Orientador: Alcebiades Ribeiro Campos / Banca: Marineide Rosa Vieira / Banca: Luciana Cláudia Toscano Maruyama / Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resistência de cultivares de amendoim a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira avaliou-se a atratividade e a não-preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas recém-eclodidas em folhas de sete cultivares de amendoim. Utilizaram-se cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) e IAC-Tatú-ST) e rasteiro (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, IAC Runner 886 e Cavalo Amarelo). No teste de atratividade utilizou-se um sistema de arena em placas de Petri com 20 cm de diâmetro e com dez repetições. Para cada repetição (arena) foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém- eclodidas de S. frugiperda, avaliando o número total de lagartas atraídas pelos discos foliares dos cultivares aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 minutos. Para a avaliação de não-preferência alimentar, no teste com chance de escolha, os procedimentos e os cultivares utilizados foram os mesmos adotados no teste de atratividade. No teste, sem chance de escolha, os cultivares foram individualizados em placas de Petri de 6,0 cm de diâmetro e seu interior foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém-eclodidas por repetição, com 10 repetições. Na avaliação, contou-se o número total de lagartas que estavam se alimentando nos discos foliares dos cultivares após 24 horas da liberação. Na segunda etapa foi realizado estudos da biologia de S. frugiperda em seis cultivares de amendoim. As lagartas recém-eclodidas foram alimentadas com folhas dos seguintes cultivares: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 e IAC 505 (hábitos de crescimento rasteiro), e Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST e IAC Tupã (de hábitos de crescimento ereto). Assim, 30 lagartas por cultivar, provenientes de ovos obtidos em laboratório, foram mantidas em placas de Petri... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study aimed to study the resistance of peanut cultivars to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The study was divided into two parts: in the first we evaluated, in free-choice and no-choice tests, the attractiveness and non- preference for feeding of newly-hatched caterpillars on leaves of seven peanut cultivars. Peanut cultivars upright growth habit (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) and IAC-Tatú-ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and Cavalo Amarelo) were evaluated. An arena system was used in the attractiveness test, consisting of Petri dishes (20 cm diameter), with ten replicates. Twenty newly-hatched S. frugiperda caterpillars were released for each replicate (arena); counts were obtained for the total number of caterpillars attracted to the leaf discs of the various cultivars at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 minutes. In the free-choice test to evaluate non-preference for feeding, the same procedures and cultivars used in the attractiveness test were adopted. In the no- choice test the materials were individualized in Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter); twenty newly-hatched caterpillars per replicate were released into the dishes, with 10 replicates. The test was evaluated by counting the total number of caterpillars feeding on the leaf discs of the various cultivars 24 hours after release. In the second part of the investigation we conducted studies on the biology of S. frugiperda on six peanut cultivars. Newly-hatched caterpillars were fed leaves of the following peanut cultivars: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and IAC 505 (runner growth habit), Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST and IAC Tupã (upright growth habit). Thirty caterpillars per cultivar, resulting from eggs obtained in the laboratory, were maintained in individualized Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter and 2.0 cm in height) until pupation. The pupae were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-02-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:39:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 queiroz_ms_me_ilha.pdf: 369335 bytes, checksum: d91c6e5e65859485d1981b56241d3d31 (MD5) / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a resistência de cultivares de amendoim a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas, sendo que na primeira avaliou-se a atratividade e a não-preferência alimentar, com e sem chance de escolha, de lagartas recém-eclodidas em folhas de sete cultivares de amendoim. Utilizaram-se cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) e IAC-Tatú-ST) e rasteiro (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, IAC Runner 886 e Cavalo Amarelo). No teste de atratividade utilizou-se um sistema de arena em placas de Petri com 20 cm de diâmetro e com dez repetições. Para cada repetição (arena) foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém- eclodidas de S. frugiperda, avaliando o número total de lagartas atraídas pelos discos foliares dos