L’étude qui s’ouvre se propose d’explorer, de définir et de valider une question d’un grand intérêt épistémologique transdisciplinaire, celui de l’existence des rôles, de la conscience de rôle et des relations de rôles. Elle veut donner un statut et une fonction à cette notion de rôle pour les sciences humaines, cela en prêtant attention aux évolutions de ces rôles au cours des derniers siècles. Partant de l’idée que nous sommes toujours en rôle, qu’il n’y a pas d’hors-rôle possible, que la rencontre intersubjective se fait toujours à travers des rôles, transitoires ou pérennes, cette recherche veut voir les aspects positifs et structurants, et aussi ses écueils, autant pour l’individu que pour le corps social, de ce système ou dispositif des rôles. La constitution de ces rôles et de leurs contenus réalise en effet un dispositif médiateur d’une importance particulière, définissant selon diverses modalités les attentes et accords que nous avons les uns vis-à-vis des autres, régulant l’organisation des liens et des tâches. Nous verrons comment les rôles se constituent, s’édifient, se redéfinissent et se réinventent constamment. Cette question du partage des rôles et de l’adhésion de chacun aux rôles, éventuelle et toujours problématique, doit être pensée dans la perspective du vivant. Un regard phylogénétique permet d’inscrire la formation du système des rôles comme une nécessité du vivant : pour confirmer cette thèse, on a eu recours non seulement à l’observation du monde animal mais on a voulu considérer également l’hypothèse de la néoténie humaine. S’approchant des implications psychologiques et psychopathologiques de la question, il revient à cette recherche d’explorer les différentes manières et modalités par lesquelles on se rapporte aux rôles. Sommes-nous toujours conscients du fait que nous occupons un ou plusieurs rôles et que c’est à nous d’en élaborer ou concevoir le cahier de charge ? Comment et pourquoi y adhérer ? C’est à partir de ces questions que s’est imposée l’analyse de la désinvolture, attitude qui porte la marque d’une légèreté ou négligence dans l’engagement et l’investissement de ces rôles que chacun s’est assigné d’occuper : par cette légèreté, par des impensées ou des négligences, faute d’une conscience de rôle pas ou peu élaborée, l’individu est souvent amené à échouer dans son rôle, à le manquer, sans lui restituer de réponses de substitutions. Une analyse anthropo-phénoménologique de la désinvolture montrera comment cette attitude, très proche de l’immaturité au point d’en être, dans certains cas, considérée comme une ultime manifestation, est présente, de manières différentes, aussi dans divers contextes pathologiques (personnalités pathologiques ou parfois pathologies véritables) soit par excès ou par défaut (chez le Typus Melancolicus, la désinvolture est totalement absente). Entre normalité et pathologies (pathopsychologiques aussi bien que pathoéducatives), le statut de la désinvolture est complexe car cette attitude est également associée à de nombreuses transgressions, que ce soit volontairement ou involontairement, par les nombreux impensés de rôle qui la caractérisent : le domaine de la sécurité routière exprime bien la dynamique désinvolte par le grand nombre de fautes d’imprudences, imprévoyances, inconséquences ou négligences ressortissant à ce registre des comportements désinvoltes. L’étude des liens entre désinvolture et transgressions alimente ainsi l’analyse formelle de la transgression (transgressologie générale). Une transgressologie générale se doit de mettre en évidence les modalités et raisons primaires de ces transgressions, quels que soient les accords préalables et la nature de ce qui est transgressé. / This study aims to explore, define and validate a topic of great epistemological transdisciplinary interest, which is the existence of roles (anthropological, emotional and social roles), the role-consciousness and the role relationships. Indeed, the study aims to provide a status and a function to the notion of role for the human sciences, paying attention to the evolution of roles over the latest centuries. Taking into the account that we are always in the role (thrown to roles), the out-role is not possible, the inter-meeting is carried out through transient or everlasting roles, this research