Les dernières technologies comme la 65nm, 45nm et la nouvelle technologie 32nm qui sera disponible à la fin de 2010, permettent la production de circuits de plus en plus complexes avec des performances très élevées. Ces nouvelles technologies imposent donc de nouveaux challenges pour la conception de circuits, mais également pour les méthodologies de test de fabrication et de diagnostic. De ce point de vue, les défaillances observées dans ces technologies ne peuvent pas être modélisées par des fautes classiques de collage. Les fautes de délai, de court-circuit, de circuit ouvert, etc. doivent également être prises en compte. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une méthode de diagnostic logique capable à la fois de traiter un ensemble complet de modèles de fautes et de fournir une localisation fiable et précise des défaillances dans un système sur puce. Ce manuscrit est organisé comme suit. Dans la première partie, les modèles de faute existants sont analysés afin de montrer les conditions de sensibilisation de chacun d'eux. La deuxième partie présente une méthode de diagnostic logique basée sur une approche « Effet-à-Cause». La dernière partie propose une nouvelle technique de diagnostic basée sur une approche « Cause-à-Effet » et permettant de traiter les circuits séquentiels. Les deux approches de diagnostic proposées exploitent les conditions de sensibilisations afin de cibler un ensemble élargi de modèles de fautes durant le processus de diagnostic. Les deux techniques sont validées sur un ensemble important de circuits benchmark et sur des systèmes sur puce fournis par la société STMicroelectronics. / Latest technologies like 65nm, 45nm and the next 32nm technology available at the end of 2010, allow the production of more and more complex and vey high performance circuits. These technologies lead to face with new challenges related to design, test and diagnosis. From this perspective, failures observed in these recent technologies can no longer be modeled by the classical stuck-at fault model. Delay faults, short-circuits, opens, etc. have also to be considered. In this context, the purpose of this thesis has been to develop a logic diagnosis approach able to deal with many types of faults as well as providing an accurate and reliable localization of failures in a system on chip. This manuscript is organized as follows. In the first part, existing fault models are analyzed in order to show the sensitization conditions related to each of them. The second part presents a logic diagnosis method based on the 'Effect-Cause' paradigm. The last part proposes another diagnosis technique based on the 'Cause-Effect' paradigm to deal with sequential circuits. The two proposed diagnosis approaches exploit the sensitization conditions in order to be able to consider a large set of fault models during the diagnosis process. Both techniques have been validated on a large set of benchmark circuits and on System-On-Chips provided by STMicroelectronics.

The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which the cause of death in sudden natural death in adults could be ascertained without autopsy, based on information provided in the police report, and to evaluate any degree of error between that and the officially certified cause of death. Two methods were carried out: 1. A questionnaire-based retrospective survey of sudden natural deaths distributed to practitioners. The predicted cause of death was compared with the actual cause of death as determined after autopsy. The difference between the two causes of death was classified into 'no difference', minor and major difference according to the classification scheme developed for this study. 2. A prospective study of adult sudden natural deaths referred by the procurators fiscal in Lothian and Borders to the department during 2009 and 2010. The police reports were reviewed and a cause of death was ascribed by the author. This cause was compared with the actual cause of death in the final autopsy report and any difference assessed according to the classification scheme. In the view of the retrospective study results, it is possible to determine the cause of death which is with no or minor difference to that determined by autopsy if, in addition to provide sufficient information regarding deceased’s medical history and circumstances of death, the participants are given the option to select which cases should undergo external examination only. The prospective study results indicate that in certain circumstances the cause of death could be ascribed correctly based on the available information prior to autopsy. Causes of death such as ischaemic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease and alcohol related death are more frequently ascribed correctly. However, ischaemic and hypertensive heart disease were over-predicted. Results indicate that there are criteria to select which cases might be subject to a "view and grant" procedure with no significant loss of accuracy. The implications of the study for the development of medico-legal services are considered with specific reference to Kuwait.

