INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama masculino é uma doença rara, apresentando uma baixa frequência, representando cerca de 0,2% de todos os cânceres, 1% dos cânceres de mama e 1,5% de todos os tumores malignos em homens. A etiologia e o prognóstico do câncer de mama masculino são pouco conhecidos. Estudos pareados de grupo controle foram realizados para melhor responder a estes questionamentos, porém o número limitado de casos de câncer de mama nos homens nos diversos serviços dificulta maiores estudos. O uso dos marcadores moleculares e técnicas imuno-histoquímicas têm sido muito úteis na compreensão do desenvolvimento e progressão desta patologia, e a relação destes marcadores moleculares com a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença, bem como a sua relação entre o câncer de mama nos homens e nas mulheres não estão bem estabelecidos. O objetivo foi analisar as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas do câncer de mama no sexo masculino observadas em uma coorte histórica, em comparação com aquelas observadas no sexo feminino, relacionando com a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença destes grupos de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de câncer de mama masculino, atendidos no período de 1983 a 2008, no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos e no Hospital A.C. Camargo. No grupo controle foram incluídas mulheres com câncer de mama, pareadas por década de diagnóstico, estádio clínico e faixa etária. Foram incluídos 44 pacientes do sexo masculino e 136 do sexo feminino e foram analisadas as variáveis clínicas (sexo, idade, história familiar de câncer, comorbidades associadas, tamanho do tumor, estado linfonodal da axila, estádio clínico/TNM e modalidades de tratamento realizado), patológicas (tipo e grau histológico, embolização linfática, embolização sanguínea, invasão perineural) e as expressas pela imuno-histoquímica (receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona, receptor de andrógeno, bcl-2, Ki-67, ciclina D1, citoqueratinas 5, 6, 8, 14, 17,18 e HER2, confirmada por FISH). No presente estudo, a caracterização dos subtipos moleculares pelo método imuno-histoquímico foi baseada no modelo proposto por Carey et al. (2006), resultando nos grupos Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 superexpresso, basal-like e não classificável. Avaliou-se a sobrevida global e livre de doença. RESULTADOS: O câncer de mama no homem apresentou-se mais frequentemente com histologia não lobular, receptores hormonais positivos e HER2 negativos, e maior expressão de bcl-2 e ciclina D1. O estádio clínico e o estado linfonodal tiveram influência na sobrevida, sendo de pior prognóstico os pacientes em estádios clínicos mais avançados e com linfonodos axilares positivos. O receptor de andrógeno positivo foi mais frequente nos homens, nos fenótipos luminais e não teve correlação com a sobrevida. Não houve diferença entre os fenótipos moleculares caracterizados pela imuno-histoquímica e o fenótipo basal-like teve pior prognóstico nos sexos masculino e feminino. Porém, o sexo não foi considerado fator prognóstico independente e não houve diferença na sobrevida entre os homens e mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de apresentarem características clínicas, histológicas e expressão de marcadores pela imunohistoquímica diferentes, a sobrevida foi semelhante nos sexos masculino e feminino, não sendo o sexo um fator prognóstico independente no câncer de mama / INTRODUCTION: The male breast cancer is a rare disease, presenting a low frequency, representing about 0,2% of all the cancers, 1% of breast cancers and 1,5% of all the evil tumors in men. The etiology and the prognostic of the male breast cancer are little known. Group control studies they were accomplished for best to answer to these questions, however the limited number of cases of breast cancer in the men in the several services it hinders larger studies. The use of the molecular markers and immunohistochemistry have been very useful in the understanding of the development and progression of this pathology, and the relationship of these molecular markers with the overall survival and disease free survival, as well as your relationship among breast cancer in the men and in the women they are not very established. The objective was to analyze the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer in the masculine sex observed in a historical cohort, in comparison with observed them in the feminine sex, relating with the overall survival and disease free survival of these groups of patients. METHODS: a retrospective case-control study of patient bearers of male breast cancer was accomplished, assisted in the period from 1983 to 2008, in the Hospital of Cancer of Barretos and in the Hospital A.C. Camargo. In the group control women were included with breast cancer, selected for decade of