas. É preciso que critérios de coerência sejam construídos com o objetivo de impor deveres relacionados à fundamentação de cada nova norma que ingressa no sistema. As decisões judiciais devem apresentar justificação interna e justificação externa. Os fundamentos dos precedentes encontram-se na justificação externa da decisão. A coerência impõe, portanto, limites ao intérprete no que se refere a determinadas escolhas relacionadas à justificação externa. A eleição dos argumentos interpretativos utilizados na construção de um novo precedente deve ter como parâmetro o sistema de precedentes. Da mesma forma, os conceitos jurídicos utilizados na formação da normaprecedente devem ter o sistema de precedentes como referência. Por uma imposição de coerência normativa, os conteúdos atribuídos pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal aos princípios constitucionais devem, necessariamente, ser observados. A coerência consta em texto de lei federal brasileira (novo Código de Processo Civil), tendo, assim, status de norma federal, mais especificamente, de um postulado hermenêutico (norma de segundo grau). Diante do caráter normativo, deve ser observada fielmente pelas Cortes competentes para a elaboração de precedentes. Sua inobservância pode ser enfrentada pelas partes imediatamente interessadas, por meio da interposição de recurso de embargos de divergência ou, ainda, por meio de recurso especial quando o desrespeito se der pelas Cortes de Justiça. O controle ainda deve ocorrer de ofício pelas próprias Cortes de precedentes, haja vista o caráter cogente da norma, o que poderá ensejar o overruling. / The concept of precedent is fundamental not only in common law systems but also in civil law systems. This dichotomy is dimmed, since, as legal rules built on concrete cases, precedents must be considered binding on in both systems. Precedents do not relate to the decisions issued in the past, but rather to the reasoning extracted from previous Court decisions. In Brazil, only the Courts with the attribution of giving the last word on the interpretation of the Law have competence to rule precedents. The continuous making of precedents by competent Courts gives rise to normative systems. The precedents resultant from judgments of the Federal Supreme Court and the Superior Court of Justice form the national system of precedents. At local level, it is the States (State Tribunals) and in the Federal Regions (Federal Regional Tribunals) that form the binding jurisprudence systems and the definition of "local law". There is an indispensable bond between normative systems and the idea of coherence. Normative systems must be coherent. Coherence is not limited to avoiding contradictions between legal standards. Coherence criteria shall be developed on the purpose of guiding the reasoning of every new legal standard that enters the system. Judicial decisions must present internal and external justification. Grounds for precedents are found in the external justification of the decision. Coherence therefore requires the interpreter limits to adopt reasons for external justification. The arguments chosen to substantiate new precedent must be ground on the system of precedents. Likewise, the legal concepts used to holdup precedents also should stand on the precedent system. By imposition of normative coherence, the contents attributed by the Federal Supreme Court to the constitutional principles must be observed. Coherence is provided by the Brazilian federal law (new Code of Civil Procedure) and therefore has the status of a federal rule and, specifically, a hermeneutical postulate (second degree rule). As formal law, coherence is required to be observed by competent Courts while issuing precedents. The affected parties by the noncompliance with coherence can challenge it through a Motion for Resolution of Conflict in Decision or a Special Appeal, in its case when the disregard comes from Courts of Justice. Given that coherence is mandatory, the Courts with competence to issue precedent must examine its compliance ex officio, which may lead to overruling.

The thesis deals with the decision-making practices of the Czech Constitutional Court in matters of taxation. The first chapter serves as an introduction to the topic of taxes and their different types, pays attention to the distinction between taxes, fees and other similar payments, and outlines the constitutional foundations on which taxes in broader sense may be imposed. The following section discusses the role of the Constitutional Court, mentions the types of court proceedings related to the field of taxation, and distinguishes between the court review of questions with constitutional law relevance, which the Constitutional Court examines, and of matters of ordinary law without such relevance, which are left to the general courts. The importance of the decision-making agenda of the Constitutional Court and the binding nature of its decisions for different groups of subjects and in different type situations is outlined. The third section then proceeds to analyze the important constitutional principles that are common for the field of tax law, namely the prohibition of genuine ex post facto legislation, and conversely the general permissibility of perceived retroaction, the principle of imposing taxes solely on the basis of law, and the use of the in dubio mitius principle, which is a...