aims to consider its positive and its structuring aspects but also its obstacles, both referred to the individual and the social body. In fact, the establishment of roles and their contents outlines a particularly important mediator device, defining, in different ways, expectations and agreements that might have both elements, adjusting the organization of ties (benefits, obligations and constraints) and tasks. We will analyze whether this system of roles allows a limitation of the conflicts and an optimization of ergonomic or emotional subdivision, whether these roles can receive adaptations, redefinitions and necessary modulations. We will see how the roles are constantly built, redefined and reinvented. The issue of the partition of roles and the compliance of each person to his own role, if any and always problematic, must be analyzed from the living perspective. A phylogenetic perspective allows us to look at the formation of the system of roles as one of the living necessities: to confirm this thesis, we have observed not only the animal world, but we have also considered the possibility of human neoteny.Approaching the psychological and psychopathological implications of the matter, the task of this research is to explore the different ways by which we relate to the roles. Are we always aware of the fact we play one or more roles, and that we are in charge of elaborating the relevant tasks? How and why to join them? Starting from these questions, an analysis on nonchalance has emerged. The nonchalance, also defined as ease or calmness, is the attitude of carelessness or negligence in the commitment and investment of the roles that each person has chosen to play: through this carelessness or negligence, through what has not been thought (or evaluated) the individual is often led to fail in his role, to miss it, without giving him alternative answers. This happens due to a little or not elaborate role-consciousness. An anthropological-phenomenological analysis will show how this attitude of nonchalance - very close to immaturity to the point of being considered, in some cases, as a last manifestation of immaturity - is present in a different ways, also in various pathological contexts (pathological personality or sometimes true pathologies), both for defect and for excess (the Typus melancolicus does not express nonchalance at all).Stuck between normality and pathology, the status of nonchalance is complex since this attitude is associated with numerous voluntary or involuntary transgressions, due to the many aspects that have not been previously taken into account and that characterize it: the field of road safety shows the ease dynamic works, because of the many errors committed by imprudence, improvidence, incoherence or negligence that belong to the register of nonchalant behavior. The study of the links between confidence and transgressions feeds the formal analysis of the transgression (General transgressology). A general trasngressology has the task of highlighting the mode and the primary reasons for these transgressions, whatever the agreement and nature of what has been transgressed is.

Nesta Tese replicamos por constructo uma pesquisa européia que encontrou para conhecedores da astrologia médias mais altas em Extroversão entre sujeitos dos signos de Fogo e Ar comparados com sujeitos de Terra e Água, formando um “padrão dente-de-serra" previsto em função da alternância zodiacal entre signos de Elementos Quentes (Fogo e Ar) e Frios (Terra e Água), como sendo efeito da “auto-atribuição", já que a mesma variação não se deu para sujeitos não conhecedores. Também se encontrou, no entanto, maior “suscetibilidade à informação vinda de fora sobre sua personalidade" para os Quentes, o que não invalidou totalmente a teoria astrológica. Encontrou-se lá, além disso, maior média geral em Extroversão para os conhecedores. Usamos o 16 PF – Questionário dos 16 Fatores de Personalidade – com 589 sujeitos brasileiros de ambos os sexos, diferenciando entre conhecedores (208) e não conhecedores (381) da astrologia, sendo o conhecimento constituído da crença na astrologia mais a descrição de três características do signo solar. Para estimular a influência da auto-atribuição, foi dada a parte do grupo (266) a sugestão “Esta é uma pesquisa sobre