diagnosis, clinical stadium and age group. Forty four patients of the masculine sex were included and 136 of the feminine sex, and the clinical variables were analyzed (sex, age, family history of cancer, associated comorbidities, size of the tumor, nodal status, clinical stadium/TNM and treatment modalities accomplished), pathological (type and grade histological) and the expressed ones for the immunohistochemical (estrogen, progesterone and androgens receptors, bcl-2, Ki-67, ciclina D1,cytokeratins 5, 6, 8, 14, 17,18 and HER2, confirmed by FISH). In the present study, the immunohistochemical characterization of molecular subtypes was based on the model proposed by Carey et al. (2006), resulting in the groups Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, basal-like and not classifiable. The overall survival and disease free survival was evaluated. RESULTS: Breast cancer in the man more frequently came with histology non lobular, positive hormonal receptor, negative HER2, and larger bcl2 and ciclina D1 expression. The clinical stadium and the state nodal had influence in the survival, being of worse prognostic the patients in stadiums more advanced and with positive axillary node. The positive androgen receptor was more frequent in the men, in the phenotype luminal and it didn\'t have correlation with the survival. There was not difference among the molecular phenotypes characterized by the immunohistochemistry and the phenotype basal-like had worse prognostic in the masculine and feminine sexes. However the sex was not considered factor independent prognostic and there was not difference in the survival between the men and women. CONCLUSION: In spite of they present different clinical, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, the survival was similar in the masculine and feminine sexes, not being the sex a factor independent prognostic in breast cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama masculino é uma doença rara, apresentando uma baixa frequência, representando cerca de 0,2% de todos os cânceres, 1% dos cânceres de mama e 1,5% de todos os tumores malignos em homens. A etiologia e o prognóstico do câncer de mama masculino são pouco conhecidos. Estudos pareados de grupo controle foram realizados para melhor responder a estes questionamentos, porém o número limitado de casos de câncer de mama nos homens nos diversos serviços dificulta maiores estudos. O uso dos marcadores moleculares e técnicas imuno-histoquímicas têm sido muito úteis na compreensão do desenvolvimento e progressão desta patologia, e a relação destes marcadores moleculares com a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença, bem como a sua relação entre o câncer de mama nos homens e nas mulheres não estão bem estabelecidos. O objetivo foi analisar as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas do câncer de mama no sexo masculino observadas em uma coorte histórica, em comparação com aquelas observadas no sexo feminino, relacionando com a sobrevida global e sobrevida livre de doença destes grupos de pacientes. MÉTODOS: Estudo caso-controle retrospectivo de pacientes portadores de câncer de mama masculino, atendidos no período de 1983 a 2008, no Hospital de Câncer de Barretos e no Hospital A.C. Camargo. No grupo controle foram incluídas mulheres com câncer de mama, pareadas por década de diagnóstico, estádio clínico e faixa etária. Foram incluídos 44 pacientes do sexo masculino e 136 do sexo feminino e foram analisadas as variáveis clínicas (sexo, idade, história familiar de câncer, comorbidades associadas, tamanho do tumor, estado linfonodal da axila, estádio clínico/TNM e modalidades de tratamento realizado), patológicas (tipo e grau histológico, embolização linfática, embolização sanguínea, invasão perineural) e as expressas pela imuno-histoquímica (receptor de estrógeno, receptor de progesterona, receptor de andrógeno, bcl-2, Ki-67, ciclina D1, citoqueratinas 5, 6, 8, 14, 17,18 e HER2, confirmada por FISH). No presente estudo, a caracterização dos subtipos moleculares pelo método imuno-histoquímico foi baseada no modelo proposto por Carey et al. (2006), resultando nos grupos Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2 superexpresso, basal-like e não classificável. Avaliou-se a sobrevida global e livre de doença. RESULTADOS: O câncer de mama no homem apresentou-se mais frequentemente com histologia não lobular, receptores hormonais positivos e HER2 negativos, e maior expressão de bcl-2 e ciclina D1. O estádio clínico e o estado linfonodal tiveram influência na sobrevida, sendo de pior prognóstico os pacientes em estádios clínicos mais avançados e com linfonodos axilares positivos. O receptor de andrógeno positivo foi mais frequente nos homens, nos fenótipos luminais e não teve correlação com a sobrevida. Não houve diferença entre os fenótipos moleculares caracterizados pela imuno-histoquímica e o fenótipo basal-like teve pior prognóstico nos sexos masculino e feminino. Porém, o sexo não foi considerado fator prognóstico independente e não houve diferença na sobrevida entre os homens e mulheres. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de apresentarem características clínicas, histológicas e expressão de marcadores pela imunohistoquímica diferentes, a sobrevida foi semelhante nos sexos masculino e feminino, não sendo o sexo um fator prognóstico independente no câncer de mama / INTRODUCTION: The male breast cancer is a rare disease, presenting a low frequency, representing about 0,2% of all the cancers, 1% of breast cancers and 1,5% of all the evil tumors in men. The etiology and the prognostic of the male breast cancer are little known. Group control studies they were accomplished for best to answer to these questions, however the limited number of cases of breast cancer in the men in the several services it hinders larger studies. The use of the molecular markers and immunohistochemistry have been very useful in the understanding of the development and progression of this pathology, and the relationship of these molecular markers with the overall survival and disease free survival, as well as your relationship among breast cancer in the men and in the women they are not very established. The objective was to analyze the clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of breast cancer in the masculine sex observed in a historical cohort, in comparison with observed them in the feminine sex, relating with the overall survival and disease free survival of these groups of patients. METHODS: a retrospective case-control study of patient bearers of male breast cancer was accomplished, assisted in the period from 1983 to 2008, in the Hospital of Cancer of Barretos and in the Hospital A.C. Camargo. In the group control women were included with breast cancer, selected for decade of diagnosis, clinical stadium and age group. Forty four patients of the masculine sex were included and 136 of the feminine sex, and the clinical variables were analyzed (sex, age, family history of cancer, associated comorbidities, size of the tumor, nodal status, clinical stadium/TNM and treatment modalities accomplished), pathological (type and grade histological) and the expressed ones for the immunohistochemical (estrogen, progesterone and androgens receptors, bcl-2, Ki-67, ciclina D1,cytokeratins 5, 6, 8, 14, 17,18 and HER2, confirmed by FISH). In the present study, the immunohistochemical characterization of molecular subtypes was based on the model proposed by Carey et al. (2006), resulting in the groups Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2, basal-like and not classifiable. The overall survival and disease free survival was evaluated. RESULTS: Breast cancer in the man more frequently came with histology non lobular, positive hormonal receptor, negative HER2, and larger bcl2 and ciclina D1 expression. The clinical stadium and the state nodal had influence in the survival, being of worse prognostic the patients in stadiums more advanced and with positive axillary node. The positive androgen receptor was more frequent in the men, in the phenotype luminal and it didn\'t have correlation with the survival. There was not difference among the molecular phenotypes characterized by the immunohistochemistry and the phenotype basal-like had worse prognostic in the masculine and feminine sexes. However the sex was not considered factor independent prognostic and there was not difference in the survival between the men and women. CONCLUSION: In spite of they present different clinical, histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, the survival was similar in the masculine and feminine sexes, not being the sex a factor independent prognostic in breast cancer

Résumé : Cette thèse porte sur le rôle de deux expositions environnementales encore peu étudiées et pouvant influer sur l’incidence des hémopathies malignes (HME) de l’enfant : les rayons ultraviolets (UV) et les pesticides liés aux activités agricoles.Les leucémies (LA) et lymphomes de l’enfant sont les deux types principaux de HME et représentent respectivement environ 470 et 200 nouveaux cas par an en France. Leur prise en charge thérapeutique et leur survie ont fait d’immenses progrès, cependant la connaissance de leurs facteurs de risque est encore très partielle.Les études sur les effets des UV dans les cancers de l’enfant sont peu développées. Plusieurs méta-analyses récentes concluent à une augmentation du risque de LA chez l’enfant lors d’une exposition professionnelle ou domestique de la mère aux pesticides pendant la grossesse. L’exposition aux pesticides d’origine agricole a été moins étudiée, et les résultats sont hétérogènes.La première partie, écologique, de ce travail s’intéresse à l’exposition résidentielle aux UV. Une étude a été réalisée à partir des observations du Registre National des Hémopathies malignes de