This thesis deals with main principals of tax administration and tax law, their compliance or violating in particular situations. Presenting of their content and real meaning is provided by description and explanation of their (wrong) application under various circumstances. The Supreme Administrative Court´s case laws and jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court are significant sources of information in this part. Along with accompanying effects arising from violating the principles this thesis continues with analysis of Working pensioners affair, especially the case n. Pl. ÚS 31/13. Here the provision of § 35ba art. 1 l. a) Income Tax Act has been contested according to which the tax of a taxpayer, who is a recipient of an old-age pension benefits from statutory pension insurance scheme or similar abroad one at 1st January of the taxable period, shall not be reduced by the basic amount of 24 840 CZK. There are not omitted demographical, legal and economic aspects of the affair in this thesis as well as relevant regulatory development for the years 2000 to 2015. The thesis brings evaluation of compliance or violating of the principles of tax administration and tax law through the analysis of key elements in own review.

The purpose of this study was to closely examine relevant case law to determine if a legal argument exists that holds school administrators legally responsible for protecting students from peer to peer sexual harassment, particularly under federal laws. A second purpose of this study was to determine if a theoretical and/or regulatory base is available to support the argument. The research questions for this study were: (1) Does an argument emerge from analysis of appropriate case law and legislation that finds peer to peer sexual harassment to be sex discrimination that school administrators may be held legally responsible for preventing? (2) In addition to case law and legislation, what support can be found in the language and reasoning of scholarly writings, regulatory documents and case law dissents to forecast expanded judicial reasoning to hold school administrators responsible for protecting students from peer to peer sexual harassment? A traditional methodology of legal research was employed, using traditional legal finding tools and electronic data bases. An analysis of relevant court cases addressing sexual harassment was completed to establish and examine the judicial reasoning of the courts in those decisions. The legal analyses conducted in this study showed that the cases of peer to peer sexual harassment heard in federal courts since 1989 have resulted in a pattern of decisions ruling increasingly in favor of administrators’ legal responsibility for preventing peer to peer sexual harassment and their liability for failure to do so. While cases heard under Section 1983 of the Civil Rights Act of 1871 and the Due Process Clause were, with one exception, unsuccessful in assigning legal responsibility to school administrators, decisions in cases heard under Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 have increasingly placed legal responsibility and liability on administrators. Two recent Title [X cases heard in federal appellate courts resulted in opposing decisions, a situation which sets the stage for a possible Supreme Court ruling on the issue. Regulations and procedures enforced through state judiciaries and federal regulatory agencies, such as the Office of Civil Rights of the United States Department of Education, support the argument that school administrators are legally responsible when they knew of sexual harassment between peers and failed to stop the behavior. Scholars have advocated application of Title VII principles to Title IX, equating administrators’ responsibility for protecting students from peer harassment to employer responsibility for preventing co-worker sexual harassment they knew or should have know about. And, finally, the dissents of two federal circuit court judges in cases decided in favor of defendant school districts have strongly favored holding administrators responsible for peer sexual harassment that they knew about and failed to stop. / Ed. D.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Právnická fakulta Patrik Koželuha Abstract: Teleological interpretation and the case law of Czech courts The purpose of my thesis is to analyze teleological interpretation from both the theoretical and the practical point of view. Since the use of teleological interpretation by Czech courts has increased in the last two decades, the reason for my research is to present recent legal discussions related to the teleological interpretation. The thesis also examines the arguments which support or criticise such method of interpretation and compares them to contemporary judicial decisions. The thesis is composed of two main chapters; each of them explores the teleological interpretation from a different perspective. The first part is a theoretical part which summarizes acquired knowledge of legal theory concerning teleological interpretation. The second part deals with detailed analysis of selected judicial decisions. The aim of the thesis is to provide a reader with a comparison between theoretical and practical approach to the teleological interpretation. The opening subchapters of the theoretical part explicate what the statutory interpretation is. It also attempts to outline the limits of interpretation. Subsequently, the study presents and characterises the main methods of...

This thesis analyzes the contemporary case law of European courts regarding Community trade mark. The thesis is composed of five chapters. First chapter characterizes Community trade mark as a legal instrument of the law of the European Union. Second chapter analyzes relevant sources of law. Third chapter deals with institutions that are crucial mainly for the registration and protection of Community trade marks. Then the fourth chapter describes the registration process before the Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market. First part of this chapter focuses on the formalities of an application of the Community trade mark filed at the Office. Second part is concerned with the right of priority. Third part looks at absolute grounds for refusal of an application. Fourth part refers to relative grounds for refusal. Finally, the fifth part describes the grounds for revocation of the rights of the Community trade mark. At last the fifth chapter examines the contemporary legal background of the system of protecting the rights of proprietors of Community trade marks. The results of this thesis shows that the current legislation and the case law of European courts contribute to the functioning of the common market and mainly to free movement of goods by reasonable determination of limits for...