astrologia", enquanto para a outra parte (323) foi dito que seria “uma pesquisa sobre personalidade". Investigamos variações em função dos Elementos astrológicos, através da Análise de Variância (ANOVA), em todos os fatores do 16 PF, mais Extroversão, Ansiedade e Controle. Não aparecem diferenças significativas para a Extroversão isoladamente, mesmo entre os conhecedores. Os conhecedores se descreveram como tendo significativamente maior Extroversão e maior Ansiedade, comparados aos não conhecedores, sugerindo um locus de controle externo. Confirmou-se no grupo dos conhecedores que a maior média geral em Extroversão é devida aos sujeitos do subgrupo dos signos Quentes, e a maior média em Ansiedade é devida aos sujeitos do subgrupo dos signos Frios, indicando a confirmação da maior suscetibilidade à informação vinda de fora sobre suas personalidades para os Quentes. Investigamos, além disso, se a auto-atribuição de origem astrológica afeta não apenas o autoconceito, mas as habilidades da pessoa, através dos 13 itens da Inteligência do 16 PF. Para o grupo de não conhecedores a Ansiedade foi maior para os Quentes do que para os Frios, segundo seus componentes Estabilidade Emocional e Tensão. Este resultado apontou que a Ansiedade, como fator não intelectivo, induziu uma variação de base astrológica na Inteligência. Sugere-se um fator de suscetibilidade diferenciada ao mundo externo segundo a escala Frio-Quente. São analisadas as possíveis explicações teóricas e implicações desses achados. / In this thesis we constructively replicate an european research that found for astrology knowledgeable subjects higher means on Extraversion among subjects of Fire and Air signs, compared with subjects of Earth and Water, compound a “saw-tooth pattern" due the zodiacal alternation between signs of Hot (Fire and Air) and Cold (Earth and Water) Elements, as an effect of the “self-attribution", since the same variation was not found for no knowledgeable subjets. Also was found, however, a difference on “susceptibility to information about their personality from outside" for the Hots, what didn’t invalidate totally the astrological theory. That research found, furthermore, higher mean in Extraversion for that knowledgeable subjects. We applied the 16PF Test – Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire – to 589 brazilian subjects of both sexes, classifying between knowledgeable (208) and no knowledgeable (381) of astrology, being this knowledge constituted by the believe in astrology and by the naming of three characteristics that go with the sunsign. In order to trigger the self-attribution effect, part of the group (266) was given the cue “This is a research into astrology", while to the other part was given “research into personality". We investigate variations by dependence on the astrological Elements, by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), on all the 16 PF factors, more Extraversion, Anxiety and Control. Didn´t appear significant differences to the Extraversion alone, yet among the knowledgeable. The knowledgeable subjects describe theirselves significantly as having higher Extraversion and Anxiety, suggesting an external locus of control, by comparision with the no knowledgeable. It was confirmed that for the knowledgeable the higher general mean in Extraversion is due to the subjects pertaining to the subgroup of the Hot signs, and the higher general mean in Anxiety is due to the subjects pertaining to the subgroup of the Cold signs, indicating a confirmation of the higher susceptibility to information about their personality from outside among the Hots. We investigate, furthermore, if the astrological self-attribution affects not only the self-concept, but also the actual performance, with the 13 items of Intelligence in the 16PF. For the no knowledgeable group the Anxiety was higher for the Hots than to the Colds due to their components Emotional Estability and Tension. This finding pointed to that Anxiety, as a non-intellective factor, induced the astrologically based variation for Intelligence. It is suggested, as much to knowledgeable as to no knowledgeable subjects, a factor of differenciated susceptibility to the outer world due the Cold-Hot scale. Are analysed the possible theoretical explanations and implications of these findings.