The objective of this dissertation was to construct a customer-based cause-related sport marketing (CRSM) model and test the relationships among the proposed antecedents, consequences, and moderators. Three experimental studies were executed to achieve the research purpose. Study 1 aimed at examining how customers evaluate cause-related marketing (CRM) campaigns of team licensed products. A choice experiment (N=109) indicated that (a) a "social responsible" feature was the second most important attribute for choosing a baseball cap, (b) a low-fit, but familiar, CRM program was preferred to a high-fit, but unfamiliar, program, and (c) fan identification moderated the impact of sport/cause fit on students' choice of team licensed products. Study 2 investigated the impact of personality and gender on consumer attitudes toward CRSM programs. A 2 (sport/cause fit) x 2 (motivation) within subject experiment (N=86) found that (a) both sport/cause fit and motivation engaging in CRSM significantly affected consumer attitudes toward CRSM, (b) females showed more positive attitudes toward CRSM programs, and (c) Agreeableness was positively related to consumer attitudes toward CRSM but Neuroticism was negatively associated. Study 3 centered on the direct and moderating effects of fan identification and organizational identification on consumer attitudes toward CRSM programs using intercollegiate sport as a context. A two-group (high vs. low-fit CRSM messages), between subject, and post-test only experiment (N=309) denoted that (a) respondents showed more positive attitudes toward high-fit CRSM messages, (b) both fan identification and organizational identification moderated the effects of sport/cause fit on attitudes, and (c) positive attitudes increased purchase intentions on the cause-related products. To sum up, the three experimental studies support the relationships among antecedents, consequences, and moderators proposed in the customer-based causerelated sport marketing model. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed. Finally, several limitations and future research directions are also established.

There is a well-established connection between adult mortality and the conditions an individual is exposed to while in utero. There is a wealth of research that connects conditions such as asthma and allergies, mortality due to heart disease and diagnoses of schizophrenia to conditions during an individual?s early life and even their time in utero. The aim of this dissertation is to see if this same connection can be made to infant mortality, and further will there be any connection in contemporary cohorts? I use the Linked Birth/Infant Death dataset available from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) for the years 2000 to 2004. This dissertation specifically uses the dependent variable "cause specific infant death" with various measures of the time the infant was born or was in utero. I undertake three multinomial logistic regression models with the dependent variable "cause specific infant death." I then proceed to a multilevel multinomial logistic regression model using state-level climate measures at the second level. I conclude with the construction of maps displaying the spatial relationship between infant mortality and climate. The first analysis uses the independent variable of interest "month of birth," the second analysis uses the independent variable of interest "months of first trimester," and the last level-one analysis uses the independent variable of interest "months of third trimester." After running all three models, I determined that the most effective independent variable of interest is "month of birth," which I use in a multilevel logistic regression model. The multilevel model uses the month of birth variable at level-one and incorporates state level measures of climate at the second level. I find that the humidity index and the temperature index are negatively associated with the month of birth variable and cause specific infant death variables, meaning that the higher these indices, the more the benefit to an infant's chances of survival. The wind index is consistently positive, meaning that the interaction of wind with cause specific infant death and month of birth is detrimental to an infant's survival. The last methods chapter shows the spatial relationship between infant mortality and climate. In this chapter I find that infant mortality in the United States is concentrated in the Southern U.S., which is also where there is a concentration of high temperature states. The connections between wind and humidity with the infant mortality rate are less consistent.

The U.S. Institute of Medicine estimates that there are 98,000 people died yearly from medical errors; approximate 20,000 people died from medical adverse events annually was estimated in Taiwan. All these reports indicate that the medical errors have great impact on patient safety. The hemodialysis population in Taiwan keeps increasing these years, and this means more attention should be paid to patient safety with the growing hemodialysis population. In 2005, Taiwan Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation sets six goals for patient safety, general guidelines for healthcare facilities, and relative regulations are mostly on standard devices. This study tries to provide more possible root causes about patient safety at a hemodialysis center. Root cause analysis (RCA) has been greatly used in patient safety because latent factors can be determined by RCA. RCA was simulated in this study at a hemodialysis center. Firstly, a series of formal questions, developed by the U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, were used to examine the current situation. The questions used are composed of six dimensions. Then, cause-effect-diagram was used to locate latent causes, and finally identified four dimensions. Research results are mainly summarized as human resource management issues, including two root causes of inadequate professional training and overwork. Adjusted job assignment and job content are also suggested in this study.