Le territoire portuaire est inévitablement un lieu de conflits, notamment dans son processus de prise en compte de l'environnement. L'objet de notre travail de recherche est de voir comment l'environnement s'inscrit dans le développement portuaire à partir de l'analyse des recours contentieux, c'est-à-dire des conflits environnementaux qui engagent des acteurs publics et privés face aux tribunaux. Nous avons ainsi mis en place un outil méthodologique permettant de traiter les arrêts : une grille d'analyse géo-juridique des conflits environnementaux portuaires résolus par le juge qui permet de saisir la variété d'éléments caractérisant chaque conflit, et ainsi d'en faire une analyse quantitative et qualitative. L'originalité de cette thèse réside donc dans son approche de l'aménagement de l'espace par le droit. Travailler sur les contentieux donne en effet des éléments précieux pour comprendre les rapports qui s'établissent entre les différents acteurs dans la fabrique des territoires portuaires lorsque ceux-ci sont confrontés au développement et aux enjeux environnementaux. C'est à cet effet que nous proposons une typologie de la prise en compte de l'environnement dans le développement portuaire. Celle-ci pourrait permettre de mieux comprendre de nouveaux conflits environnementaux en les rapportant aux profils portuaires identifiés, voire de réfléchir aux moyens d'améliorer la prise en compte de l'environnement dans le territoire portuaire / Ports are inevitably the site of litigation born out of environmental issues. Our research aims to understand how the environment is taken into account in port development. For that purpose, we analysed litigation where public and private players went to court over environmental issues. To do so, we created a method based on a geo-law grid that we used to read and analyse judgements on environmental issues linked to ports, and to grasp the variety of characteristics of these judgements on which we can base a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Our thesis is unique in using a legal approach to study port development. Using the prism of litigation provides valuable information to understand the relationships between private and public players involved in the development of ports as they face environmental issues. As a contribution to this purpose, we provide profiles of how the environment has been taken into account in port development. These port profiles can help us better understand new environmental disputes, and help us find better ways to take the environment into account in port development

The aim of the thesis is to analyse judicature dealing with environmental crime of Czech courts. The reason for my research is fact, that environmental crime is one of the most dangerous for all human kind and there is such a small attention paid to it here in Czech Republic. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter one is introductory and lines out goals of the thesis, terminology and techniques used in the thesis. Chapter two provides an outline of relevant Czech case law. This chapter is subdivided into six parts. Each part looks at special kind of environmental crime such as cruelty to animals, poaching, illegal wildlife trade, forest damage etc. Chapter three concentrates on impact of criminal liability of legal entities on environmental crime. Chapter four examines the infrequency of environmental crime coming before the court. Conclusions are drawn in Chapter Five. Frequent changes of complicated legislation have crucial influence on fighting the blight that is environmental crime. Prosecuting authorities are not motivated to prosecute the environmental crime because of light sentences. Czech courts also sometimes tend to legal positivism which brings out controversial judgements, especially in combination with poor-quality legislation.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse and compare wrongful birth cases in European context. Its first part focuses on the theoretical explanation of the concept of the action itself, then it is followed by a detailed comparison with wrongful life actions. A proper definition is necessary for further understanding of the matter. The second part of the thesis aims at an in-depth description of wrongful birth cases in major European countries. It discusses the medical liability and the parents` rights in the past cases and brings an evaluation and a de lege ferenda point of view. The conclusion deals with the similarities and the differences and offers the author's insight on the subject.

This work deals with failure to provide assistance. This is a very complex and extensive topic related to everyday life each of us. Often there are issues regarding the interpretation of certain concepts. Addressing these questions provides case law. The most contentious issues occur in relation to the areas of health . Failure to provide assistance is not just a matter of law , but relates to many other social sciences and disciplines . Although the failure to provide assistance in this work mainly deal with in terms of criminal law, I outlined a lot of problems incorrectly . Typically it is the ignorance of first aid and, unfortunately, more often by human indifference. Therefore, I consider that the solution to the problem lies more in each of us than in the hands of lawmakers.