Nesta Tese replicamos por constructo uma pesquisa européia que encontrou para conhecedores da astrologia médias mais altas em Extroversão entre sujeitos dos signos de Fogo e Ar comparados com sujeitos de Terra e Água, formando um “padrão dente-de-serra” previsto em função da alternância zodiacal entre signos de Elementos Quentes (Fogo e Ar) e Frios (Terra e Água), como sendo efeito da “auto-atribuição”, já que a mesma variação não se deu para sujeitos não conhecedores. Também se encontrou, no entanto, maior “suscetibilidade à informação vinda de fora sobre sua personalidade” para os Quentes, o que não invalidou totalmente a teoria astrológica. Encontrou-se lá, além disso, maior média geral em Extroversão para os conhecedores. Usamos o 16 PF – Questionário dos 16 Fatores de Personalidade – com 589 sujeitos brasileiros de ambos os sexos, diferenciando entre conhecedores (208) e não conhecedores (381) da astrologia, sendo o conhecimento constituído da crença na astrologia mais a descrição de três características do signo solar. Para estimular a influência da auto-atribuição, foi dada a parte do grupo (266) a sugestão “Esta é uma pesquisa sobre astrologia”, enquanto para a outra parte (323) foi dito que seria “uma pesquisa sobre personalidade”. Investigamos variações em função dos Elementos astrológicos, através da Análise de Variância (ANOVA), em todos os fatores do 16 PF, mais Extroversão, Ansiedade e Controle. Não aparecem diferenças significativas para a Extroversão isoladamente, mesmo entre os conhecedores. Os conhecedores se descreveram como tendo significativamente maior Extroversão e maior Ansiedade, comparados aos não conhecedores, sugerindo um locus de controle externo. Confirmou-se no grupo dos conhecedores que a maior média geral em Extroversão é devida aos sujeitos do subgrupo dos signos Quentes, e a maior média em Ansiedade é devida aos sujeitos do subgrupo dos signos Frios, indicando a confirmação da maior suscetibilidade à informação vinda de fora sobre suas personalidades para os Quentes. Investigamos, além disso, se a auto-atribuição de origem astrológica afeta não apenas o autoconceito, mas as habilidades da pessoa, através dos 13 itens da Inteligência do 16 PF. Para o grupo de não conhecedores a Ansiedade foi maior para os Quentes do que para os Frios, segundo seus componentes Estabilidade Emocional e Tensão. Este resultado apontou que a Ansiedade, como fator não intelectivo, induziu uma variação de base astrológica na Inteligência. Sugere-se um fator de suscetibilidade diferenciada ao mundo externo segundo a escala Frio-Quente. São analisadas as possíveis explicações teóricas e implicações desses achados. / In this thesis we constructively replicate an european research that found for astrology knowledgeable subjects higher means on Extraversion among subjects of Fire and Air signs, compared with subjects of Earth and Water, compound a “saw-tooth pattern” due the zodiacal alternation between signs of Hot (Fire and Air) and Cold (Earth and Water) Elements, as an effect of the “self-attribution”, since the same variation was not found for no knowledgeable subjets. Also was found, however, a difference on “susceptibility to information about their personality from outside” for the Hots, what didn’t invalidate totally the astrological theory. That research found, furthermore, higher mean in Extraversion for that knowledgeable subjects. We applied the 16PF Test – Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire – to 589 brazilian subjects of both sexes, classifying between knowledgeable (208) and no knowledgeable (381) of astrology, being this knowledge constituted by the believe in astrology and by the naming of three characteristics that go with the sunsign. In order to trigger the self-attribution effect, part of the group (266) was given the cue “This is a research into astrology”, while to the other part was given “research into personality”. We investigate variations by dependence on the astrological Elements, by the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), on all the 16 PF factors, more Extraversion, Anxiety and Control. Didn´t appear significant differences to the Extraversion alone, yet among the knowledgeable. The knowledgeable subjects describe theirselves significantly as having higher Extraversion and Anxiety, suggesting an external locus of control, by comparision with the no knowledgeable. It was confirmed that for the knowledgeable the higher general mean in Extraversion is due to the subjects pertaining to the subgroup of the Hot signs, and the higher general mean in Anxiety is due to the subjects pertaining to the subgroup of the Cold signs, indicating a confirmation of the higher susceptibility to information about their personality from outside among the Hots. We investigate, furthermore, if the astrological self-attribution affects not only the self-concept, but also the actual performance, with the 13 items of Intelligence in the 16PF. For the no knowledgeable group the Anxiety was higher for the Hots than to the Colds due to their components Emotional Estability and Tension. This finding pointed to that Anxiety, as a non-intellective factor, induced the astrologically based variation for Intelligence. It is suggested, as much to knowledgeable as to no knowledgeable subjects, a factor of differenciated susceptibility to the outer world due the Cold-Hot scale. Are analysed the possible theoretical explanations and implications of these findings.