cultivares aos 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 60 minutos. Para a avaliação de não-preferência alimentar, no teste com chance de escolha, os procedimentos e os cultivares utilizados foram os mesmos adotados no teste de atratividade. No teste, sem chance de escolha, os cultivares foram individualizados em placas de Petri de 6,0 cm de diâmetro e seu interior foram liberadas 20 lagartas recém-eclodidas por repetição, com 10 repetições. Na avaliação, contou-se o número total de lagartas que estavam se alimentando nos discos foliares dos cultivares após 24 horas da liberação. Na segunda etapa foi realizado estudos da biologia de S. frugiperda em seis cultivares de amendoim. As lagartas recém-eclodidas foram alimentadas com folhas dos seguintes cultivares: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 e IAC 505 (hábitos de crescimento rasteiro), e Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST e IAC Tupã (de hábitos de crescimento ereto). Assim, 30 lagartas por cultivar, provenientes de ovos obtidos em laboratório, foram mantidas em placas de Petri... / This study aimed to study the resistance of peanut cultivars to Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). The study was divided into two parts: in the first we evaluated, in free-choice and no-choice tests, the attractiveness and non- preference for feeding of newly-hatched caterpillars on leaves of seven peanut cultivars. Peanut cultivars upright growth habit (IAC Tupã, Iapar 25 (Tição) and IAC-Tatú-ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 505, IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and Cavalo Amarelo) were evaluated. An arena system was used in the attractiveness test, consisting of Petri dishes (20 cm diameter), with ten replicates. Twenty newly-hatched S. frugiperda caterpillars were released for each replicate (arena); counts were obtained for the total number of caterpillars attracted to the leaf discs of the various cultivars at 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 60 minutes. In the free-choice test to evaluate non-preference for feeding, the same procedures and cultivars used in the attractiveness test were adopted. In the no- choice test the materials were individualized in Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter); twenty newly-hatched caterpillars per replicate were released into the dishes, with 10 replicates. The test was evaluated by counting the total number of caterpillars feeding on the leaf discs of the various cultivars 24 hours after release. In the second part of the investigation we conducted studies on the biology of S. frugiperda on six peanut cultivars. Newly-hatched caterpillars were fed leaves of the following peanut cultivars: IAC-Caiapó, Runner IAC 886 and IAC 505 (runner growth habit), Iapar 25 (Tição), IAC-Tatú-ST and IAC Tupã (upright growth habit). Thirty caterpillars per cultivar, resulting from eggs obtained in the laboratory, were maintained in individualized Petri dishes (6.0 cm diameter and 2.0 cm in height) until pupation. The pupae were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The Karoo is an arid inland plateau in the central and northeastern Cape Province of South Africa and is characterised by sparse, stunted vegetation. The vegetation is rich in species, and over large areas species of Pentzia, which are drought-resistant shrubs, are extremely abundant. These plants are food for stock (mainly sheep), and because the larvae of the Karoo caterpillar periodically occur in sufficient numbers to defoliate the plants, they assume pest status. Fully-fed Loxostege frustalis larvae construct cases in the soil beneath their food plants and they overwinter in these cases. A census of the numbers of larval cases accumulated in the soil, conducted from 1975 to 1980, showed that an expanded distribution of the pentzias is responsible for the periodic larval outbreaks. Further, alternate food plants are an important food supply for L. frustalis larvae when they disperse under crowded conditions The census data for L. frustalis were analysed by constructing partial life tables for the life-history period from case construction to moth emergence. The mortality of 'encased larvae' is useful for assessing the impact of the known L. frustalis natural enemies. The most important natural enemies were the braconids Chelonus curvimaculatus Cameron, Macrocentrus maraisi Nixon and the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. The collective responses of all the natural enemies to the density of L. frustalis encased larvae was direct, but undercompensating, so that areas with more pentzias produced more L. frustais. Strategies for immediate measures to alleviate the Karoo caterpillar problem, and for future research, are discussed. It is concluded that reduction of pentzia populations to acceptable levels and/or supplementing pastures with non-host plants of L. frustalis offer the only practical solutions to the Karoo caterpillar problem. Biological control of L. frustalis is dismissed as an option for reducing the pest status of the Karoo caterpillar

No description available.