Cause-related marketing is a marketing strategy used by enterprises to enhance brand images and to stimulate sales, via cooperating with non-profit organizations or supporting particular issues. This study aims to know about the experiences in cause-related marketing, the intentions for adapting the marketing strategy and to explore the views and opinions toward the cause-related marketing from the perspective of non-profit organizations. The study employs the depth interview method of qualitative research and focuses on the non-profit organizations which are engaging in the child welfare and also carrying the affinity cards. Based on the study results, there is no consistent module throughout the cooperating period, yet the level of involvement of the enterprises will be a key factor influencing the effectiveness of cause-related marketing. The two main intentions drive the non-profit organizations toward the cause-related marketing are increase in income and reputation. Noticeably, the size of the market will limit the growth of the affinity cards and the organization flexibility will also be affected by the cooperating partners simultaneously. Furthermore, the size of the non-profit organizations shows no significant difference on the intentions of carrying the affinity cards. Upon selecting business partners, non-profit organizations consider reputation and motif as the most important issue, secondly is the resources and structures of the enterprise, and lastly is the adequate obtainment of benefits. When dealing with the funding received, the existence of the contract will be the first priority. If there is no limitation applied, the organization will make the decisions depends on the cause presented. The three non-profit organizations interviewed all regard the cause-related marketing as one of the business marketing strategies. They all agree that it is a win-win or even tri-win structure, and enterprises can make concrete contributions to the society through it.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Droit privé--Reims, 2003. / Bibliogr. p. 575-631. Index.

Michotte's theory of ampliation suggests that causal relationships are perceived by objects animated under appropriate spatiotemporal conditions. In this thesis I extend the theory of ampliation and propose that the immediate perception of complex causal relations is also dependent upon a set of structural and temporal rules. The thesis aims at achieving two main goals. The first goal is to define a taxonomy of semantics that describe different causal events in the environment. Ten semantics are defined in this thesis and divided into two main groups; simple causal semantics and complex causal semantics. Simple causal semantics describe basic semantics, which form the building blocks for more complex information and include causal amplification, causal dampening, causal strength, and causal multiplicity. Complex causal semantics are built by enhancing or combining one or more simple semantics and include additive causality, contradictive causality, fully-mediated causality, partially-mediated causality, threshold causality, and bidirectional causality. The second goal of this thesis is to design simple visual representations to describe the causal information. Three representation types were designed during the course of this research; static-graph, static-sequence, and animation. Nine experiments were also conducted to test the effectiveness of these representations. The first five experiments compared the static-graph and the animated representations through Memory Recall and Intuitiveness Evaluations tests. Results of these experiments suggest that animations were ~8% more accurate and performed ~9% faster than the static-graph representations. The last four experiments compared an enhanced static representation, called static-sequence, to the animations to test if sequential animation of causal relations had any influence on the superior performance of the animations in the previous experiments. Results of these experiments suggest that there was no significant difference in the performance of the static-sequence representations when compared to the static-graph representations. The results also suggest that the animations performed more accurately than their static counterparts mainly due to their intuitiveness. Overall our results show that animated diagrams that are designed based on perceptual rules such as those proposed by Michotte have the potential to facilitate comprehension of complex causal relations.

Michotte's theory of ampliation suggests that causal relationships are perceived by objects animated under appropriate spatiotemporal conditions. In this thesis I extend the theory of ampliation and propose that the immediate perception of complex causal relations is also dependent upon a set of structural and temporal rules. The thesis aims at achieving two main goals. The first goal is to define a taxonomy of semantics that describe different causal events in the environment. Ten semantics are defined in this thesis and divided into two main groups; simple causal semantics and complex causal semantics. Simple causal semantics describe basic semantics, which form the building blocks for more complex information and include causal amplification, causal dampening, causal strength, and causal multiplicity. Complex causal semantics are built by enhancing or combining one or more simple semantics and include additive causality, contradictive causality, fully-mediated causality, partially-mediated causality, threshold causality, and bidirectional causality. The second goal of this thesis is to design simple visual representations to describe the causal information. Three representation types were designed during the course of this research; static-graph, static-sequence, and animation. Nine experiments were also conducted to test the effectiveness of these representations. The first five experiments compared the static-graph and the animated representations through Memory Recall and Intuitiveness Evaluations tests. Results of these experiments suggest that animations were ~8% more accurate and performed ~9% faster than the static-graph representations. The last four experiments compared an enhanced static representation, called static-sequence, to the animations to test if sequential animation of causal relations had any influence on the superior performance of the animations in the previous experiments. Results of these experiments suggest that there was no significant difference in the performance of the static-sequence representations when compared to the static-graph representations. The results also suggest that the animations performed more accurately than their static counterparts mainly due to their intuitiveness. Overall our results show that animated diagrams that are designed based on perceptual rules such as those proposed by Michotte have the potential to facilitate comprehension of complex causal relations.

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