l’Enfant (RNHE) faites sur une longue période, entre 1990-2009 et sur l’ensemble de la France métropolitaine (9 082 cas de LA et 3 563 cas de lymphomes). Les données de l’exposition aux UV résidentiels étaient issues de la base EUROSUN. Une moyenne quotidienne d’exposition aux UV résidentiels sur l’ensemble de la période 1988-2007 à l’échelle communale a été considérée. Une augmentation significative de l’incidence des leucémies aiguës lymphoblastiques à précurseurs B (LAL-Pré B) chez les moins de 5 ans a été observée avec l’exposition aux UV résidentiels au moment du diagnostic. L’association n’était pas modifiée après une stratification par périodes ; par tranches d’unités urbaines ; par grandes régions, et par un indice de défaveur français. Une deuxième étude, individuelle, sur les UV ne trouvait pas de modification de l’association en prenant en compte le rôle de facteurs individuels soupçonnés d’être associés aux LAL et en regardant l’exposition à la naissance. Les données individuelles de ces facteurs provenaient de deux études cas-témoins en population générale, l’enquête ESCALE (2003-2004) et l’enquête ESTELLE (2010-2011).La dernière partie de la thèse se penche sur l’exposition résidentielle aux pesticides liés aux activités agricoles. Cette étude s’appuie sur les données du RNHE, recueillant 10 994 cas de LA et 4 301 cas de lymphomes sur la période 1990-2013. L’intensité de l’activité agricole dans le canton de résidence au moment du diagnostic a été choisie comme proxy de l’exposition aux pesticides. Cette intensité a été à partir des données cantonales du Recensement général Agricole de 2000. Dans cette première approche aucune association n’a été mise en évidence entre les HME et la part de Surface Agricole Utile (SAU) totale. Les analyses par grands types de cultures montrent, dans cette première approche, une association positive et significative entre l’intensité de cultures en oléagineux et l’incidence des LAL Pré-B et des lymphomes de Burkitt. Des analyses de sensibilité montraient des résultats hétérogènes par période d’étude. / Abstract: This thesis deals with the role of two environmental exposures not much studied and that could have an impact on the incidence of childhood hematological malignancies (CHM): ultraviolet radiation (UV) and agricultural pesticides.The two major diagnostic groups are acute leukemia (AL) and lymphomas and represent respectively around 470 and 200 new cases per year in France. Despite the progress made in improving therapeutic caring and survival, the etiology of these cancers remains largely unknown.There are very few studies on the association between UV and these cancers. Meta-analyses found a coherent association between childhood AL and parental professional or domestic pesticides exposure during pregnancy. However the association with residential exposure to agricultural pesticides has been less studied and results are heterogeneous.The first, ecological, part of the thesis addressed the associations between residential UV exposure at diagnosis and the incidence of types and subtypes of CHM in France. The 9,082 cases of acute leukemia (AL) and 3,563 cases of lymphoma diagnosed before the age of 15 years from 1990 to 2009 were provided by the French National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies. UV data from 1988 to 2007 were extracted from the EUROSUN database. The annual daily average UV exposure of the children estimated at the municipalities of residence was considered. There was a significant increase in precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (PBC-ALL) in children aged less than 5 years with residential exposure to UV. The results remained stable in analyses stratifying by deprivation index or degree of urbanization of the municipalities.A second, individual, study found no change in the association between UV and PBC-ALL after taking into account the influence of suspected individual risk factors for ALL, and evaluated this association at birth. Individual data were collected by interviews in the ESCALE (2003-2004) and ESTELLE (2010-2011) nationwide case-control studies.The last part of this work focused on the residential exposure to agricultural pesticides. The 10,994 cases of AL and the 4,301 cases of lymphomas diagnosed among children less than 15 years old were obtained from the French National Registry of Childhood Hematological Malignancies over the period 1990-2013. Intensity of agricultural activities by Canton was used as a proxy of residential agricultural pesticides exposure. This proxy was estimated from the 2000 French agricultural census data. At this first step of the analysis, no associations were found between total agricultural area and incidence of CHM. Analyses by types of crops showed, at this first step, a significant association between oilseeds and PBC-ALL and Burkitt lymphoma. Sensitivity analyses evidenced heterogeneous results by time period.