Doctoral thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Department of Development Studies, Faculty of Humanities at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 2016. / Abstract This study examines the dynamics of power and the significance of local environmental knowledge in natural resource management in Zimbabwe’s communal areas. It uses a case study of Bulilima District, broken down into into 3 components (Wards) for manageability of the study, to analyse the power configurations and the role played by local environmental knowledge in influencing decision-making processes among actors in the district with regard to mopane worms (Imbrasis beilina is the scientific name while icimbi is the vernacular name) and mopane woodlands (Colophospermum mopane is the scientific name while iphane is the vernacular name). It examines the significance of local environmental knowledge, i.e. indigenous knowledge and knowledge that developed as a result of a combination of knowledges from different ethnic groups and modern science. The study further examines the dynamics of the gendered nature of mopane worms and woodlands tenure regimes by putting under the spotlight the spaces and places where men and women interact, use and exert control over mopane worms and woodlands. It places history at the centre of our understanding of contemporary power dynamics and helps us to appreciate the importance of how local environmental knowledge has changed over time. To this end, the study argues that some of the contemporary conflicts over resources have their roots in the colonial era when the colonial government appropriated land from the locals and introduced discourses and practices such as conservation. Furthermore, it argues and demonstrates that the state is a critical player in determining access, use and control of natural resources. Based on rich ethnographic data collected by means of critical observations, in-depth interviews, narratives, and archival data, as well as aided by a brief survey, the study concluded that natural resource governance is a complex phenomenon in developing states. Power and knowledge play significant roles in influencing access, use and control of mopane worms and woodlands. Furthermore, while some locals still possess indigenous knowledge, practices and belief systems related to natural resource management, these are now less significant in influencing decisions on natural resource management. Indeed, the interplay of knowledge and power in resource management sees scientific culture and outside knowledge taking precedence over local forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources in the district. Key words: power, local environmental knowledge, indigenous knowledge, ZANU PF, natural resource management, access, mopane worms and woodlands, Bulilima, Zimbabwe / GR2017

A distribuição e a abundância das espécies de lepidópteros podem ser determinadas por vários fatores tais como disponibilidade de recursos, fatores genéticos, climáticos e inimigos naturais. Este estudo avaliou as relações entre espécies de Lepidoptera e de Malpighiaceae encontradas em dois fragmentos de cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, o trabalho procurou responder às questões: 1) Qual a similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre as espécies de Malpighiaceae?; 2) Quais as características vegetais que influenciam a diversidade de lepidópteros? 3) As mesmas relações se mantêm em fragmentos distintos? Os resultados encontrados demonstram que espécies de mesmo gênero de Malpighiaceae não apresentam necessariamente maior similaridade de fauna de lepidópteros, uma vez que houve maior similaridade entre Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia e Banisteriopsis pubipetala. Não houve correlação direta entre algumas características vegetais como: a concentração de nitrogênio e taninos, a densidade de tricomas e a herbivoria. As defesas vegetais das Malpighiaceae parecem influenciar a diversidade destes herbívoros, uma vez que a riqueza e abundância estão relacionadas à essas características. A presença de alcalóides e a fauna associada a Banisteriopsis stellaris reforça essa sugestão. A similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre os dois fragmentos de 42,2% e algumas diferenças observadas nas concentrações de nitrogênio e taninos nas mesmas espécies vegetais nas duas áreas sugerem que fatores ambientais influenciam o fenótipo das plantas e as associações com seus herbívoros. Com base nos resultados encontrados, são sugeridos estudos complementares para melhor compreensão das complexas relações entre lepidópteros e as espécies de Malpighiaceae. / Species distribution and abundance are determined by several factors such as resource availability, genetics, weather and natural enemies. The present study focused on the relationships between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species on two Cerrado fragments at São Paulo State. The following questions were addressed: 1) How similar is the caterpillar fauna among Malpighiaceae species?; 2) What are the plant characteristics influencing Lepidoptera diversity? 3) Are plant-Lepidoptera relationships kept on distinct fragments? Present data suggests that plants of different species of same genus have not, necessarily, the highest faunal similarity, e.g., the highest similarity among Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and Banisteriopsis pubipetala. No direct correlations were found among some plant characteristics such as nitrogen and tannin concentrations, trichome density and herbivory. However, Malpighiaceae defenses probably influenced herbivore diversity, because Lepidoptera species´ richness and abundance were related to these characteristics. Alkaloids and the specific fauna of Banisteriopsis stellaris support this suggestion. The caterpillar fauna similarity of 42,2% between fragments and some differences on nitrogen and tannin concentrations of same species from distinct fragments suggest that environmental factors affect, considerably, plant phenotype and plantherbivore interactions. Based on these results, some complementary studies were suggested to approach the complex relations between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Biological Sciences, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-49-53). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

A distribuição e a abundância das espécies de lepidópteros podem ser determinadas por vários fatores tais como disponibilidade de recursos, fatores genéticos, climáticos e inimigos naturais. Este estudo avaliou as relações entre espécies de Lepidoptera e de Malpighiaceae encontradas em dois fragmentos de cerrado do Estado de São Paulo. Para tanto, o trabalho procurou responder às questões: 1) Qual a similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre as espécies de Malpighiaceae?; 2) Quais as características vegetais que influenciam a diversidade de lepidópteros? 3) As mesmas relações se mantêm em fragmentos distintos? Os resultados encontrados demonstram que espécies de mesmo gênero de Malpighiaceae não apresentam necessariamente maior similaridade de fauna de lepidópteros, uma vez que houve maior similaridade entre Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia e Banisteriopsis pubipetala. Não houve correlação direta entre algumas características vegetais como: a concentração de nitrogênio e taninos, a densidade de tricomas e a herbivoria. As defesas vegetais das Malpighiaceae parecem influenciar a diversidade destes herbívoros, uma vez que a riqueza e abundância estão relacionadas à essas características. A presença de alcalóides e a fauna associada a Banisteriopsis stellaris reforça essa sugestão. A similaridade da fauna de lagartas entre os dois fragmentos de 42,2% e algumas diferenças observadas nas concentrações de nitrogênio e taninos nas mesmas espécies vegetais nas duas áreas sugerem que fatores ambientais influenciam o fenótipo das plantas e as associações com seus herbívoros. Com base nos resultados encontrados, são sugeridos estudos complementares para melhor compreensão das complexas relações entre lepidópteros e as espécies de Malpighiaceae. / Species distribution and abundance are determined by several factors such as resource availability, genetics, weather and natural enemies. The present study focused on the relationships between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species on two Cerrado fragments at São Paulo State. The following questions were addressed: 1) How similar is the caterpillar fauna among Malpighiaceae species?; 2) What are the plant characteristics influencing Lepidoptera diversity? 3) Are plant-Lepidoptera relationships kept on distinct fragments? Present data suggests that plants of different species of same genus have not, necessarily, the highest faunal similarity, e.g., the highest similarity among Byrsonima intermedia, Byrsonima coccolobifolia and Banisteriopsis pubipetala. No direct correlations were found among some plant characteristics such as nitrogen and tannin concentrations, trichome density and herbivory. However, Malpighiaceae defenses probably influenced herbivore diversity, because Lepidoptera species´ richness and abundance were related to these characteristics. Alkaloids and the specific fauna of Banisteriopsis stellaris support this suggestion. The caterpillar fauna similarity of 42,2% between fragments and some differences on nitrogen and tannin concentrations of same species from distinct fragments suggest that environmental factors affect, considerably, plant phenotype and plantherbivore interactions. Based on these results, some complementary studies were suggested to approach the complex relations between Lepidoptera and Malpighiaceae species.

Overbrowsing by ungulates decimates plant populations and reduces diversity in a variety of ecosystems, but the mechanisms by which changes to plant community composition influence other trophic levels are poorly understood. In addition to removal of avian nesting habitat, browsing is hypothesized to reduce bird density and diversity through reduction of insect prey on browse-tolerant hosts left behind by deer. In this study, we excluded birds from branches of six tree species to quantify differences in songbird prey removal across trees that vary in deer browse preference. Early in the breeding season, birds preyed on caterpillars at levels proportional to their abundance on each host. Combining these data with tree species composition data from stands exposed to experimentally controlled deer densities over 30 years ago, we tested whether overbrowsing by white-tailed deer reduces prey biomass long after deer densities are reduced. Our analysis predicts total prey availability in the canopy of regenerating forests is fairly robust to historic exposure to high deer densities, though distribution of prey available from host species changes dramatically. This predicted compensatory effect was unexpected and is driven by high prey abundance on a single host tree species avoided by browsing deer, Prunus serotina. Thus, while we confirm that prey abundance on host trees can act as a reliable predictor for relative prey availability, this study shows that quantifying prey abundance across host trees is essential to understanding how changes in tree species composition interact with ungulate browse preference to determine prey availability for songbirds.